ROCKS CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET

Transcription

1 Base your answers to questions 1 through 4 on the photographs below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The photographs show eight common rock-forming minerals. 1. Identify the two minerals shown that exhibit fracture as a dominant form of breakage. 2. Identify the two most abundant elements, by mass, in Earth's crust that are part of the composition of all eight of these minerals. 3. In the table below, place an X in the appropriate box to indicate whether each mineral is found mainly in felsic or mafic igneous rock. 4. Identify the mineral shown that can scratch all of the other minerals shown.

2 Base your answers to questions 5 through 8 on the passage, two diagrams, and table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The passage describes a method used to mine gold and the diagrams represent two different views of a sluice box, which is used to separate gold from other sediments. The table shows the mineral characteristics of gold. Gold Mining A sluice box is used to remove gold pieces from other sediments in a stream. The box is placed in the stream to channel some of the water flow. Gold-bearing sediment is placed at the upper end of the box. The riffles in the bottom of the box are designed and positioned to create disruptions in the water flow. These disruptions cause dead zones in the current that allow the more dense gold to drop out of suspension and be deposited behind the riffles. Lighter material flows out of the box as tailings. Typically, particles of the mineral pyrite, which shares characteristics with gold, are deposited with gold particles in the sluice box. Since miners were fooled into thinking the nuggets of pyrite were gold, the name "fool's gold" is often applied to pyrite. 5. A gold nugget with a volume of 0.8 cubic centimeter (cm 3 ) was found in the sluice box. Calculate the mass of this gold nugget. 6. The angle of the sluice box is changed so that the box has a steeper slope. Describe the most likely change in water velocity and the amount of sediment passing through the sluice box as tailings.

3 7. The velocity of the water leaving the sluice box was 90 centimeters per second (cm/s). State the diameter of the largest particle that could be found in the tailings. 8. Identify the characteristics of gold shown in the table that allows gold to be deposited behind the riffles, while other material flows out of the sluice box as tailings. 9. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Dimension Stone: Granite Dimension stone is any rock mined and cut for specific purposes, such as kitchen countertops, monuments, and the curbing along city streets. Examples of rock mined for use as dimension stone include limestone, marble, sandstone, and slate. The most important dimension stone is granite; however, not all dimension stone sold as granite is actually granite. Two examples of such rock sold as "granite" are syenite and anorthosite. Syenite is a crystalline, light-colored rock composed primarily of potassium feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, biotite, and amphibole, while anorthosite is composed almost entirely of plagioclase feldspar. Like actual granite, both syenite and anorthosite have large, interlocking crystals. State one reason why anorthosite is likely to be white to gray in color. Base your answers to questions 10 through 12 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Dimension Stone: Granite Dimension stone is any rock mined and cut for specific purposes, such as kitchen countertops, monuments, and the curbing along city streets. Examples of rock mined for use as dimension stone include limestone, marble, sandstone, and slate. The most important dimension stone is granite; however, not all dimension stone sold as granite is actually granite. Two examples of such rock sold as "granite" are syenite and anorthosite. Syenite is a crystalline, light-colored rock composed primarily of potassium feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, biotite, and amphibole, while anorthosite is composed almost entirely of plagioclase feldspar. Like actual granite, both syenite and anorthosite have large, interlocking crystals. 10. Identify one dimension stone mentioned in the passage that is composed primarily of calcite. 11. The igneous rock gabbro is sometimes sold as "black granite." Compared to the density and composition of granite, describe how the density and composition of gabbro are different. 12. Explain why syenite is classified as a plutonic igneous rock.

4 Base your answers to questions 13 through 15 on the table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The table shows the elements and their percent compositions by mass in the five minerals present in a rock sample. 13. All five of the minerals listed in the table are silicate minerals because they contain the elements silicon and oxygen. State the name of one other mineral found on the "Properties of Common Minerals" chart that is a silicate mineral. 14. Identify one mineral in this rock sample that can scratch the mineral olivine. 15. Identify one use for the mineral garnet.

5 Base your answers to questions 16 through 18 on the generalized cross section of the Grand Canyon represented below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Some rock layers have been labeled. The rock layers have not been overturned. 16. Describe how the calcite that composes the Redwall limestone can be distinguished from the quartz that composes that Tapeats sandstone. 17. State the approximate age of the Redwall limestone, in million years. 18. The Vishnu group is composed mostly of schist. Explain how this rock formed.

