Future opportunities and challenges in seismology. James&Wookey
|
|
|
- Oscar Young
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Future opportunities and challenges in seismology James&Wookey
2 DEEP EARTH IMAGING Seismology&provides&the&most&direct& method&of&observing&the&deep&earth. Rich&wavefield&of&different&phases. Raypaths&of&different&phases&sample& 0 b different®ions&of&the&mantle&and& core. P Pdiff 180 S S ScS Minor arc S3KS PcP P4KP 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 b T-component displacement data ScSScSScS sscsscs ScSScS sscs ScS S Love SSSS SSS SS ssdiff Sdiff Major arc 500 PKP PKP BC AB DF PKiKP PKIIKP SKP AB BC PKS PKKP Distance (degrees) [Lay&and&Garnero,&2011]
3 GLOBAL TOMOGRAPHY Global&tomography&is&the& workhorse &of&deep&earth&seismic& imaging Allows&us&to&make&volumes&of& seismic&velocity Burgeoning&data&volume&is& (incrementally)&improving& tomographic&images&of&the&deep& Earth Also&new&algorithms&(finiteA frequency&sensicvity&kernels),& though&impact&of&these&is&uncertain Apparent&improvements&in& resolucon& &features&that&appeared& uniform&have&a&more&subtle& structure S40RTS&Ritsema&et&al&(2010) [Ritsema&et&al,&2010]
![LLSVPS S40RTS [Davies&et&al,&2012] Even%on%these%scales,%there%are% unanswered%first%order% ques4ons. LLSVPs&are&clearly&a&major& structural&feature&in&the&mantle.](/docs-images/75/71723339/images/4-0.jpg "& However,&their&role&in&the& dynamics&of&the&mantle&is¬&so& obvious: Thermal&phenomena&(superplumes&or& plume&clusters)?")
4 LLSVPS S40RTS [Davies&et&al,&2012] Even%on%these%scales,%there%are% unanswered%first%order% ques4ons. LLSVPs&are&clearly&a&major& structural&feature&in&the&mantle.& However,&their&role&in&the& dynamics&of&the&mantle&is¬&so& obvious: Thermal&phenomena&(superplumes&or& plume&clusters)?&[davies&et&al,&2012] AcCve&dynamically No&longAterm&chemical&reservoir Dense&thermochemical&piles? Mantle& anchors &(long&lived,&fixed& posicon)&[dziewonski&et&al,&2006] Sequestered&reservoir A. B. Fig. 5. Shear wave velocity perturbations beneath Africa from: (a) tomogra the dense chemical component represents only 3% of the mantle volum composition, whilst the thermo-chemical model illustrated here assumes chemical component. The structure of a thermo-chemical model with a bas and damping inherent to tomographic models using the resolution opera models and S40RTS. All images include a radial surface at 2850-km dept features. Continental boundaries are included for geographic reference.
5 LLSVP IMAGING [Wang&and&Wen,&2007] [Ni&et&al,&2005]
![,&specfem3d;&komacsch&and&tromp,&2002] Require'waveforms'at'~5s'period.](/docs-images/75/71723339/images/6-1.jpg "(Very)&CPU&intensive 10sA100s&kCPU&hours")
6 SEISMIC MODELLING Complex&structures&necessitate&fullA waveform&syntheccs. [e.g.,&specfem3d;&komacsch&and&tromp,&2002] Require'waveforms'at'~5s'period. (Very)&CPU&intensive 10sA100s&kCPU&hours Community&developed/supported&codes. Courtesy&of&Heiner&Igel S SdS ScS &[Nowacki&et&al,&AGU,&2013].
![dynamics. 50 40 30 JF 15.8 NA 28.6 Vs [%] at 150 km depth 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 PA 71.](/docs-images/75/71723339/images/7-2.jpg "4 NA 34.2 Figure 10.")
