Mapping and Reservoir Characterization of Geologic Intervals for NGL Storage Applications*

Transcription

1 Mapping and Reservoir Characterization of Geologic Intervals for NGL Storage Applications* Kristin Carter 1, Douglas Patchen 2, Jessica Moore 3, Mohammad Fakhari 4, Gary Daft 3, Phillip Dinterman 3, Michael Solis 4, Robin Anthony 5, Katherine Schmid 5, Brian Dunst 5, Antonette Markowski 5, and Stephen Shank 5 Search and Discovery Article #80617 (2017)** Posted November 6, 2017 *Adapted from oral presentation given at AAPG 2017 Eastern Section 46 th Annual Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia, September 24-27, 2017 **Datapages 2017 Serial rights given by author. For all other rights contact author directly. 1 Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Pittsburgh, PA (krcarter@pa.gov) 2 Appalachian Oil and Natural Gas Research Consortium, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 3 West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV 4 Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, OH 5 Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Pittsburgh, PA Abstract The Appalachian Oil & Natural Gas Research Consortium recently completed the Appalachian Storage Hub for Liquid Ethane Study to identify potential storage s for natural gas liquids (NGLs) derived from the liquid-rich Marcellus and Utica shale plays. The project objective was to identify the best options for storage proximal to a proposed pipeline from areas of shale production in southwestern Pennsylvania to end users in southern West Virginia and northeastern Kentucky. The study's Area of Interest (AOI) included 50 counties centered along the Ohio River Valley corridor in the tri-state region of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Survey geologists from each of these states collaborated to complete the study within a year's time, assessing three types of storage opportunities (mined-rock caverns, salt caverns, and depleted siliciclastic gas s) through their desktop evaluation of 10 discreet geologic intervals: the Mississippian Greenbrier Limestone for subsurface mining; the Upper Silurian Salina F4 salt for the creation of cavities through brine extraction; and depleted gas fields in sandstone s in the Lower Mississippian (Keener to Berea interval); Upper Devonian (Venango, Bradford, and/or Elk intervals), Lower Devonian (Oriskany Sandstone); Upper Silurian (Newburg Sandstone); Lower Silurian (Clinton/Medina and Tuscarora sandstones); Lower Ordovician (Rose Run Sandstone); and Upper Cambrian (Gatesburg Formation and Upper Sandy member). The research team prepared maps of depth, thickness and extent for each interval; compiled existing siliclastic data at the field level using multiple regional data sources; and conducted new qualitative petrographic analyses to support characterization activities. This information was used to identify a short list of the most promising NGL storage s, to which geology-based ranking criteria developed specifically for this study by the research team were applied. As a result of these efforts, we identified multiple prospects in the AOI where stacked NGL storage opportunities (i.e., a combination of mined-rock caverns, salt caverns, and/or depleted gas s at different depths within a given geographic area) are recommended for further investigation at the site level.