6 Base your answers to questions 19 and 20 on the geological cross section shown below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. 19. Identify one characteristic that could be used to determine if the intrusive igneous rock has a mafic composition or a felsic composition. 20. State the name of the metamorphic rock at location A.

7 Base your answers to questions 21 through 24 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents several common rock-forming minerals and some of the igneous rocks in which they commonly occur. The minerals are divided into two groups, A and B. Dashed lines connect the diagram of diorite to the three.minerals that are commonly part of diorite's composition. 21. A sedimentary rock sample has the same basic mineral composition as granite. Describe one observable characteristic of the sedimentary rock that is different from granite. 22. Identify one other mineral found in some samples of diorite that is not shown in the diorite sample in the diagram. 23. Describe one characteristic of the minerals in group A that makes them different from the minerals in group B. 24. On the diagram draw five lines to connect the diagram of granite to the symbols of the minerals that are commonly part of granite's composition.

8 Base your answers to questions 25 through 27 on the passage, diagram of an ophiolite drill-core sample, and map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The dot on the map represents the location where the ophiolite drill-core sample was taken. Ophiolites In some places, segments of oceanic crust, sediment, upper mantle, and rock have been heaved up by tectonic movements onto the edges of continents, where they often become part of mountains. These displaced oceanic lithosphere segments are called ophiolites. They provide an opportunity to study the composition of oceanic lithosphere and are a key feature in recognizing past tectonic plate convergence along subduction zones. Drill-core samples of ophiolites typically have the layering pattern shown in the drill-core sample below. 25. Which layer in the ophiolite drill-core sample is composed of sediments? 26. Describe how the mineral composition of dunite is different from the mineral composition of peridotite. 27. What are the approximate crystal sizes in basalt and gabbro found in the Oregon drill-core sample?

9 Base your answers to questions 28 through 30 on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents rock formations that exist in the southwestern part of the United States. Names of the faults and rock units are indicated on the diagram. 28. List three minerals that are likely present in the Precambrian granite rock. 29. Explain why the Two Peaks sandstone is not a continuous layer. 30. Formation A consists of three thin sandstone lavers interbedded with shale layers. Hornfels and quartzite are found at the top of formation A. Describe how the hornfels and quartzite formed. Base your answers to questions 31 through 33 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The passage describes unusual lava from a volcano in Africa. Unusual Volcano Nyiragongo, located at 2 S 29 E, is an active African volcano. It has the most fluid lava on Earth. The lava has a composition unlike any other lava in the world. The rare isotopes found in the lava are similar to those found in ancient asteroids. This fact leads scientists to infer that the lava may be as old as our solar system and that it comes from deep inside the mantle near Earth's outer core. Nyiragongo is one volcano in a ring of many volcanoes surrounding an area that is domed upward nearly a mile above sea level, causing scientists to infer that a new mantle hot spot is forming there. 31. Identify two other locations on Earth, not on a plate boundary, where mantle rock is rising to Earth's surface. 32. Identify the type of tectonic plate boundary found in the vicinity of Nyiragongo. 33. Two rocks, scoria and basalt, have formed from the cooled lava that erupted from Nyiragongo. Describe the texture of each rock.

10 Base your answers to questions 34 through 36 on the table and photograph below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. The table shows the approximate mineral percent composition of an igneous rock. 34. Identify two processes that formed this rock. 35. Identify this igneous rock. 36. Identify two elements that are commonly found in all three minerals in the data table.

11 Base your answers to questions 37 through 39 on the diagram of Bowen's Reaction Series below, which shows the sequence in which minerals crystallize as magma cools and forms different types of igneous rocks from the same magma. The arrow for each mineral represents the relative temperature range at which that mineral crystallizes. 37. Identify one similarity and one difference between the igneous rocks andesite and diorite. 38. Describe the temperature conditions shown in Bowen s Reaction Series that explain why olivine and quartz are not usually found in the same igneous rock type. 39. According to Bowen's Reaction Series, how is the chemical composition of plagioclase feldspar found in basaltic rock different from the chemical composition of plagioclase feldspar found in granitic rock?