7 UPPER MANTLE IMAGING USArray 2004T2018;&Backbone&+& moving&ta currently&occupying& easternmost&footprint;& moving&to&alaska&next. >50TB&data&so&far.& Automated'processing: Example:&SKS&spli^ng Illumina_ng&upper&mantle& dynamics JF 15.8 NA 28.6 Vs [%] at 150 km depth PA 71.4 NA 34.2 Figure This study Convergent HS3 NUVEL1a Divergent 4 s delay time Previous Transform APM (mm/yr) Station averaged shear wave splitting results plotted over tomographic V S slice &[Walpole&et&al,&in&review,&2014] at 150 km depth [Obrebski et al., 2011] for the western USA. Red and yellow bars indicate the
8 UPPER MANTLE IMAGING Ambient'noise'tomographic' imaging. Seismology&without& earthquakes. Correlate&ambient&noise& between&sta_ons Correlograms&can&be& interpreted&as&surface&waves High&resolu_on&crustal/upper& mantle&imaging. 5s 20s [Ekström,&2014]
9 UK FRACTURE-STIMULATION INDUCED SEISMICITY Shale&gas&extrac_on&has&very& significant&economic&poten_al& for&the&uk. Also,&extremely&poli_cally& sensi_ve. Blackpool'Earthquakes. Traffic'light 'system. M0.5+&cease&opera_ons Very&challenging&detec_on& threshold&(bgs>m2.0). Must&be&done&in&real&_me. Background&seismicity?
10 PLANNED UK ARRAY EXTENSIONS Current&UK&network¬& sufficient&for&these&purposes Extend&coverage&with&a&rolling& 20&instrument&TA Focussed&network&for®ions& of&interest First&patch&is&NW&England& (Bowland&Shale) S_ll&lots&of&work: Methodologies&for&event& detec_on,&classifica_on Uncertain_es. Click'to'edit'Master'text' styles
11 INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGES: DATA Very'large'volumes'of'data. Many'networks'report'to'a' central'data'repository'(e.g.,' ORFEUS). S_ll&some&gaps. Lots'of'redundant'effort'in' current'pracaces. QC/preTprocessing Data&collec_ons Provenance Publishing [Source:&ORFEUS] AVribuAon
12 INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGES: DATA II Ambient&noise&has&some&special& challenges Very%large&data&volumes. I/O&intensive&processing Many&HPC&resources&poorly&suited. PossibiliCes Datacentre&links&to&HPC&infrastructure. Nature&of&connecCon? Commercial& cloud &HPC&providers. HPC Centre Seismic DC HPC Centre Seismic DC End&user 1 Current End&user 2 End&user 1 Poten4al End&user 2
13 INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGES: CODE Complex&structure&and&large&data&requires& expensive&wf&modelling. Homebrew &code&becoming&insufficient/risky. Integrity/reproducibility Complexity. Computa_onal&burden. Drive&for&efficient&use&of&expensive&resources. Community &open&source&codes&(e.g.,&cig) Robust/benchmarked Version&control Amribu_on
14 Seismic'future'is'bright! Extremely&data&rich. New&techniques&and&HPC& illumina_ng&interes_ng& problems. Challenges'to'overcome Dealing&with&our&new&wealth Opportuni_es&for&modifying& our¤t&prac_ces. CooperaAve'approach' necessary Role&for&coordina_ng&bodies,& projects CONCLUSIONS [JRR&Tolkien]
Supplementary Online Material for. Seismic evidence for a chemically distinct thermochemical reservoir in Earth s deep mantle beneath Hawaii
Supplementary Online Material for Seismic evidence for a chemically distinct thermochemical reservoir in Earth s deep mantle beneath Hawaii Authors: Chunpeng Zhao 1, Edward J. Garnero 1,*, Allen K. McNamara
Seismic Scattering in the Deep Earth
Seismic Scattering in the Deep Earth Peter Shearer IGPP/SIO/U.C. San Diego September 2, 2009 Earthquake Research Institute Mantle mixing calculations Heterogeneity is likely at all scales Davies (2002)
Seismogram Interpretation. Seismogram Interpretation
Travel times in the Earth Ray paths, phases and their name Wavefields in the Earth: SH waves, P-SV waves Seismic Tomography Receiver Functions Seismogram Example Long-period transverse displacement for
BRIEF ARTICLE THE AUTHOR
BRIEF ARTICLE THE AUTHOR 1 2 THE AUTHOR S Pd K Pd S mantle OC IC CMB Figure 1 Figure 1. Illustration of the SPdKS / SKPdS ray-paths with sub-segments labeled. SPdKS is an SKS that intersects the source-side
Supporting Online Material for
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/326/5949/112/dc1 Supporting Online Material for Global Surface Wave Tomography Using Seismic Hum Kiwamu Nishida,* Jean-Paul Montagner, Hitoshi Kawakatsu *To whom correspondence