2 Selected References Baranoski, M.T., R.A. Riley, and M.E. Wolfe, 1996, Play Cok: Cambrian-Ordovician Knox Group Unconformity Play, in J.B. Roen and B.J. Walker (eds.), The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication V-25, p Basan, P.B., D.L. Kissling, K.D. Hemsley, D.G. Kersey, W.G. Dow, M.S. Chaiffetz, P. Isaacson, S. Barrett, and L. Carne, 1980, Geological Study and Reservoir Evaluation of Early Devonian Formations of the Appalachians: Robertson Research (U.S.) Inc., 263 p. Boswell, R., L.R. Heim, G.R. Wrightstone, and A. Donaldson, 1996a, Play Dvs: Upper Devonian Venango Sandstones and Siltstones, in J.B. Roen and B.J. Walker (eds.), The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication V-25, p Boswell, R., B.W. Thomas, R.B. Hussing, T.W. Murin, and A. Donaldson, 1996b, Play Dbs: Upper Devonian Bradford Sandstones and Siltstones, in J.B. Roen and B.J. Walker (eds.), The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication V-25, p Brett, C. E., D.H. Tepper, W.M. Goodman, S.T. LoDuca, and B. Eckert, 1995, Revised Stratigraphy and Correlations of the Niagaran Provincial Series (Medina, Clinton, and Lockport Groups) in the Type Area of Western New York: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2086, 66 p. Carter, K.M. and others, 2010, Characterization of Geologic Sequestration Opportunities in the MRCSP Region: Middle Devonian-Middle Silurian Formations: Period of Performance - October 2005-October 2010: DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC26-05NT42589, 350 p. Carter, K.M. and others, 2012, Refinement of Characterization of Geologic Reservoirs/Seal Systems: Task 1.1a Interim Report: Period of Performance - October 2010-March 2012: DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC26-05NT42589, 302 p. Clifford, M.J., 1973, Silurian Rock Salt of Ohio: Ohio Division of Geologic Survey, Department of Natural Resources, Report of Investigations No. 90, 42 p., 4 plates. Diecchio, R.J., 1985, Regional Controls of Gas Accumulation in Oriskany Sandstone, Central Appalachian Basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologist Bulletin, v. 69, p Donaldson, A., R. Boswell, Z. Xiangdong, L. Cavallo, R.L. Heim, and M. Canich, 1996, Play Des: Upper Devonian Elk Sandstones and Siltstones, in J.B. Roen and B.J. Walker (eds.), The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication V-25, p

3 Ehrenberg, S.N., and P.H. Nadeau, 2005, Sandstone vs. Carbonate Petroleum Reservoirs: A Global Perspective on Porosity-Depth and Porosity Permeability Relationships: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 89/4, p Ettensohn, F.R., 2008, The Appalachian Foreland Basin in Eastern United States, in A. Maill (ed.), Sedimentary Basins of the World, Volume 5: The Sedimentary Basin of the United States and Canada, Elsevier Science, 624 p. Folga, S., E. Portante, S. Shamsuddin, A. Tompkins, L. Talaber, M. McLamore, J. Kavicky, G. Conzelmann, and T. Levin, 2016, U.S. Natural Gas Storage Risk-Based Ranking Methodology and Results: Argonne National Laboratory Technical Report ANL-16/19, 108 p. Groundwater Protection Council (GWPC) and Interstate Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (IOGCC), 2017, Underground Gas Storage Regulatory Considerations: A Guide for State and Federal Regulatory Agencies, 122 p. Harper, J.A., 1989, Effects of Recurrent Tectonic Patterns on the Occurrence and Development of Oil and Gas Resources in Western Pennsylvania: Northeastern Geology, v. 11/4, p Harper, J.A., and D.G. Patchen, 1996, Play Dos: Lower Devonian Oriskany Sandstone Structural Play, in J.B. Roen and B.J. Walker (eds.), The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication V-25, p Hohn, M.E., R.R. McDowell, A.G. Vargo, D.L. Matchen, M.T. Heald, and J.Q. Britton, 1993, Petroleum Geology and Reservoir Characterization of the Big Injun Sandstone (Price Formation) in the Granny Creek Field, Clay and Roane Counties, West Virginia: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Bulletin B-44, 91 p. Huggins, M.J., 1983, Meramecian Conodonts and Biostratigraphy of the (Upper Mississippian) Greenbrier Limestone (Hurricane Ridge and Greendale Synclines), Southwestern Virginia and Southern West Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, M.S. Thesis, 305 p. Jaeger, J.C., N.G.W. Cook, and R.W. Zimmerman, 2007, Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, Fourth Edition: Blackwell Publishing, 488 p. Laughrey, C.D., 1984, Petrology and Reservoir Characteristics of the Lower Silurian Median Group Sandstones, Athens and Geneva Fields, Crawford County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Mineral Resource Report 85, 126 p. Laughrey, C.D., and J.A. Harper, 1986, Comparisons of Upper Devonian and Lower Silurian Tight Formations in Pennsylvania - Geological and Engineering Characteristics, in C.W. Spencer and R.F. Mast (eds.), Geology of Tight Gas Reservoirs: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology, v. 24, p Lewis, J.E., 2013, Evaluation of the Newburg Sandstone of the Appalachian Basin as a CO 2 Geologic Storage Resource: Environmental Geosciences, v. 20/4, p