12 Base your answers to questions 40 through 42 on the magnified views shown below of the minerals found in an igneous rock and in a metamorphic rock. The millimeter scale indicates the size of the crystals shown in the magnified views. 40. Describe the texture shown by this metamorphic rock that indicates it could be schist. 41. Based on the minerals present, identify the relative color and density of this igneous rock compared to mafic igneous rocks with the same crystal size. 42. Identify the environment of formation of this igneous rock based on the size of its intergrown crystals.

13 43. The graph below shows the depth and temperature conditions in Earth's interior under which carbon becomes either the mineral graphite or the mineral diamond. Compared to the depth and temperature conditions under which graphite forms, describe the difference in the relative depth and relative temperature conditions under which most diamonds form. Base your answers to questions 44 through 46 on the information below. A student on a field trip in New York State collected a sample of metamorphic bedrock containing bands of coarse-grained crystals of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, quartz, and mica. 44. Identify the metamorphic rock found by the student. 45. Describe two physical properties of pyroxene. 46. List two of the chemical elements found in plagioclase feldspar.

14 Base your answers to questions 47 through 49 on the cross section below showing the underlying bedrock of New York and New Jersey along the Hudson River. 47. Identify two processes that led directly to the development of the Great Unconformity beneath the Newark series. 48. Describe one piece of evidence shown in the cross section that indicates that the Inwood marble was formed by regional metamorphism. 49. Identify the oldest bedrock shown in the diagram. 50. Carbon Carbon may be the most important element on our planet because it is the chemical building block of all living things. The element carbon is formed in dying stars and scattered when the stars explode. Our solar system formed from such star remnants. Pure carbon comes in several forms, which include the minerals graphite and diamond (hardness = 10), and the fossil fuels bituminous coal and anthracite coal. Almost all diamonds are mined from igneous rocks that originate at an approximate depth of 150 kilometers under immense pressure. Most graphite is formed through the metamorphism of organic material in rocks closer to Earth's surface. Complete the table below to show the properties of the minerals diamond and graphite.

15 Base your answers to questions 51 and 52 on the passage below. Carbon Carbon may be the most important element on our planet because it is the chemical building block of all living things. The element carbon is formed in dying stars and scattered when the stars explode. Our solar system formed from such star remnants. Pure carbon comes in several forms, which include the minerals graphite and diamond (hardness = 10), and the fossil fuels bituminous coal and anthracite coal. Almost all diamonds are mined from igneous rocks that originate at an approximate depth of 150 kilometers under immense pressure. Most graphite is formed through the metamorphism of organic material in rocks closer to Earth's surface. 51. Explain why graphite and diamond have different properties. 52. Identify two uses for the mineral graphite. Base your answers to questions 53 through 57 on the block diagram below, which shows rock units that have not been overturned. Point A is located in the zone of contact metamorphism. A New York State index fossil is shown in one of the rock units. 53. Describe one piece of evidence that would indicate that the valley shown on the surface of the block diagram had been eroded and deepened by a glacier. 54. Identify the metamorphic rock that most likely formed at point A. 55. Identify the crystal size of the minerals in rhyolite and explain what this size indicates about the rate of cooling of the magma from which it formed. Crystal size: Explanation: 56. Identify the geologic time period when the index fossil shown in the block diagram was a living organism.

16 57. State the evidence shown by the block diagram that supports the inference that the fault is older than the rhyolite. Base your answers to questions 58 through 62 on the cross section below. Letters A through H represent rock units in which overturning has not occurred. 58. State the diameter of a particle normally found in rock unit B. 59. Identify two processes that formed rock unit D from sediment. 60. Two inferences about the cross section are listed below. Inference 1: Rock unit G is older than the fault. Inference 2: Rock unit A is younger than rock unit C. Explain how each inference is supported by evidence in the cross section. 61. Rock unit B contains fossils of Centroceras while rock unit F contains fossils of Tetragraptus. Identify one geologic time period when rock unit D could have formed. 62. Identify one metamorphic rock that could have formed at the boundary between rock unit E and rock unit H.

17 Base your answers to questions 63 through 65 on the chart below, which shows some physical properties of minerals and the definitions of these properties. The letters A, B, and C indicate parts of the chart that have been left blank. Letter C represents the name of a mineral. 63. Identify one mineral that could be represented by letter C. 64. State the definition represented by letter B. 65. Which physical property of a mineral is represented by letter A?