Slabs, plumes and their interaction: new insights from global anisotropy tomography
Slabs, plumes and their interaction: new insights from global anisotropy tomography Ana M G Ferreira Seismological Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences University College London, UK Sung-Joon Chang,
Thorne, Garnero, Jahnke, Igel, McNamara Supplementary Material - 1 -
Supplementary Material S1. Bin Location Map Location of 2.5 2.5 bins for which data was obtained to infer the ULVZ distribution. The preferred ULVZ model is drawn (yellow areas). Gray shaded regions indicate
1. University of Ottawa 2. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 3. University of Texas at Austin
Supplementary Figures: Azimuthal seismic anisotropy in the Earth s upper mantle and the thickness of tectonic plates A.J. Schaeffer 1, S. Lebedev 2 and T.W. Becker 3 Geophysical Journal International July
MYRES Seismic Constraints on Boundary Layers. Christine Thomas
MYRES 2004 Seismic Constraints on Boundary Layers Christine Thomas Outline Seismic constraints: what can we resolve? how can we detect seismic structures? how well can we resolve these structures? (resolution
Continent-sized anomalous zones with low seismic velocity at the base of Earth s mantle
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2733 Continent-sized anomalous zones with low seismic velocity at the base of Earth s mantle Edward J. Garnero 1, Allen K. McNamara 1, and Sang-Heon D. Shim 1
Basic Ray Tracing. Rick Aster and Sue Bilek. October 3, 2003
Basic Ray Tracing Rick Aster and Sue Bilek October 3, 3 A key observation that we can make about a seismic signal is its arrival time. From systematic observations of arrival times, we can deduce useful
What does Seismic Anisotropy tell us about the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary?
What does Seismic Anisotropy tell us about the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary? Jean-Paul Montagner (1), Gael Burgos (1), Eric Beucler (2), Antoine Mocquet (2) and Yann Capdeville (2), Mathias Obrebski
Introduction to Seismology
1.510 Introduction to Seismology Lecture 5 Feb., 005 1 Introduction At previous lectures, we derived the equation of motion (λ + µ) ( u(x, t)) µ ( u(x, t)) = ρ u(x, t) (1) t This equation of motion can
3D IMAGING OF THE EARTH S MANTLE: FROM SLABS TO PLUMES
3D IMAGING OF THE EARTH S MANTLE: FROM SLABS TO PLUMES Barbara Romanowicz Department of Earth and Planetary Science, U. C. Berkeley Dr. Barbara Romanowicz, UC Berkeley (KITP Colloquium 9/11/02) 1 Cartoon
Structural features and shear-velocity structure of the Pacific Anomaly. Lianxing Wen a. Yumei He a,b
Structural features and shear-velocity structure of the Pacific Anomaly Yumei He a,b Lianxing Wen a a Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
Earthquake location at teleseismic distances from 3-component records (Tutorial with exercise by hand)
Topic Author Version Earthquake location at teleseismic distances from 3-component records (Tutorial with exercise by hand) Peter Bormann (formerly GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, D-14473 Potsdam,
General Seismology or Basic Concepts of Seismology. Göran Ekström
General Seismology or Basic Concepts of Seismology Göran Ekström Basics Concepts of Seismology Travel Time Ground displacement at Petropavlovsk following the M8.4 Sea of Okhotsk earthquake Ground displacement
Decoding seismograms, theoretical travel times. Simple velocity models of the Earth
Decoding seismograms, theoretical travel times Once you think you have located an earthquake on your record you can find out what the details of the seismogram are showing you by finding out the predicted
ANEWJOINTP AND S VELOCITY MODEL OF THE MANTLE PARAMETERIZED IN CUBIC B-SPLINES
ANEWJOINTP AND S VELOCITY MODEL OF THE MANTLE PARAMETERIZED IN CUBIC B-SPLINES Michael Antolik, Göran Ekström, Adam M. Dziewonski, Yu J. Gu, Jian-feng Pan, and Lapo Boschi Department of Earth and Planetary