4 Lewis, J.E., in preparation, Appalachian Basin Oil and Gas Fields GIS Database and CO2 Sequestration Capacity Calculations: Regional Characterization Work Being Performed for the Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP). Martens, J.H.C., 1939, Petrography and Correlation of Deep-Well Sections in West Virginia and Adjacent States: West Virginia Geological Survey, v. XI, 255 p. Matchen, D.L., and A.G. Vargo, 1996, Play Mws: Lower Mississippian Weir Sandstones, in J.B. Roen and B.J. Walker (eds.), The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication V-25, p McCord, W.R., and W.E. Eckard, 1963, Lithology and Reservoir Properties of the Big Lime, Keener, Big Injun, Weir, and Berea Horizons, Spruce Creek Oilfield, Ritchie County, West Virginia: United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations 6328, 16 p. McCormac, M.P., G.O. Mychkovsky, S.T. Opritza, R.A. Riley, M.E. Wolfe, G.E. Larsen, and M.T. Baranoski, 1996, Play Scm: Lower Silurian Cataract/Medina Group ( Clinton ) Sandstone Play, in J.B. Roen and B.J. Walker (eds.), The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication V-25, p Nelson, P.E., N.E. Matthews, C.P. Flores, P.K. Patel, T.P. Roth, L.K. Farnsworth, and M.C. Reichwein, 2011, Geological Prefeasibility Study of Ethane Storage Opportunities Within Salt, Hard Rock, and Oil and Gas Reservoirs in West Virginia: Topical Report PB-0326 submitted to WV Development Office, 102 p. Overbey, W.K., 1961, Oil and Gas Report and Map of Jackson, Mason, and Putnam Counties, West Virginia: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Bulletin B-23, 26 p., 1 map. Papanikolau, N., B.M.L. Lau, W.A. Hobbs, and J. Gale, 2006, Safe Storage of CO 2 : Experience from the Natural Gas Storage Industry: The 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, June 2006, Trondheim, Norway. Patchen, D.G., 1996, Play Sns: The Upper Silurian Newburg Sandstone Play, in J.B. Roen and B.J. Walker (eds.), The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication V-25, p Patchen, D.G., and J.A. Harper, 1996, Play Doc: The Lower Devonian Oriskany Sandstone Combination Traps Play, in J.B. Roen and B.J. Walker (eds.), The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication V-25, p Piotrowski, R.G., 1981, Geology and Natural Gas Production of the Lower Silurian Medina Group and Equivalent Rock Units in Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Mineral Resource Report 82, 21 p.

