A Technique for Microscopical Soil Examinations
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1 A Technique for Microscopical Soil Examinations Skip Palenik Microtrace LLC Elgin, IL USA
2
3 Edmond Locard
4
5 Preliminary Separation Color (dry) Sieving Low Power Microscopy Seeds, Leaf Fragments Paint, Glass, etc. Sonication in Water Sinks Suspended Clean Sand and Silt Sinks in < 10 min. Does not settle in 10 min. Fraction 1 Fraction 2 Fraction 3
6 Color
7 Fraction 1 Sand and Silt Sieve >90 < 180 Floats Heavy Mineral Separation < 2.89 Sinks Light Minerals Mount in Identify and Quantitate by Polarized Light Microscopy Heavy Minerals Mount in 1.660
8
9 Heavy Mineral Separation Cleaned Silt > 90 < 180 m Bromoform = 2.84
10 Mineral Separation in Heavy Liquids
11 Freezing Heavy Minerals in Tip of Tube with LN2
12 Isolation of Mineral Separates 1 2 Frozen Bromoform LN Oven Dry
13 Heavies Frozen in Bottom of Microcentrifuge Tube
14 Light Mineral Fraction Washed from Tube
15 Light and Heavy Fractions Ready for Mounting
16 PLM Study of Density Fractions
17 Light Mineral Fraction in Cargille Liquid
18 Plagioclase Feldspars Crossed Polars
19 Rock Fragments
20 Heavy Mineral Suite Plane Polarized Light
21 Mineral Suite Varies by Provenance of Source Rocks
22 Refractive Index and Dispersion Colors Top. Apatite grain in refractive index oil. Plane polarized light. Bottom. Crossed polars.
23 Birefringence Top. Kyanite in index of refraction oil. Bottom. Crossed polars
24 Pleochroism Top. Glaucophane refractive index oil. N-S polarizer. Bottom. E-W polarizer.
25 Pleochroism Top. Euhedral tourmaline in index of refraction oil. N-S polars Bottom. E-W polars.
26 Pleochroism Top. Subhedral tourmaline in refractive index oil. Bottom. E-W polars.
27 Mineral Varieties Hypersthene from Mount St. Helens eruption collected from Yakima, WA days after the event index of refraction oil. Top. N-S polars. Bottom. E-W polars.
28 Mineral Varieties Hypersthene from Africa refractive index oil. Top. N-S polars. Bottom. E-W polars.
29 Mineral Varieties Hypersthene from Martinique refractive index oil. Top. E-W polars. Bottom. N-S polars.
30 Coarse Mineral Fractions Examination for identification and surface texture. Stereomicroscopy Scanning Electron Microscopy Cathodoluminescence
31 Light Microscopy Monahan Sand Dunes in West Texas. Mounted in refractive index oil for contrast.
32 Stains and Reagents Sahara sand stained with methylene blue to show distribution of amorphous silica (silicic acid) on grain surfaces.
33 SEM of Quartz Grain Surfaces Rounded quartz grain from Monahan Dunes in Texas showing surface coating.
34 Indicators on Quartz Grain Surfaces
35 Diatoms on Marine Quartz Grain Surface
36 Detail of Diatom on Quartz Grain Surface
37 Silica Flowers Deposited on Quartz Grain Surface
38 Etching and Dissolution of Silica on Quartz Surface
39 Deep Etching on Quartz Grain Surface
40 Fresh Quartz Grain from Glacier in Canada
41 Cathodoluminescence
42 Calcite Wollastonite Zircon Willemite
43 Fraction 2 Check for Diatoms or Plant Opal Absent Present Heat with HF in Plastic Tube 1/2 Split Sediment Acetolysis in Glass Tube 30% H 2 O 2 + heat Wash, Mount in Glycerine - Water Density Separation < 2.3
44 Acetolysis in 1.5 ml Glass Microcentrifuge Tube
45 Fraction 2 After Acetolysis
46 Fraction 2 Identification of Isolates Light Microscopy Pollen and spores Resistant plant tissue Tire rubber Combustion soot Diatoms and plant opal
47 Pollen Fraction after Acetolysis and Staining
48 Study of Internal Structure at High Magnification
49 Examination of Exine Sculpturing
50 Details of surface sculpturing can be enhanced by scanning electron microscopy Scanning Electron Microscopy Light Microscopy
51 Pollen Fraction without Staining Top. Charcoal particle. Bottom. Difficultly identified plant tissue.
52 Pollen Fraction without Staining
53 Distinctive morphology. Opal Phytoliths
54 Plant Opal Unprocessed Specimen
55 Fraction 2 After Treatment with Hot Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide Opal Phytolith Rich Specimen
56 Fraction 2 After Treatment with Hot Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide Diatom Rich Specimen
57 Fraction 3 (clays) Centrifuge and Filtration XRD Microscopy Thermal Analysis FTIR Staining Tests Phase Contrast Oil Immersion on Oriented Platelets
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59 Illite Illite Smectite Kaolinite Illite Illite
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Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
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