Alluvial Rivers! Sediment Transport Measurements
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1 Sediment Transport Measurements in Alluvial Rivers! Sediment Transport Measurements 1
2 Sediment transport mechanisms! ISO 3716, Liquid flow measurement in open channels - Functional requirements and characteristics of suspended sediment load samplers (definition of sediment loads)! Sediment Transport Measurements 2
3 Which kind of rivers considered?!! This presentation is about sand and gravel bed rivers, which morphology is influenced by sediment transport!! Are not considered here:!! Rivers with only wash load, where the suspended load behaves as a quality parameter of the water!! Rivers with very coarse sediment, such as pebbles, cobbles and rocks which transport rate cannot be measured directly with samplers, only indirectly! Sediment Transport Measurements 3
4 Which kind of rivers considered?!! In rivers with mainly wash load, the solid discharge can be obtained by multiplying the flow discharge with the sediment concentration!! In rivers with very coarse material, main sediment transport mode is bed load and flow velocities are very high during floods, so that samplers cannot be lowered safely in the water! Sediment Transport Measurements 4
5 Why sample gravel/sand bed rivers?!! In gravel and sand bed rivers, contribution of bed load to the sediment transport rate will be significant at low flow, while during floods, contribution of near-bed transport and suspended load will increase with flow intensity!! For projects with morphological aspects, not only suspended load must be measured, also bed load and near-bed load should be sampled; these ones are usually wrongly considered as negligible! Sediment Transport Measurements 5
6 Categories of samplers! Source: Erosion and sedimentation in the Nepal Himalaya Vic Galay, 1987! Sediment Transport Measurements 6
7 Flow and sediment distribution! Distribution of flow and sediment by size fraction shows that the fines are more homogeneously distributed in cross-sections than the coarse fractions.! This means that sediment should not be sampled only following the flow distribution (needs different strategy)! Sediment Transport Measurements 7
8 Isokinetic sampling principle! Sediment Transport Measurements 8
9 Brinkley sampler Bangladesh! Tube sampler, oriented in the flow direction. Is made of a central metal cylinder connected to 2 outer metal cylinders with rubber tubes. Closing is by turning the central cylinder so that the rubber tubes are squeezed so that the sediment is trapped. Disadvantage: no isokinetic sampling, small sample (little water and sediment).! Sediment Transport Measurements 9
10 Bottle -type samplers (not isokinetic)! India! Mexico! Sediment Transport Measurements 10
11 US DH-59 Sampler (isokinetic)! 2001! Sediment Transport Measurements 11
12 US DH-59 (F.I.S.P. Sediment Transport Measurements 12
13 Sampled zones (manual US-GS)! Sediment Transport Measurements 13
14 Delft Bottle (isokinetic)! DELFT BOTTLE, ARRANGEMENT! FOR SAMPLING BETWEEN! RIVERBED AND 0.5M FROM IT! Sediment Transport Measurements 14
15 Delft Bottle, suspended (Mexico)! 2002! Sediment Transport Measurements 15
16 Sample recovered from Delft Bottle! 2002! Sediment Transport Measurements 16
17 Delft Bottle, suspended (Bangladesh)! 1993! Sediment Transport Measurements 17
18 Delft Bottle, Jamuna River (Bangladesh)! 1993! Sediment Transport Measurements 18
19 Original Delft Bottle design (Congo)! 1968! 1971! Sediment Transport Measurements 19
20 Testing Delft Bottle (Mexico)! 2001! Sediment Transport Measurements 20
21 Sampling shallow Mezcalapa River! Mexico, 2003! Sediment Transport Measurements 21
22 Variability of sediment transport!! The bed load data from the Mescalapa River in Mexico were obtained with the sampler US BM-84, 4 consecutive samples of 2 minutes in each vertical!! The results show differences between the 4 consecutive samples; however, the heterogeneous transversal distribution of the transport rates is clearly visible, due to morphological reasons (presence of sandbars, see last slides of the ppt)! Sediment Transport Measurements 22
23 US BL-84 bed load sampler (FISP)! Mexico, 2001! Sediment Transport Measurements 23
24 Testing Bed load sampling US BL-84! Mescalapa River, Mexico, 2001! Distance from left bank! Sediment Transport Measurements 24
25 Bed Load Transport Meter Arnhem! Mexico, 2001! Sediment Transport Measurements 25
26 BTMA on the bottom (Samaria River)! Mexico, 2001! Sediment Transport Measurements 26
27 BTMA sampler (convergent-divergent)! Mexico, 2001! Sediment Transport Measurements 27
28 Results sediment gauging Mezcalapa! 8,000 Relación Flow-sediment gasto rating sólido curve (arena for sand and y grava) gravel in con Mezcalapa el gasto River líquido (Grijalva, Mezcalapa Mexico)! 7,000 6,000 Sediment discharge (m 3 /d)! Gasto sólido (m3/día) 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 y = e x y = e x y = e x Near-Bed load! Suspended load! Bed load! BL-84 BD2 BD1 Expon. (BD1) Expon. (BD2) Expon. (BL-84) 1, ,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 Gasto líquido (m3/s) Flow discharge (m 3 /s)! Sediment Transport Measurements 28
29 Results sediment gauging Mezcalapa! 20,000 Relación Flow-sediment gasto rating sólido curve (arena for sand and y grava) gravel in con Mezcalapa el gasto River líquido (Grijalva, Mezcalapa Mexico)! 18,000 Sediment discharge (cumulative, m 3 /d)! Gasto sólido (cumulativo, m3/día) 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 y = e x y = e 0.002x y = e x ,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 Gasto líquido (m3/s) 84 Flow discharge (m 3 /s)! BD1 BD2 Suspended load! Near-Bed load! Bed load! BL-84 BL-84 + BD2 BL-84 + BD2 + BD1 Expon. (BL-84 + BD2 + BD1) Expon. (BL-84 + BD2) Expon. (BL-84) Sediment Transport Measurements 29