29th Monitoring Research Review: Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies
TRANSITION ZONE WAVE PROPAGATION: CHARACTERIZING TRAVEL-TIME AND AMPLITUDE INFORMATION Peter M. Shearer and Jesse F. Lawrence University of California San Diego, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics
Three-dimensional structure of the African superplume from waveform modelling
Geophys. J. Int. (5) 161, 283 294 doi: 1.1111/j.1365-X.5.258.x Three-dimensional structure of the African superplume from waveform modelling Sidao Ni, 1,2 Don V. Helmberger 2 and Jeroen Tromp 2 1 School
PEAT SEISMOLOGY Lecture 9: Anisotropy, attenuation and anelasticity
PEAT8002 - SEISMOLOGY Lecture 9: Anisotropy, attenuation and anelasticity Nick Rawlinson Research School of Earth Sciences Australian National University Anisotropy Introduction Most of the theoretical
Chapter 12 Seismic Detections of Small-Scale Heterogeneities in the Deep Earth
Chapter 12 Seismic Detections of Small-Scale Heterogeneities in the Deep Earth Sebastian Rost, Paul S. Earle, Peter M. Shearer, Daniel A. Frost and Neil D. Selby Abstract We report the detection of coherent
A magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck 255 km (158 miles) southwest of Tonga, according to the US Geological Survey, but there were no reports of damage.
A magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck 255 km (158 miles) southwest of Tonga, according to the US Geological Survey, but there were no reports of damage. The earthquake hit at 5:19 am local time and was centered
Seismology and Deep Mantle Temperature Structure. Thorne Lay
Seismology and Deep Mantle Temperature Structure Thorne Lay Travel time of seismic phases vs. angular distance PREM Preliminary Reference Earth Model Dziewonski and Anderson [1981, PEPI] Basic fact:
Theory of Continental Drift
Plate Tectonics Theory of Continental Drift Alfred Wegener suggested that continents had once been part of a supercontinent named Pangaea, that later broke up. The pieces moved apart over millions of years
Ambient Noise Tomography in the Western US using Data from the EarthScope/USArray Transportable Array
Ambient Noise Tomography in the Western US using Data from the EarthScope/USArray Transportable Array Michael H. Ritzwoller Center for Imaging the Earth s Interior Department of Physics University of Colorado
boundaries with additional record sections, as emphasized in Fig. S2. The observations at the
Data used to Sample African Anomaly. The great circle paths of the source-receiver combinations used in this study are shown in Fig. S1. The event information is given in Table S1. Abrupt Changes across
Earth s Interior Structure - Seismic Travel Times in a Constant Velocity Sphere
Earth s Interior Structure Seismic Travel Page 1 of 14 Earth s Interior Structure - Seismic Travel Times in a Constant Velocity Sphere Raypath (chord of length S) Receiver S/2 R = 6371 km Earth s Surface
C3.4.1 Vertical (radial) variations in mantle structure
C3.4 Mantle structure Mantle behaves as a solid on short time scales (seismic waves travel through it and this requires elastic behaviour). Over geological time scales the mantle behaves as a very viscous
PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT (03/lfi?lfibr-~/15/1998):
F?ECEVVEI) N% 05 w PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT (03/lfi?lfibr-~/15/1998): A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF FRACTURE PATTERNS AND DENSITIES IN THE GEYSERS GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR USING MICROEARTHQUAKE SHEAR-WAVE SPLITTING
Selected Seismic Observations of Upper-Mantle Discontinuities
Selected Seismic Observations of Upper-Mantle Discontinuities Peter Shearer IGPP/SIO/U.C. San Diego August 31, 2009 Earthquake Research Institute Interface Depth vs. Publication Date Most depths are sampled
Body Wave Tomography. Matt Fouch. ASU EarthScope Seminar January 26, 2010
Body Wave Tomography Matt Fouch ASU EarthScope Seminar January 26, 2010 Seismic Tomography Mini-FAQ What is it? Earth sciences CAT-scan Measure of seismic wavespeeds or wavespeed variations Why do we care?
