Case Study: Tauhara New Zealand. Santiago de Chile, May 2014
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1 Case Study: Tauhara New Zealand The Geothermal Institute University of Auckland Bridget Lynne Santiago de Chile, May 2014
2 Bridget Y. Lynne Mick Pender Trystan Glynn-Morris Tauhara Subsidence Case Study
3 Analytical techniques traditionally used for rock analysis XRD identifies mineralogy Petrography Primary vs secondary minerals Alteration mineralogy Fluid/rock interaction XRF/microprobe - composition All techniques contribute to our understanding of subsurface processes
4 TALK AIMS: 1. To show how the addition of SEM enhances our understanding of subsurface processes and fluid-rock interactions 2. COMPARE 2D imaging (petrography) 3D imaging (SEM)
5 3. Combine SEM with compressibility testing Information on rock strength + subsurface processes Subsidence in geothermal areas (Case Study)
6 Case Study known subsidence bowls Tauhara Geothermal Field Tauhara Tauhara geothermal field Taupo township
7 Prior to consent for further geothermal development Cause of known subsidence bowls must be understood Extensive drilling program
8 Drilling Aims Determine subsurface processes responsible for subsidence Identify weak horizons and possible future subsidence sites Establish physical characteristics of subsurface rocks
9 Continuous core drilling program Spa Bowl Rakanui Bowl Outside Margin Inside Crown Rd Bowl
10 Multiple testing approach undertaken Physical Characteristics XRD Clay analysis Petrography Porosity Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Geotechnical Tests Pocket penetrometer tests Shear Vane tests Stiffness tests Atterberg Limit tests Compressibility tests to evaluate rock strength
11 For each slide Drill hole with stratigraphic column I = inside subsidence bowl M = margin O = outside Sample site Compressibility Value (CV) High CV = strong rock (1700 MPa) Low CV = weak rock (30 MPa) 2D vs 3D imaging Petrography vs SEM
12 22m THM16 (I) TI po HEB 12m 48m 30m THM16 (I) TI po HEB 12m 48m 215m 215m W Taupo Ignimbrite W 804m Pumice-rich 804m
13 Taupo Ignimbrite Pumice horizon 22 m 30 m CV = 294 MPa CV = 108 MPa Unaltered?? Process?? Dissolution Environmental change at 30 m to acidic conditions 1 mm 1 mm 20 µm 20 µm
14 Hydrothermal Eruption Breccia THM16 (I) TI po HEB 12m 59m 215m 59m CV = 36 MPa (very weak) Kaolinite ph ~3 T <120 C Acidic conditions W 804m
15 THM m Kaolinite platelets 36 MPa 2 µm
16 Petrographic image THM16 (I) TI po 48m 98m 215m Clay matrix Crystals Hydrothermal Eruption Breccia 98m CV = 65 MPa W 804m
17 98m CV = 65 MPa Petrographic image THM16 (I) TI po HE B 48m 98m 215m W SEM image 804m
18 Clay 1 = illite ph 5-6 T~ 220 C Environmental change ph decrease 98m CV = 65 MPa THM 16 (I) Clay 2 = kaolinite ph = 3-4 T <120 C 100µm
19 chlorite THM13 (O) H hornblende Chlorite coating fragments Lithic fragment 89m CV = 490 MPa Oranui Fmn O U M 24m 89m 130m 245m L 368m 381m
20 Fractured crystals Etched edges THM12 (M) O 25m U 160m 263m 263m CV = 84 MPa Chlorite + illite + feldspars M L 360m 381m
21 381 m CV = 522 MPa Chlorite/illite THM12 (M) O 25m U 160m M 268m L 360m 381m
22 THM14 (O) po 28m O 93m 325m CV = 390 MPa Illite + crystals U M M L W 186m 277m 325m 388m
23 THM13 (O) O 24m 130m U Crystals etched edges in a clay groundmass (illite) 411m CV = 1730 MPa Illite/feldspar M L 245m 368m 411m
24 411m CV = 1730 MPa Illite/feldspar
25 20 µm THM m CV = 1730 MPa
26 50 µm THM m CV = 1730 MPa
27 Crystal structural integrity contributes to rock strength 2 µm 5 µm 10 µm 263 m CV = 84 MPa THM m CV = 522 MPa THM m CV = 1730 MPa THM 13
28 Compare SEM to Petrographic Microscopy
29 Summary SEM = greater detail than petrographic imaging SEM = detailed information on fluid-rock interactions subsurface processes + environments
30 Summary Compressibility testing Combination of SEM rock strength + compressibility testing Useful method in establishing: (1) rock strength (2) subsurface processes responsible for altering the rock which affects its strength
31 Subsidence (SEM + Constrained Modulus Values) Subsidence studies can be applied to pre-exploitation phases Environmental Impact Studies producing fields Evaluate potential risk of subsidence following fluid extraction Identification of preexploitation rock characteristics e.g. natural vs induced subsidence Identify lithologies susceptible to subsidence in existing fields Useful study to identify subsurface processes showing why some lithologic units subside and others do not
32 Acknowledgements Good Method to use when trying to understand subsidence in geothermal areas Contact Energy Catherine Hobbis FEI
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