18 Base your answers to questions 66 through 69 on the cross section below, which shows the bedrock structure of a portion of the lithosphere. Letters A through D represent locations in the lithosphere. 66. Identify the grain size of the metamorphic rock at location D. 67. Explain why the oceanic crust subducts beneath the continental crust when the two plates collide. 68. Explain why the type of rock changes between locations B and C. 69. Identify one of the most abundant minerals in the metamorphic rock at location A. Base your answers to questions 70 through 72 on the passage below. Graywacke Graywacke is a type of sandstone composed of a great variety of minerals. Unlike a "clean" sandstone where both the sand-sized grains and cement are composed mostly of quartz, graywacke is a "dirty" sandstone which can be composed of potassium feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, calcite, hornblende, and augite, as well as quartz. Graywacke can be used for paving highways. The hard, massive bedrock is first drilled and then blasted into large chunks. Stone crushers grind these chunks into pebble-sized pieces. Truckloads of the graywacke pebbles are then hauled to plants where asphalt for paving is made. 70. State one negative environmental impact a graywacke quarry could have on the area where it is located. 71. Identify one rock-forming process that must have occurred after the sediments were deposited to form graywacke. 72. State one difference in the mineral composition of a "clean" sandstone and a "dirty" sandstone.

19 Base your answers to questions 73 and 74 on the passage and photograph below. The passage describes the properties of porphyritic rocks. The photograph shows a sample of andesite rock that has a porphyritic texture. Porphyritic Rocks Igneous rocks that have two distinctly different crystal sizes have a porphyritic texture. They contain large, coarse-grained crystals called phenocrysts, which are visible to the naked eye. These crystals are surrounded by fine-grained crystals called groundmass. 73. The andesite sample in the photograph has a small percentage of quartz. List three other minerals that are found in this sample. 74. Identify the evidence shown by the photograph that indicates that two different cooling events occurred during the formation of this rock. Base your answers to questions 75 through 77 on the cross section below, which shows rock units A through E that have not been overturned. 75. State the diameter of a particle normally found in rock unit B. 76. Describe one piece of evidence shown in the cross section that can be used to infer that rock unit A is younger than rock unit B.

20 77. Identify one metamorphic rock that may be found along the boundary between rock units C and E. 78. Complete the pie graph below to show the percent by volume of nitrogen and oxygen gases currently found in Earth's troposphere. Label each section of the graph with the name of the gas. The percentage of other gases is shown. Base your answers to questions 79 through 81 on the passage below. Earth's Early Atmosphere Early in Earth's history, the molten outer layers of Earth released gases to form an early atmosphere. Cooling and solidification of that molten surface formed the early lithosphere approximately 4.4 billion years ago. Around 3.3 billion years ago, photosynthetic organisms appeared on Earth and removed large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which allowed Earth to cool even faster. In addition, they introduced oxygen into Earth's atmosphere, as a by-product of photosynthesis. Much of the first oxygen that was produced reacted with natural Earth elements, such as iron, in the lithosphere and produced new varieties of rocks and minerals. Eventually, photosynthetic organisms produced enough oxygen so that it began to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere. About 450 million years ago, there was enough oxygen in the atmosphere to allow for the development of an ozone layer 30 to 50 kilometers above Earth's surface. This layer was thick enough to protect organisms developing on land from the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. 79. Identify the temperature zone of the atmosphere in which the ozone layer developed. 80. Identify one mineral with a red-brown streak that formed when oxygen in Earth's early atmosphere combined with iron.

21 81. State one reason why the first rocks on Earth were most likely igneous in origin. 82. Base your answer to the following question on on the passage and diagram below. Siccar Point The diagram shows a unique rock formation exposed at Siccar Point, on the east coast of Scotland. The bedrock at Siccar Point shows an unconformity, which is a surface where two separate sets of rock layers that formed at different times come into contact. The bottom rock layers are graywacke, which is a form of sandstone, formed approximately 425 million years ago when tectonic plates collided. This plate movement caused the layers of graywacke to tilt into their present vertical orientation and eventually uplifted them above sea level to form mountains. By about 345 million years ago, these mountains had been eroded to form a plain that submerged beneath the sea. More sediment was deposited on top of the vertical graywacke layers, eventually forming the nearly horizontal layers called the Old Red Sandstone. During which geologic time period did the graywacke bedrock form? Base your answers to questions 83 through 85 on on the sequence of diagrams below, which shows four stages in coal formation. 83. Explain why coal deposits are not found in bedrock older than Silurian-age bedrock. 84. State the form of coal which normally has the highest density and explain why.