5 Rice, C.L., and J.F. Schwietering, 1988, Fluvial Deposition in the Central Appalachian During the Early Pennsylvanian: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin: Evolution of Sedimentary Basins - Appalachian Basin, QE75.B9 No. 1829A-D, p. B1-B10. Riley, R.A., J.A. Harper, M.T. Baranoski, C.D. Laughrey, and R.W. Carlton, 1993, Measuring and Predicting Reservoir Heterogeneity in Complex Deposystems - The Late Cambrian Rose Run Sandstone of Eastern Ohio and Western Pennsylvania: Appalachian Oil and Natural Gas Research Consortium, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S. Department of Energy, Contract No. DE-AC22-90BC14657, 257 p. Roen, J.B., and B.J. Walker, eds., The Atlas of Major Appalachian Basin Gas Plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication V-25, 201 p. Schlumberger, 2009, Log Interpretation Charts. Digital Reference Retrieved from URL Website accessed October Scotese, C., 2001, Atlas of Earth History, PALEOMAP Project, Arlington, Texas, 52 p. Seni, S.J., W.F. Mullican III, and H.S. Hamlin, 1984, Texas Salt Domes Aspects Affecting Disposal of Toxic-Chemical Waste in Solution- Mined Caverns: Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 34 p. Sminchak, J.R., and N. Gupta, eds., 2015, Development of Subsurface Brine Disposal Framework in the Northern Appalachian Basin: Research Partnership to Secure Energy for America (RPSEA) Project Number , Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, 411 p. Smosna, R., 1996, Play Mgn: Upper Mississippian Weir Sandstones, in J.B. Roen and B.J. Walker (eds.), The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication V-25, p Terry, R.D., and G.V. Chilingar, 1955, Summary of Concerning Some Additional Aids in Studying Sedimentary Formations, by M.S. Shvetsov: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 25, p Tomastik, T.E., 1996, Play MDe: Lower Mississippian-Upper Devonian Berea and equivalent sandstones, in J.B. Roen and B.J. Walker (eds.), The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication V-25, p Ulmer-Scholle, D.S., P.A. Scholle, J. Schieber, and R.J. Raine, 2014, A Color Guide to the Petrography of Sandstones, Siltstones, Shales and Associated Rocks: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 109, 526 p. Ulteig, J.R., 1964, Upper Niagaran and Cuyagan Stratigraphy of Northeastern Ohio and Adjacent Areas: Ohio Division of Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 51, 48 p., 8 plates.

6 Vargo, A.G., and D.L. Matchen, 1996, Play Mbi: Lower Mississippian Big Injun Sandstones, in J.B. Roen and B.J. Walker (eds.), The Atlas of Major Appalachian Gas Plays: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Publication v. 25, p Wickstrom, L.H., and others, 2005, Characterization of Geologic Sequestration Opportunities in the MRCSP Region, Phase I Task Report: Period of Performance - October September 2005: DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-PS26-05NT42255, 152 p. Wilpolt, R.H., and D.W. Marden, 1955, Descriptions of Fourteen Measured Sections in Southwest Virginia and Eastern Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Report , 123 p. Wynn, T.C., 2003, State-Wide Sequence Framework of Mixed Carbonate-Siliciclastic Ramp Reservoirs: Mississippian Big Lime, West Virginia, USA. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 112 p.

7 1 MAPPING AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC INTERVALS FOR NGL STORAGE APPLICATIONS Findings of the Appalachian Storage Hub Study Kristin Carter, Assistant State Geologist Pennsylvania Geological Survey (Pittsburgh, PA)

8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AONGRC co-authors Douglas Patchen, Jessica Moore, Mohammad Fakhari, Gary Daft, Philip Dinterman, Michael Solis, Robin Anthony, Katherine Schmid, Brian Dunst, Antonette Markowski and Stephen Shank Benedum Foundation Industry Partners AEP, Antero Resources, Blue Racer, Charleston Area Alliance, Chevron, Dominion, EQT, First Energy/Team NEO, Mountaineer NGL Storage LLC, Noble Energy, Southwestern Energy, XTO Energy and the West Virginia Oil & Natural Gas Association West Virginia University WVU Foundation, WVU Research Corporation, National Research Center for Coal and Energy and WVU Corporate Relations Office Advisory Group 2

9 3 BACKGROUND Liquids-rich Marcellus and Utica Shale production in the tri-state area of OH, PA and WV Desire to move natural gas liquids (NGLs) from wet gas areas to industrial sites throughout the greater Appalachian region A proposed 6-pack pipeline from Monaca, PA to northeastern KY and Charleston, WV along the Ohio & Kanawha rivers Subsurface storage will be a necessary component along the pipeline route

10 STUDY GOAL Complete a geologic study of all potential options for subsurface storage of NGLs along and adjacent to the Ohio River from southwestern Pennsylvania to eastern Kentucky, including a similar study along the Kanawha River in West Virginia Stratigraphic correlation of key units Mapping thickness and structure of key units Reservoir characterization studies Development and application of rating and ranking criteria Area of Interest (AOI) 4