30 Catamaran for flow and sediment! Sediment Transport Measurements 30
31 Catamaran handling BTMA! Sediment Transport Measurements 31
32 Helley-Smith bed load sampler! Bangladesh, 1993! Sediment Transport Measurements 32
33 KAOLYI bed load sampler (Hungary)! Sediment Transport Measurements 33 Loire River, test 2003!
34 US BM-54 Bed sampler (FISP)! Bangladesh, 2004! Sediment Transport Measurements 34
35 US BM-54 Bed sampler! Handling sampling! cylinder! Sediment Transport Measurements 35
36 Chinese ANX3-50 sampler! Isokinetic sampler, collapsing-bag system, 50 Kg, equipped with PRICE current meter. Water sample up to 4 liter.! Mexico, Balsas River, test 2003! Sediment Transport Measurements 36
37 ANX3-50 intake nozzle! Metal nozzle connected to sampling bag with plastic tube that can be closed. operating the intake nozzle requires electric power.! Sediment Transport Measurements 37
38 ANX3-50 Rubber sample bag! Sediment Transport Measurements 38 Padma River, Bangladesh, 1999!
39 ANX3-50 empty bag before sampling! Sediment Transport Measurements 39 Mexico, Balsas River, test 2003!
40 ANX3-50 sampler open! Mexico, Balsas River, test 2003! Sediment Transport Measurements 40
41 ANX3-50 Bag with sample! Mexico, Balsas River, test 2003! Sediment Transport Measurements 41
42 Balsas River gauging from Bridge! Sediment Transport Measurements 42
43 Nile-Delft sampler (Nile River, Egypt)! Sediment Transport Measurements 43
44 Sediment transport Congo River! Evolution during floods! There is a change in sediment transport regimen at a flow discharge of 40000m 3 /s. This is related to a change in flow resistance (e.g., bed forms)! Sediment Transport Measurements 44
45 Bed form changes during floods! Sediment Transport Measurements 45 Changes during flood:! Large dunes flatten out (disappear) while small ones appear; flow conditions pass from lower to upper regime, what should happen for a Froude number larger than 0.8, while in the river, the Froude number was never > 0.3! For first time was observed that classification established in laboratory conditions at Colorado State University was not fitting field observations!
46 Bedforms in 2 similar river branches! flood: bedform changes different in left branch! (D50=0.3mm) from right branch (D50=0.6mm) despite the fact that flow discharges were the same! Sediment Transport Measurements 46
47 Flow-sediment rating curves Congo! Delft Bottle data in main Congo River main gauging sections (DB2 near-bed, DB1 in first 0.5 m above riverbed):! Excellent relationships (linear scales, not log-log as usually!), change in regimen at 40,000 m 3 /s! Total! Near-bed! Suspended! Sediment Transport Measurements 47
48 Congo River, use of data for dredging! Location of verticals for sand transport sampling in area where plan form changes hampered navigation Use of sediment transport data for morphological studies! Sediment Transport Measurements 48
49 Near-bed sediment transport rates! Near-bed at! 5 cm above bed! Near-bed from 0 to! 50 cm above bed! Sediment Transport Measurements 49
50 Congo, manejo de cauce por dragado! Suspended load! above 0.5 cm! from riverbed! Total sediment! transport! Sediment Transport Measurements 50
51 Loire, Bréhémont Survey lines! Sediment Transport Measurements 51
52 Loire Flow and sediment gauging! Sediment Transport Measurements 52
53 Loire Flow and sediment gauging! Sediment Transport Measurements 53
54 Loire Flow and sediment gauging! Sediment Transport Measurements 54
55 Flow gauging ADCP (RD Instruments)! Acoustic Doppler Profiler! X-Section L20 (8/03/07)! Sediment Transport Measurements 55
56 Flow gauging ADCP! Continuous flow gauging during sediment transport gauging (section L20, vertical 2, 10/03/07)! Sediment Transport Measurements 56
57 Sediment transport in verticals! Gauging of section L44, sand and gravel (9/03/2007)! PROFIL DEBIT SOLIDE SUR VERTICALE - SECTION L44 (SABLE ET GRAVIER) DIISTANCE DU FOND (cm) V1 V2 V6 V3 V5 V4 S. V1 S. V2 S. V6 S. V3 S. V5 S. V DEBIT SOLIDE (m3/m.j) Sediment Transport Measurements 57
58 Sediment transport in verticals! Gauging of section L44 (9/03/2007)! Sediment Transport Measurements 58