Imagerie de la Terre profonde avec le bruit sismique. Michel Campillo (ISTERRE, Grenoble)
Imagerie de la Terre profonde avec le bruit sismique Michel Campillo (ISTERRE, Grenoble) Body waves in the ambient noise: microseisms (Gutenberg, Vinnik..) The origin of the noise in the period band 5-10s:
Exploring Inside the Earth. What Seismic Waves Tell Us About Earth s Interior
Exploring Inside the Earth What Seismic Waves Tell Us About Earth s Interior Sir Isaac Newton In Ancient times, the center of the Earth was pictured as a mysterious underworld of fiery furnaces and volcanic
Lower Mantle Structure & Geo-neutrinos
Lower Mantle Structure & Geo-neutrinos Geo-neutrino working group meeting, KITP July 1 st, 2014 Vedran Lekic University of Maryland, College Park + Sanne Cottaar (Cambridge) + Edwin Kite (Princeton / U
The Earth s Structure from Travel Times
from Travel Times Spherically symmetric structure: PREM - Crustal Structure - Upper Mantle structure Phase transitions Anisotropy - Lower Mantle Structure D D - Structure of of the Outer and Inner Core
1. A few words about EarthScope and USArray. 3. Tomography using noise and Aki s method
1. A few words about EarthScope and USArray 2. Surface-wave studies of the crust and mantle 3. Tomography using noise and Aki s method 4. Remarkable images of US crust (and basins)! Unlocking the Secrets
Regional 3D velocity structure
Seismic imaging: Regional 3D velocity structure 3 Seismic anisotropy courtesy of Ed Garnero This is birefringence: tells us about the preferential orientation of minerals 1 Anisotropy beneath the East
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Inability of additional parameters to resolve the Rayleigh-Love discrepancy Radial anisotropy is introduced to resolve the Rayleigh-Love misfit discrepancy that exists across large regions of the western
Magnitude 7.5 PALU, INDONESIA
A magnitude 7.5 earthquake occurred 80.8 km (50.2 mi) north of Palu, Indonesia at a depth of 10 km (6.2 miles). This earthquake triggered a tsunami with wave heights up to 2 m (6.6 ft) that an official
Supplementary Information for USArray Shear Wave Splitting Shows Seismic Anisotropy from Both Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
GSA Data Repository 2015234 Supplementary Information for USArray Shear Wave Splitting Shows Seismic Anisotropy from Both Lithosphere and Asthenosphere Sutatcha Hongsresawat 1, Mark P. Panning 1, Raymond
Multi-station Seismograph Network
Multi-station Seismograph Network Background page to accompany the animations on the website: IRIS Animations Introduction One seismic station can give information about how far away the earthquake occurred,
Structures Beneath California, Transpression, and Absolute Plate
The Relationship Between Upper Mantle Anisotropic Structures Beneath California, Transpression, and Absolute Plate Motions Minoo Kosarian 1, Paul M. Davis 1, Toshiro Tanimoto 2 and Robert W. Clayton 3
CHAPTER 2. Seismology (continued)
CHAPTER 2 Seismology (continued) 2.1 A tour through the Earth. The gross structure of the Earth and its division into core, mantle and crust were determined by seismologists early in this century. More
Chapter 12 Lecture. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. Eleventh Edition. Earth s Interior. Tarbuck and Lutgens Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Eleventh Edition Earth s Interior Tarbuck and Lutgens Earth s Internal Structure Earth s interior can be divided into three major layers defined
Seismic ray path variations in a 3D global velocity model
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 141 (2004) 153 166 Seismic ray path variations in a 3D global velocity model Dapeng Zhao, Jianshe Lei Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama
Seismic interferometry with antipodal station pairs
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 4, 1 5, doi:1.12/grl.597, 213 Seismic interferometry with antipodal station pairs Fan-Chi Lin 1 and Victor C. Tsai 1 Received 25 June 213; revised 19 August 213; accepted
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 186 (2011) 59 69 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pepi Stratified
Global propagation of body waves revealed by cross-correlation analysis of seismic hum
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 4, 1691 1696, doi:1.12/grl.5269, 213 Global propagation of body waves revealed by cross-correlation analysis of seismic hum K. Nishida 1 Received 1 January 213; revised
Earthquake Focal Mechanisms and Waveform Modeling
Earthquake Focal Mechanisms and Waveform Modeling Rengin Gök Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory USA RELEMR Workshop İstanbul 2008 Gudmundar E. Sigvaldason The Dynamic Earth, USGS The size of the event
SHORT PERIOD SURFACE WAVE DISPERSION FROM AMBIENT NOISE TOMOGRAPHY IN WESTERN CHINA. Sponsored by National Nuclear Security Administration 1,2
