Tikrit University. College of Engineering Civil engineering Department SOIL PROPERTES. Soil Mechanics. 3 rd Class Lecture notes Up Copyrights 2016
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1 Tikrit University SOIL PROPERTES College of Engineering Civil engineering Department Soil Mechanics 3 rd Class Lecture notes Up Copyrights 2016
2 1-Soil Composition -Solids -Water -Air 2-Soil Phases -Dry -Saturated -Fully Saturated -Partially Saturated -Submerged 3- Analytical Representation of Soil For the purpose of defining the physical and index properties of soil it is more convenient to represent the soil skeleton by a block diagram or phase diagram College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 2
3 4- Weight -Volume Relationships: College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 3
4 Also known as - Bulk Density - Soil Density - Unit Weight - Wet Density Return College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 4
5 Examples College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 5
6 Index Properties Refers to those properties of a soil that indicate the type and conditions of the soil, and provide a relationship to structural properties such as strength, compressibility, permeability, swelling potential, etc. College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 6
7 College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 7
8 1- PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION It is a screening process in which coarse fractions of soil are separated by means of series of sieves. * Particle sizes larger than mm (U.S. No. 200 sieve) are usually analyzed by means of sieving. Soil materials finer than mm (- 200 material) are analyzed by means of sedimentation of soil particles by gravity (hydrometer analysis). College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 8
9 1-1 MECHANICAL METHOD U.S. Standard Sieve: Sieve No. 4, 10, 20, 40, 60, 100, 140, 200 Opening in mm 4.76, 2.00, 0.84, 0.42, 0.25, 0.149, 0.105, Cumulative Curve: A linear scale is not convenient to use to size all the soil particles (opening from 200 mm to mm). * Logarithmic Scale is usually used to draw the relationship between the % Passing and the Particle size. Examples College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 9
10 Parameters Obtained From Grain Size Distribution Curve: 1- Uniformity Coefficient Cu (measure of the particle size range) Cu is also called Hazen Coefficient Cu = D60/D10 Cu < Very Uniform Cu = Medium Uniform Cu > No uniform College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 10
11 2- Coefficient of Gradation or Coefficient of Curvature Cg (measure of the shape of the particle size curve) Cg = (D30)2/ D60 x D10 Cg from 1 to well graded 3- Coefficient of Permeability k = Ck (D10)2 m/sec College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 11
12 Consistency Limits or Atterberg Limits: - State of Consistency of cohesive soil College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 12
13 1- Determination of Liquid Limit: College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 13
14 2- Determination of Plastic Limit: College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 14
15 3- Determination of Plasticity Index P.I. = L.L. - P.L. 4- Determination of Shrinkage Limit College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 15
16 5- Liquidity Index: 6- Activity: College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 16
17 Formation of Clay Minerals A soil particle may be a mineral or a rock fragment. A mineral is a chemical compound formed in nature during a geological process, whereas a rock fragment has a combination of one or more minerals. Based on the nature of atoms, minerals are classified as silicates, aluminates, oxides, carbonates and phosphates. Out of these, silicate minerals are the most important as they influence the properties of clay soils. Different arrangements of atoms in the silicate minerals give rise to different silicate structures. College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 17
18 Basic Structural Units Soil minerals are formed from two basic structural units: tetrahedral and octahedral. Considering the valencies of the atoms forming the units, it is clear that the units are not electrically neutral and as such do not exist as single units. The basic units combine to form sheets in which the oxygen or hydroxyl ions are shared among adjacent units. Three types of sheets are thus formed, namely silica sheet, gibbsite sheet and brucite sheet. College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 18
19 Isomorphous substitution is the replacement of the central atom of the tetrahedral or octahedral unit by another atom during the formation of the sheets. The sheets then combine to form various two-layer or three-layer sheet minerals. As the basic units of clay minerals are sheet-like structures, the particle formed from stacking of the basic units is also plate-like. As a result, the surface area per unit mass becomes very large. College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 19
20 A tetrahedral unit consists of a central silicon atom that is surrounded by four oxygen atoms located at the corners of a tetrahedron. A combination of tetrahedrons forms a silica sheet. College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 20
21 An octahedral unit consists of a central ion, either aluminium or magnesium, that is surrounded by six hydroxyl ions located at the corners of an octahedron. A combination of aluminium-hydroxyl octahedrons forms a gibbsite sheet, whereas a combination of magnesium-hydroxyl octahedrons forms a brucite sheet. College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 21
22 Two-layer Sheet Minerals Kaolinite and halloysite clay minerals are the most common. Kaolinite Mineral College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 22
23 The basic kaolinite unit is a two-layer unit that is formed by stacking a gibbsite sheet on a silica sheet. These basic units are then stacked one on top of the other to form a lattice of the mineral. The units are held together by hydrogen bonds. The strong bonding does not permit water to enter the lattice. Thus, kaolinite minerals are stable and do not expand under saturation. Kaolinite is the most abundant constituent of residual clay deposits. College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 23
24 Halloysite Mineral The basic unit is also a two-layer sheet similar to that of kaolinite except for the presence of Three-layer Sheet Minerals Montmorillonite and illite clay minerals are the most common. A basic three-layer sheet unit is formed by keeping one silica sheet each on the top and at the bottom of a gibbsite sheet. These units are stacked to form a lattice as shown. College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 24
25 Montmorillonite Mineral The bonding between the three-layer units is by van der Waals forces. This bonding is very weak and water can enter easily. Thus, this mineral can imbibe a large quantity of water causing swelling. During dry weather, there will be shrinkage. College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 25
26 Illite Mineral Illite consists of the basic montmorillonite units but are bonded by secondary valence forces and potassium ions, as shown. There is about 20% replacement of aluminium with silicon in the gibbsite sheet due to isomorphous substitution. This mineral is very stable and does not swell or shrink. College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 26
27 Fine Soil Fabric Natural soils are rarely the same from one point in the ground to another. The content and nature of grains varies, but more importantly, so does the arrangement of these. The arrangement and organisation of particles and other features within a soil mass is termed its fabric. CLAY particles are flaky. Their thickness is very small relative to their length & breadth, in some cases as thin as 1/100th of the length. They therefore have high specific surface values. These surfaces carry negative electrical charge, which attracts positive ions present in the pore water. Thus a lot of water may be held as adsorbed water within a clay mass. College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 27
28 College of Eng. Civil Eng. Dept Soil Mechanics Dr. Ahmed Al-Obaidi 28
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