59 Loire Data on sediment sizes! Evolution of the sediment size in one vertical, fraction less than 40 microns was eliminated (USBM-54 = bottom; BTMA = riverbed, DBF = Delft Bottle from 0 to 0.5m of bottom, DBS = from 0.5m above bottom to surface)! Pourcentages cumulés USBM BTMA DBF DBS Diamètre (!m) Sediment Transport Measurements 59
60 Change of bed forms! Movement of the riverbed: spectacular modification of bed forms on the riffle and of the dunes (what means «"roughness"» of this alluvial riverbed?) Estimation of movement of river bed forms +/- 40 m 3 /day! Sediment Transport Measurements 60
61 Vertical velocity profile! Calculation of shear stress by the velocity profile! Sediment Transport Measurements 61
62 Shear stress section L44! Calculation in each vertical with the velocity profile! Calcul de vitesse de cisaillement - Section Verticale 1 - Chenal sec. Verticale 2 Verticale 3 Verticale 4 Verticale 5 Verticale 6 Verticale 1 - Chenal sec. : y = x Verticale 2 : y = x Verticale 3 : y = x Verticale 4 : y = x Verticale 5 : y = x Verticale 6 : y = x y = x y = x V (m/s) y = x y = x y = x y = x Log H (hauteur au-dessus du fond exprimée en cm) Sediment Transport Measurements 62
63 Hydraulic parameters! Profondeur moulinet Vm q V* Tau Pi Tau2 (cm) (m/s) (m3/m.s) (m/s) par profil de vitesse par profil de vitesse par pente L24 RG V V V L24 RD L44 RG Bras V L44 RD L44 RG Chenal V V V V V L44 RD RG V V V V L20 RD Sediment Transport Measurements 63
64 Gauging L44 V ADCP, DB, BTMA! Sediment Transport Measurements 64
65 Gauging L20 V ADCP, DB, BTMA! Sediment Transport Measurements 65
66 Gauging L20 Bottom track ADCP! MOUVEMENT DU FOND - SECTION L DISTANCE CUMULEE PENDANT (m) ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 TEMPS (sec) 1003_V2 1003_V3 1003_V4 Sediment Transport Measurements 66
67 Gauging L20 Bottom track ADCP! MOUVEMENT DU FOND MESURE PAR ADCP SUR 20 SECONDES VITESSE DU FOND (m/s) ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4, TEMPS (sec) 1003_V2 1003_V3 1003_V4 Sediment Transport Measurements 67
68 Gauging L20 Bottom track ADCP! V2 : 1,961 Km/jour! V3 : 5,584 Km/jour! V4 : 5,025 Km/jour! Maximum : 12 Km/jour! Sediment Transport Measurements 68
69 Flow and Sediment gauging Loire - Results! Data from 5 cross-sections at different flood stages show that there is no evident relation between flow and sediment discharge. Interesting to note is the variable percentage of the bed load in the total load, varying between 17 and 66%, much more than what is usually mentionned in the litterature.! Section Date Liquid flow Solid discharge Percentage of bed load ADCP Suspension Bed load Total (m 3 /sec) (m 3 /day) (m 3 /day) (m 3 /day) % L24 08/03/ L44 09/03/ A 09/03/07* L44 complete L20 10/03/ Sediment Transport Measurements 69
70 Influence of morphology!! In sand and gravel bed rivers, sediment transport is distributed according to the morphology (presence of bars, islands, structures)!! This explains the data in the Loire River and also those shown earlier about the Congo River!! The following sketches were made for explaining the interaction between bed load transport (sediment paths) and the morphology of a sandbar! Sediment Transport Measurements 70
71 Sediment Transport Measurements 71
72 Sediment Transport Measurements 72
73 Sediment Transport Measurements 73
74 Sediment Transport Measurements 74
75 Sediment Transport Measurements 75
76 Sediment Transport Measurements 76
77 Sediment Transport Measurements 77
78 Conclusion!! Our experience is that good sediment data can be collected by using apropriate methods and instruments, if based of an understanding of the dynamic behavour of sand or gravel bed rivers!! Field data are most of the time missing, not only because engineers and researchers consider them very difficult to collect, also because many prefer to rely on formula s, while today we do not have one single reliable universal formula or theory! Sediment Transport Measurements 78
79 To those who want trying! to measure sediment in rivers! It will not be easy! You ll have to accept adversity! If you do not like difficulties! If you want to remain happy! Do not measure sediment! Sediment Transport Measurements 79
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