SHORT PERIOD SURFACE WAVE DISPERSION FROM AMBIENT NOISE TOMOGRAPHY IN WESTERN CHINA Michael H. Ritzwoller 1, Yingjie Yang 1, Michael Pasyanos 2, Sihua Zheng 3, University of Colorado at Boulder 1, Lawrence
Mantle Anisotropy at Mid-Ocean Ridges
Mantle Anisotropy at Mid-Ocean Ridges Andy Nowacki, Michael Kendall, James Wookey (Nowacki et al., EPSL, 2011) Plate spreading and seismic anisotropy Hess, 1964 MOR Anisotropy Anisotropy due to LPO versus
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 319-32 (212) 55 64 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Detection of
USU 1360 TECTONICS / PROCESSES
USU 1360 TECTONICS / PROCESSES Observe the world map and each enlargement Pacific Northwest Tibet South America Japan 03.00.a1 South Atlantic Arabian Peninsula Observe features near the Pacific Northwest
Earth Dynamics. Landforms at Plate Boundaries
Earth Dynamics CHAPTER 8 LESSON 2 Landforms at Boundaries What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree
Seismic tomography: Art or science?
Seismic tomography: Art or science? Frederik J Simons Princeton University What s inside the Earth? www.usgs.gov www.glencoe.com Dalton, Nature 2003 Only seismic waves have actually been there, done that
Magnitude 7.0 N of ANCHORAGE, ALASKA
A magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred just before 8:30 am local time 8 miles north of Anchorage at a depth of 40.9 km (25.4 miles). There are reports of major infrastructure damage and damage to many homes
Seismic tomography: Art or science? Frederik J Simons Princeton University
Seismic tomography: Art or science? Frederik J Simons Princeton University What s inside the Earth? www.usgs.gov www.glencoe.com Dalton, Nature 2003 Only seismic waves have actually been there, done that
Wide-band coupling of Earth s normal modes due to anisotropic inner core structure
Geophys. J. Int. (28) 174, 919 929 doi: 1.1111/j.1365-246X.28.3824.x Wide-band coupling of Earth s normal modes due to anisotropic inner core structure J. C. E. Irving, A. Deuss and J. Andrews University
INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKES
INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKES Seismology = Study of earthquakes Seismologists = Scientists who study earthquakes Earthquake = Trembling or shaking of the earth s surface, usually as a result of the movement
Trans-Pacific upper mantle shear velocity structure
Click Here for Full Article JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112,, doi:10.1029/2006jb004853, 2007 Trans-Pacific upper mantle shear velocity structure Ying Tan 1 and Don V. Helmberger 1 Received 10
Recent Advances and Road Ahead for Global Seismology
Long Range Science Plan for Seismology, Denver, 18-19 September 2008 Recent Advances and Road Ahead for Global Seismology (Opportunities and Challenges for Next Decade) Rob van der Hilst Massachusetts
Some aspects of seismic tomography
Some aspects of seismic tomography Peter Shearer IGPP/SIO/U.C. San Diego September 7, 2009 Earthquake Research Institute Part 1: Global Tomography P velocity perturbations 200 km 1000 km 2700 km MIT 2006
SOEE3250/5675/5115 Inverse Theory Lecture 10; notes by G. Houseman
SOEE3250/5675/5115 Inverse Theory Lecture 10; notes by G. Houseman Travel-time tomography Examples of regional lithospheric tomography CBP / SCP projects data acquisition: array / sources arrival time
Sendai Earthquake NE Japan March 11, Some explanatory slides Bob Stern, Dave Scholl, others updated March
Sendai Earthquake NE Japan March 11, 2011 Some explanatory slides Bob Stern, Dave Scholl, others updated March 14 2011 Earth has 11 large plates and many more smaller ones. Plates are 100-200 km thick
Seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle near the Perm Anomaly
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle near the Perm Anomaly Maureen D. Long* and Colton Lynner Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale
Travel time tomography of western North America with a new arrival time data set
Chapter 7 Travel time tomography of western North America with a new arrival time data set 7.1 Introduction The west coast of North America has been, and still continues to be, a site of complex deformation
Magnitude 8.3 SEA OF OKHOTSK
A powerful earthquake in Russia's Far East was felt as far away as Moscow, about 7,000 kilometers (4,400 miles) west of the epicenter, but no casualties or damage were reported. The epicenter was in the
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics Objectives Describe how plates move. Explain the features of plate tectonics. Describe the types of plate boundaries and the features that can form and events that can occur at each. The
The Vision of a Polar Observing System - Seismology
The Vision of a Polar Observing System - Seismology Andy Nyblade, Dept. of Geosciences, Penn State University Autonomous Polar Observing Systems Workshop, Sept 30, 2010 Outline Why do we need a polar obs.
