A Technique for Microscopical Soil Examinations

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1 A Technique for Microscopical Soil Examinations Skip Palenik Microtrace LLC Elgin, IL USA

2

3 Edmond Locard

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5 Preliminary Separation Color (dry) Sieving Low Power Microscopy Seeds, Leaf Fragments Paint, Glass, etc. Sonication in Water Sinks Suspended Clean Sand and Silt Sinks in < 10 min. Does not settle in 10 min. Fraction 1 Fraction 2 Fraction 3

6 Color

7 Fraction 1 Sand and Silt Sieve >90 < 180 Floats Heavy Mineral Separation < 2.89 Sinks Light Minerals Mount in Identify and Quantitate by Polarized Light Microscopy Heavy Minerals Mount in 1.660

8

9 Heavy Mineral Separation Cleaned Silt > 90 < 180 m Bromoform = 2.84

10 Mineral Separation in Heavy Liquids

11 Freezing Heavy Minerals in Tip of Tube with LN2

12 Isolation of Mineral Separates 1 2 Frozen Bromoform LN Oven Dry

13 Heavies Frozen in Bottom of Microcentrifuge Tube

14 Light Mineral Fraction Washed from Tube

15 Light and Heavy Fractions Ready for Mounting

16 PLM Study of Density Fractions

17 Light Mineral Fraction in Cargille Liquid

18 Plagioclase Feldspars Crossed Polars

19 Rock Fragments

20 Heavy Mineral Suite Plane Polarized Light

21 Mineral Suite Varies by Provenance of Source Rocks

22 Refractive Index and Dispersion Colors Top. Apatite grain in refractive index oil. Plane polarized light. Bottom. Crossed polars.

23 Birefringence Top. Kyanite in index of refraction oil. Bottom. Crossed polars

24 Pleochroism Top. Glaucophane refractive index oil. N-S polarizer. Bottom. E-W polarizer.

25 Pleochroism Top. Euhedral tourmaline in index of refraction oil. N-S polars Bottom. E-W polars.

26 Pleochroism Top. Subhedral tourmaline in refractive index oil. Bottom. E-W polars.

27 Mineral Varieties Hypersthene from Mount St. Helens eruption collected from Yakima, WA days after the event index of refraction oil. Top. N-S polars. Bottom. E-W polars.

28 Mineral Varieties Hypersthene from Africa refractive index oil. Top. N-S polars. Bottom. E-W polars.

29 Mineral Varieties Hypersthene from Martinique refractive index oil. Top. E-W polars. Bottom. N-S polars.

30 Coarse Mineral Fractions Examination for identification and surface texture. Stereomicroscopy Scanning Electron Microscopy Cathodoluminescence

31 Light Microscopy Monahan Sand Dunes in West Texas. Mounted in refractive index oil for contrast.

32 Stains and Reagents Sahara sand stained with methylene blue to show distribution of amorphous silica (silicic acid) on grain surfaces.

33 SEM of Quartz Grain Surfaces Rounded quartz grain from Monahan Dunes in Texas showing surface coating.

34 Indicators on Quartz Grain Surfaces

35 Diatoms on Marine Quartz Grain Surface

36 Detail of Diatom on Quartz Grain Surface

37 Silica Flowers Deposited on Quartz Grain Surface

38 Etching and Dissolution of Silica on Quartz Surface

39 Deep Etching on Quartz Grain Surface

40 Fresh Quartz Grain from Glacier in Canada

41 Cathodoluminescence

42 Calcite Wollastonite Zircon Willemite

43 Fraction 2 Check for Diatoms or Plant Opal Absent Present Heat with HF in Plastic Tube 1/2 Split Sediment Acetolysis in Glass Tube 30% H 2 O 2 + heat Wash, Mount in Glycerine - Water Density Separation < 2.3

44 Acetolysis in 1.5 ml Glass Microcentrifuge Tube

45 Fraction 2 After Acetolysis

46 Fraction 2 Identification of Isolates Light Microscopy Pollen and spores Resistant plant tissue Tire rubber Combustion soot Diatoms and plant opal

47 Pollen Fraction after Acetolysis and Staining

48 Study of Internal Structure at High Magnification

49 Examination of Exine Sculpturing

50 Details of surface sculpturing can be enhanced by scanning electron microscopy Scanning Electron Microscopy Light Microscopy

51 Pollen Fraction without Staining Top. Charcoal particle. Bottom. Difficultly identified plant tissue.

52 Pollen Fraction without Staining

53 Distinctive morphology. Opal Phytoliths

54 Plant Opal Unprocessed Specimen

55 Fraction 2 After Treatment with Hot Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide Opal Phytolith Rich Specimen

56 Fraction 2 After Treatment with Hot Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide Diatom Rich Specimen

57 Fraction 3 (clays) Centrifuge and Filtration XRD Microscopy Thermal Analysis FTIR Staining Tests Phase Contrast Oil Immersion on Oriented Platelets

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59 Illite Illite Smectite Kaolinite Illite Illite

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