11 5 RESEARCH PLAN Identify geologic intervals as potential candidates for NGL storage Correlate regional lithostratigraphy and characterize subsurface geologic units through mapping Construct/compile a regional database to include pre-existing (legacy) and new data Characterize potential s (three types) Develop criteria for rating and ultimately ranking candidates Drill down from regional to prospect level by performing assessments Manage these data and provide access through a Study website

12 6 THREE MAIN PRODUCTS Regional subsurface study with correlations, cross sections, thickness and structure maps Criteria with which to rate and eventually rank candidate formations and s as safe and secure storage containers A project database and website in which all of the data and research findings are located and can be accessed by the public and potential storage companies

13 7 GEOLOGIC INTERVALS OF INTEREST Mined-rock caverns Greenbrier Limestone ( 40 ft thick; depths of 1, ft) Salt caverns Salina Group salts ( 100 ft thick) Depleted gas s Keener to Berea sandstones Upper Devonian sandstones (Venango, Bradford, Elk) Oriskany Sandstone Newburg sandstone Clinton/Medina Group Rose Run-Gatesburg sandstones

14 8 REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION 10 geologic intervals Lateral variations in lithology, facies and nomenclature Variations in depth and thickness of units based on depositional environment and post-depositional processes Thousands of pieces of data used to correlate lithostratigraphy throughout the AOI

15 REGIONAL MAPPING SALINA F4 SALT: DEPTH Appalachian Storage Hub (ASH) Study Below deepest occurrence of fresh drinking water Not penetrated by many gas wells that could provide vertical migration routes Increase in salt plasticity limits lower cavern depths to <7,000 ft Area Average Depth (ft) 5,300 6,200 6,650 6,600 9

16 10 RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION Determine stratigraphic units or s with the best geologic and geomechanical properties to ensure long-term, secure storage of ethane and other NGLs Legacy data compilation Mapping Petrophysical calculations Qualitative thin section analyses

17 11 RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION EFFORTS Unique characterization efforts for each type of storage container Depth structure maps Thickness isopach maps Extent facies evaluation (Greenbrier) and clean vs. dirty salt intervals (Salina F4) Preliminary assessment screened field-level data for 2,700+ depleted gas s

18 12 GREENBRIER LIMESTONE (MINED-ROCK CAVERNS) Prepare regional structure and isopach contour maps Optimum net thicknesses 40 ft Optimum depths 1,800 2,000 ft

19 13 GREENBRIER LIMESTONE (MINED-ROCK CAVERNS) Characterize facies using geophysical logs (RHOB, DPHI, PE) and drillers descriptions Carbonate ramp environment of deposition Schematic illustration of Mississippian facies distribution of the Appalachian basin (Wynn, 2003). The main facies types within the AOI were deposited in inner- to mid-ramp settings.

20 14 GREENBRIER LIMESTONE THREE FACIES Appalachian Storage Hub (ASH) Study Appalachian Storage Hub (ASH) Study Appalachian Storage Hub (ASH) Study Figure 7. Net thickness map of the Greenbrier lime mudstone facies package.

21 15 SALINA F4 A SALT: AREAS 1 AND A 022 Ared Where The F ~ Salt Is Greater Than 100ft Thick Explanation -- E>:1.tJng NGL _ ~Ir.e. ~~1=::a l Wells 111 WeI\I~ for~pi'l;h r----7l~l,l >< WIIhYaluBln fni Solution mining wells ""tve ""ei, 1'Iu-iPe~"'-, "bsndoned.. el l F. net salt contour In Ice! --10', --"', F. net salt Ihlckncss in feet "0.'20 D '&C _150 o I t Area Where The F. Sail Is G reater Than 100ft Thick explanation -- &.~ngng L ~"" _ EaiU"ll n.lural ges pi peli'les Wells v..ilumdfor ;l(l~ MIl value 'n IMI Solution mining... ells ""'... PI\O!I@ClW8I Allard31le(1 "'~ I F. ne. ult contour In rcct --w, F. net salt thickness in fee t D'" '" '" "'" '" '" I ~ ~o /