SURFACE WAVE GROUP VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS ACROSS EURASIA
SURFACE WAVE GROUP VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS ACROSS EURASIA A. L. Levshin, M. H. Ritzwoller, and L. I. Ratnikova Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder -Contract Number F49620-95-1-0139 Sponsored
Figures S1 S4 show the measurements taken from the synthetic vespagrams where a)
Figures S1 S4 show the measurements taken from the synthetic vespagrams where a) is the differential travel time versus the Dʺ discontinuity height, b) is the differential travel time versus δv S, c) is
LAB 3: GLOBAL SEISMOLOGY
NAME: LAB TIME: LAB 3: GLOBAL SEISMOLOGY This lab will introduce you to the basic concepts of global seismology and the Earth s interior structure. This is a hybrid assignment: some aspects can be done
Dynamic Crust Practice
1. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides
5. What is an earthquake 6. Indicate the approximate radius of the earth, inner core, and outer core.
Tutorial Problems 1. Where Do Earthquakes Happen? 2. Where do over 90% of earthquakes occur? 3. Why Do Earthquakes Happen? 4. What are the formulae for P and S velocity 5. What is an earthquake 6. Indicate
Global surface-wave tomography
Global surface-wave tomography Lapo Boschi (lapo@erdw.ethz.ch) October 7, 2009 Love and Rayleigh waves, radial anisotropy Whenever an elastic medium is bounded by a free surface, coherent waves arise that
Earth s Interior: Big Ideas. Structure of the Earth
Earth s Interior: Big Ideas Earth science investigations take many different forms. Earth scientists do reproducible experiments and collect multiple lines of evidence. Our understanding of Earth is continuously
Global variation of body wave attenuation in the upper mantle from teleseismic P wave and S wave spectra
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 38,, doi:10.1029/2011gl046812, 2011 Global variation of body wave attenuation in the upper mantle from teleseismic P wave and S wave spectra Y. K. Hwang, 1 J. Ritsema,
Estimating energy balance for hydraulic fracture stimulations: Lessons Learned from Basel
Estimating energy balance for hydraulic fracture stimulations: Lessons Learned from Basel David W. Eaton*, Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada eatond@ucalgary.ca and Neda Boroumand,
Developments in passive seismic Main techniques through the ANSIR National Heading Research Facility
Exploration Geophysics (2006) 37, 278 285 Developments in passive seismic Main techniques through the ANSIR National Heading Research Facility B.L.N. Authors Kennett Key Words: Passive Key seismology,
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
doi:10.1038/nature11492 Figure S1 Short-period Seismic Energy Release Pattern Imaged by F-net. (a) Locations of broadband seismograph stations in Japanese F-net used for the 0.5-2.0 Hz P wave back-projection
Imaging sharp lateral velocity gradients using scattered waves on dense arrays: faults and basin edges
2017 SCEC Proposal Report #17133 Imaging sharp lateral velocity gradients using scattered waves on dense arrays: faults and basin edges Principal Investigator Zhongwen Zhan Seismological Laboratory, California
HETEROGENEITY OF THE LOWERMOST MANTLE
Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2000. 28:509 37 Copyright 2000 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved HETEROGENEITY OF THE LOWERMOST MANTLE Edward J. Garnero Department of Geology, Box 871404, Arizona State
Topics: The Layers of the Earth and its Formation Sources of Heat Volcanos and Earthquakes Rock Cycle Rock Types Carbon Tax
Topics: The Layers of the Earth and its Formation Sources of Heat Volcanos and Earthquakes Rock Cycle Rock Types Carbon Tax Essay Question on Carbon Tax 1. Drilling 2. Volcanic Activity 3. Laboratory experiments