22 16 A F4 SALINA F4 SALT: AREAS A 3 3A AND 4 4 Area Where The F.l Salt Is Grealef Thall00ft Tho _... _... Explanation - ~""'HC.1.~' Wells.. w.t_iiif~ x _nutlll fmt Solution.-- _ minit'oi_h ~~ F.,.t wtt (:OII1_ ln... - '" F. net.all thickness in feet D I~.1I0 Dllo.\2Q I~ UO UG-UC _ U~. I 5G o I 2 "'u.s I Aiea Where The F.l Salt Is Greater Than 100ft Ttfc.I.i ExpJiKlation !ldi*"9nc1.~' - b:iiirig n1ll!lql Wells.. w.t _ fix II.CpXII..-. -,.. X 'II1II'f'JIItl'llttt SotIion mn"g _Is.-. ~-. F.,.t~ c;onlow- in fht -... f.oet salt thickneu iokel 1~ 1tO D llo -I ~ 1~ 1)O 130 -,"" o I o I~, '!Q lmiu I

23 17 SALINA F4 SALT (SALT CAVERNS) GEOPHYSICAL LOGS SALT CORE SAMPLES.

24 18 SALINA F4 SALT: NET THICKNESS Upper F4 Salt vs. lower salt Interbedded dolomite and anhydrite within larger salt package

25 19 SALINA F4 SALT: EXTENT Interbedded nature of salt with anhydrite and dolomite ( dirty salt) is more extensive outside the 100-ft footprint Lateral migration pathways Roof collapse Casing integrity issues Pressure, temperature and cavern shape primarily affect cavern stability

26 20 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF DEPLETED GAS RESERVOIRS 2,700+ fields with sandstone data Of these, ~1,500 fields were 2,000 ft deep Preliminary rating efforts were used to pare down this dataset for more focused work

27 21 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF DEPLETED GAS RESERVOIRS Preliminary rating criteria Distance to infrastructure Acreage Average depth Average porosity Net thickness Permeability Pressure Distance to infrastructure >30 mi >20 mi but <=30 mi >5 mi but <=20 mi <=5 mi Acreage <=500 ac >500 ac but <=1,000 ac >1,000 ac but <=5,000 ac >5,000 ac Stacked opportunity Mode CO 2 storage Criterion Description Range of Values Proximity of field to any of the existing or proposed pipeline infrastructure, as illustrated in Figure 4-26 Measured size (or footprint ) of a field (ac) Average depth <=2,000 ft >5,000 ft >2,000 ft but <=3,500 ft >3,500 ft but <=5,000 ft Average depth (ft) at which a field stores/stored natural gas, based on multiple wells completed in that field

28 22 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT RESULTS 134 opportunities 113 depleted gas fields 12 natural gas storage fields 5 limestone areas 4 salt areas

29 23 DETAILED RATING CRITERIA Mined-Rock Caverns Salt Caverns Depleted Gas Reservoirs Gas Storage Fields Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Acreage Acreage Acreage Acreage Average depth Average depth Average depth Average depth Net Thickness Net Thickness Net Thickness Net Thickness Trap integrity Trap integrity Trap integrity Trap integrity Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Pressure Pressure Pressure Average Porosity Average Porosity Permeability Permeability Mode CO 2 storage Estimated cumulative gas production Mode CO 2 storage Working gas capacity

30 24 RATING MINED-ROCK AND SALT CAVERNS Mined-Rock Caverns Salt Caverns Depleted Gas Reservoirs Gas Storage Fields Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Acreage Acreage Acreage Acreage Average depth Average depth Average depth Average depth Net Thickness Net Thickness Net Thickness Net Thickness Trap integrity Trap integrity Trap integrity Trap integrity Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Pressure Pressure Pressure Average Porosity Average Porosity Permeability Permeability Mode CO 2 storage Estimated cumulative gas production Mode CO 2 storage Working gas capacity

31 25 RATING DEPLETED GAS RESERVOIRS/FIELDS Mined Rock Caverns Salt Caverns Depleted Gas Reservoirs Gas Storage Fields Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Acreage Acreage Acreage Acreage Average depth Average depth Average depth Average depth Net Thickness Net Thickness Net Thickness Net Thickness Trap integrity Trap integrity Trap integrity Trap integrity Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Pressure Pressure Pressure Average Porosity Average Porosity Permeability Permeability Mode CO 2 storage Estimated cumulative gas production Mode CO 2 storage Working gas capacity

32 STACKED OPPORTUNITY RATINGS Legend c=j Keener_to _Berea_top _10 c=j DevCX1 i an~as_top_66 County boundary c=j Newburg_R elds_top_6 0 _ Oriskany_Fields_top_12 c=j Gleenbner_ ) c=j Rose_R un_gatesburg_top_10 D State l:>oundary ( I Miles I Kilom eters -,/ - 26

33 27 DETAILED RATING RESULTS 30 opportunities 22 depleted gas fields 3 salt areas 3 mined-rock areas 2 natural gas storage fields

34 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RATING AND RANKING EFFORTS Mined-Rock Caverns Salt Caverns Depleted Gas Reservoirs Gas Storage Fields Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Acreage Acreage Acreage Acreage Average depth Average depth Average depth Average depth Net Thickness Net Thickness Net Thickness Net Thickness Trap integrity Trap integrity Trap integrity Trap integrity Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Pressure Pressure Pressure Average Porosity Average Porosity Permeability Permeability Mode CO 2 storage Estimated cumulative gas production Mode CO 2 storage Working gas capacity 28

35 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RATING AND RANKING EFFORTS Mined-Rock Caverns Salt Caverns Depleted Gas Reservoirs Gas Storage Fields Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Distance to Infrastructure Acreage Acreage Acreage Acreage Average depth Average depth Average depth Average depth Net Thickness Net Thickness Net Thickness Net Thickness Trap integrity Trap integrity Trap integrity Trap integrity Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Legacy well penetrations Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity Stacked opportunity 29

36 FINAL RANKING RESULTS Ranking Container Normalized Field/Location Geologic Interval Type Rating 1 mined-rock cavern 5 Greenbrier 19 2 depleted gas NORTH RIPLEY Newburg 16 2 depleted gas ROCKY FORK Newburg 16 2 depleted gas KANAWHA FOREST Newburg 16 2 mined-rock cavern 4 Greenbrier 16 3 depleted gas CAMPBELL CREEK Oriskany 15 3 mined-rock cavern 2 Greenbrier 15 3 salt cavern 1 Salina F4 Salt 15 3 salt cavern 2 Salina F4 Salt 15 Ranking Container Type Field/Location Geologic Interval Normalized Rating 1 mined-rock cavern 5 Greenbrier 19 2 depleted gas NORTH RIPLEY Newburg 16 2 depleted gas ROCKY FORK Newburg 16 2 depleted gas KANAWHA FOREST Newburg 16 2 mined-rock cavern 4 Greenbrier 16 3 depleted gas CAMPBELL CREEK Oriskany 15 3 mined-rock cavern 2 Greenbrier 15 3 salt cavern 1 Salina F4 Salt 15 3 salt cavern 2 Salina F4 Salt 15 4 depleted gas WESTON-JANE LEW Elk 14 4 depleted gas CANTON CONSOLIDATED Clinton/Medina 14 4 depleted gas COOPER CREEK Newburg 14 4 depleted gas ABBOTT-FRENCH CREEK Venango 14 4 natural gas storage field RIPLEY Oriskany 14 5 depleted gas MAPLE-WADESTOWN Keener to Berea 13 5 depleted gas ELK-POCA (SISSONVILLE) Oriskany 13 5 gas storage field RACKET-NEWBERNE (SINKING CREEK) Venango 13 5 salt cavern 4 Salina F4 salt 13 4 depleted gas CANTON CONSOLIDATED Clinton/Medina 13 5 depleted gas CANTON CONSOLIDATED Clinton/Medina 13 5 depleted gas RAVENNA-BEST CONSOLIDATED Clinton/Medina 13 6 depleted gas BURDETT-ST. ALBANS Keener to Berea 12 6 depleted gas CONDIT-RAGTOWN Keener to Berea 12 7 depleted gas Rose Run- DUMM RIDGE Gatesburg 11 7 depleted gas Rose Run- FRAZEYBURG Gatesburg 11 8 depleted gas Rose Run- KIRKERSVILLE Gatesburg 10 8 depleted gas Rose Run- DUMM RIDGE Gatesburg 10 8 depleted gas Rose Run- DUMM RIDGE Gatesburg 10 8 depleted gas Rose Run- ROCKBRIDGE Gatesburg 10 8 depleted gas Rose Run- RANDOLPH Gatesburg 10 30