LECTURE #5: Plate Tectonics: Boundaries & Earthquake Science
GEOL 0820 Ramsey Natural Disasters Spring, 2018 LECTURE #5: Plate Tectonics: Boundaries & Earthquake Science Date: 23 January 2018 I. Reminder: Exam #1 is scheduled for Feb 1st one week from Thursday o
Supplementary Material for. Mantle induced subsidence and compression in SE Asia
Supplementary Material for Mantle induced subsidence and compression in SE Asia Ting Yang 1 *, Michael Gurnis 1, Sabin Zahirovic 2 1 Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 361 (2013) 333 342 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Rolling hills
Online material: Updated 3-D tomography model and plotting script with examples
Model Update January 2010: Upper Mantle Heterogeneity beneath North merica from Traveltime Tomography with Global and usarray Transportable rray Data Scott urdick, Robert D. van der Hilst, Frank L. Vernon,
Seismology 5: Body wave anisotropy
Seismology 5: Body wave anisotropy what it is, how we study it, and what it can tell us about flow in the deep Earth Maureen D. Long, Yale University CIDER 7/8/16 Road map for today s talk Part I: Some
Probing Mid-Mantle Heterogeneity Using PKP Coda Waves
Probing Mid-Mantle Heterogeneity Using PKP Coda Waves Michael A.H. Hedlin and Peter M. Shearer Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
Geophysical Journal International
Geophysical Journal International Geophys. J. Int. (2012) doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05499.x Normal mode sensitivity to Earth s D layer and topography on the core mantle boundary: what we can and cannot
Supplementary Figure 1. Distribution of seismic event locations determined using the final 3-D velocity model. We separate the crust-related
Supplementary Figure 1. Distribution of seismic event locations determined using the final 3-D velocity model. We separate the crust-related seismicity at depths of less than 40 km (panel A) from the deeper
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth and Terrestrial Planets
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.002 Physics and Chemistry of the Earth and Terrestrial Planets Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics
The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics Structure of the Earth The Earth is made up of 4 main layers: Inner Core Outer Core Mantle Crust Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core The Crust This is where
INTERPRETATION OF SEISMOGRAMS
INTERPRETATION OF SEISMOGRAMS INTRODUCTION 2 SEISMIC ONSETS 3 PROPERTIES 3 NOMENCLATURE 4 BODY WAVES 4 CRUSTAL PHASES 4 DEPTH PHASES 4 CORE PHASES 4 SURFACE WAVES 5 SURFACE WAVE RECURRENCE 6 TRAVEL TIME
Magnitude 8.2 NORTHWEST OF IQUIQUE, CHILE
An 8.2-magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of northern Chile, generating a local tsunami. The USGS reported the earthquake was centered 95 km (59 miles) northwest of Iquique at a depth of 20.1km
Widespread seismic anisotropy in Earth s lowermost mantle beneath the Atlantic and Siberia
Geology GSA Data Repository 21949 Widespread seismic anisotropy in Earth s lowermost mantle beneath the Atlantic and Siberia DOI:1.113/G45514.1 Michael Grund, Joachim R. R. Ritter (Email: michael.grund@kit.edu)
Contents of this file
Geophysical Research Letters Supporting Information for Intraplate volcanism controlled by back-arc and continental structures in NE Asia inferred from trans-dimensional ambient noise tomography Seongryong
Geophysics Physics of the Earth
Geophysics 210 - Physics of the Earth Final exam Section GEOPH 210 Lecture A01 Instructor Dr. Martyn Unsworth Date Friday December 12 th 2008 Time allowed 9:00 a.m. noon Total = 104 points Please attempt