37 Stacked opportunities ~ Stacked opportunity? Legacy well penetrations. Trap integrity FINAL RANKING RESULTS - z ~ «~ «---.J z -LL Trap integrity Average depth QI)... '" -0., s 10 ~.!; 8 '" E b ~ Z o Net thickness Average depth Acreage Distance to infrastructure 31

38 THREE PROSPECTS FOR NGL STORAGE Demonstrate how this Study s regional and field-level geologic data can be applied to underground storage siting work Ascertain what site-level data might be necessary as part of a follow-on study Stacked storage plays an important role Greenbrier Lime Mudstone Isopach 32

39 33 NORTHERN PROSPECT AREA Clinton/Medina sandstones in Ohio s Ravenna-Best Consolidated Field Two Salina F4 Salt cavern opportunities on both sides of the Ohio River Oriskany core data indicates another opportunity; suggests stacked potential

40 34 CENTRAL PROSPECT AREA Greenbrier Limestone mined-rock cavern opportunities Keener to Berea Interval depleted gas field Venango Group inactive gas storage field Upper Devonian depleted gas field to the east Salina F4 Salt near Ben s Run

41 35 SOUTHERN PROSPECT AREA Greenbrier Limestone mined-rock cavern opportunities Depleted gas fields in the Keener to Berea Interval Oriskany Sandstone (depleted gas and natural gas storage) Newburg fields(north Ripley, Rocky Fork, Cooper Creek and Kanawha Forest) are among the very best of all depleted gas fields

42 SUMMARY 1000 s Mined-rock caverns Greenbrier Limestone Depth Thickness Facies distribution Salt Caverns Salina Group salts Depth Thickness Extent Depleted gas s/natural gas storage fields Devonian-Cambrian age units Reservoir data compilation Preliminary assessment (through rating) Detailed rating and ranking efforts Criteria for each storage type Detailed rating results Normalized ratings used for ranking purposes 100 s 10 s 36

43 37 WHAT WE DID NOT CONSIDER Who owns or operates a depleted gas field or gas storage field that was rated highly Or if this operator would be interested in NGL storage Who owns the rights to the Greenbrier Limestone or Salina Salt And again, if the owner might be interested in NGL storage If a candidate is in an area of future Marcellus or Utica drilling Surficial activities, other than towns or cities Cost implications for storage and pipelines Focus was entirely on subsurface geology

44 38 SUMMARY AND CAVIATS Multiple options are present along the Ohio and Kanawha rivers where storage could be constructed in three different types of storage containers Storage capacity and deliverability will ultimately depend on the NGL product(s) Storage capacity and deliverability may require more than one facility and/or more than one geologic container per facility (stacked storage) We recommend a follow-on engineering and geologic site assessment at any potential site

45 39 THANK YOU! Kristin Carter, PG, CPG Assistant State Geologist Pennsylvania Geological Survey (Pittsburgh, PA)

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