22 85. Which type of rock is forming above the coal material during stages 2 and 3? Base your answers to questions 86 through 89 on the passage below. Asbestos Asbestos is a general name given to the fibrous varieties of six naturally occurring minerals used in commercial products. Most asbestos minerals are no longer mined due to the discovery during the 1970s that long-term exposure to high concentrations of their long, stiff fibers leads to health problems. Workers who produce or handle asbestos products are most at risk, since inhaling high concentrations of airborne fibers allows the asbestos particles to become trapped in the workers' lungs. Chrysotile is a variety of asbestos that is still mined because it has short, soft, flexible fibers that do not pose the same health threat. 86. The chemical formula for chrysotile is Mg3Si2O5(OH)4. State the name of the mineral found on the Earth Science Reference Tables that is most similar in chemical composition. 87. What determines the physical properties of minerals, such as the long, stiff fibers of some varieties of asbestos? 88. Chrysotile is found with other minerals in New York State mines located near 44 30' N, 74 W. In which New York State landscape region are these mines located? 89. State one reason for the decline in global asbestos use after Base your answers to questions 90 and 91 on "the diagram below of a mineral classification scheme that shows the properties of certain minerals. Letters A through G represent mineral property zones. Zone E represents the presence of all three properties. For example, a mineral that is harder than glass, has a metallic luster, but does not have cleavage, would be placed in zone. Assume that glass has a hardness of 5.5 " 90. State the name of one mineral listed on the Properties of Common Minerals Table that could not be placed in any of the zones. 91. In which zone would the mineral potassium feldspar be placed?

23 Base your answers to questions 92 and 93 on the map below. The map shows the approximate area in a portion of North America where some sedimentary rock layers composed of gypsum, halite, and potassium salt minerals are found in Earth's crust. 92. Identify the sedimentary rock composed of halite and explain how this rock is usually formed. 93. Identify one New York State landscape region in which deposits of gypsum and halite are commonly found.

24 Base your answers to questions 94 and 95 on "the map and passage below. The map shows the outlines and ages of several calderas created as a result of volcanic activity over the last 16 million years as the North American Plate moved over the Yellowstone Hot Spot. A and B represent locations within the calderas. " The Yellowstone Hot Spot The Yellowstone Hot Spot has interacted with the North American Plate, causing widespread outpourings of basalt that buried about 200,000 square miles under layers of lava flows that are a half mile or more thick. Some of the basaltic magma produced by the hot spot accumulates near the base of the plate, where it melts the crust above. The melted crust, in turn, rises closer to the surface to form large reservoirs of potentially explosive rhyolite magma. Catastrophic eruptions have partly emptied some of these reservoirs, causing their roofs to collapse. The resulting craters, some of which are more than 30 miles across, are known as volcanic calderas. 94. Identify two minerals found in the igneous rock that is produced from the explosive rhyolite magma. 95. Describe the texture and color of the basalt produced by the Yellowstone Hot Spot.

25 Base your answers to questions 96 through 98 on "the passage and cross section below, which explain how some precious gemstones form. The cross section shows a portion of the ancient Tethys Sea, once located between the Indian-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. Precious Gemstones Some precious gemstones are a form of the mineral corundum, which ha a hardness of 9. Corundum is a rare mineral made up of closely packed aluminum and oxygen atoms, and its formula is A1203. If small amounts of chromium replace some of the aluminum atoms in corundum, a bright-red gemstone called a ruby is produced. If traces of titanium and iron replace some aluminum atoms, deep-blue sapphires can be produced. Most of the world's ruby deposits are found in metamorphic rock that is located along the southern slope of the Himalayas, where plate tectonics played a part in ruby formation. Around 50 million years ago, the Tethys Sea was located between what is now India and Eurasia. Much of the Tethys Sea bottom was composed of limestone that contained the elements needed to make these precious gemstones. The Tethys Sea closed up as the Indian-Australian Plate pushed under the Eurasian Plate, creating the Himalayan Mountains. The limestone rock lining the seafloor underwent metamorphism as it was pushed deep into Earth by the Indian-Australian Plate. For the next 40 to 45 million years, as the Himalayas rose, rubies, sapphires, and other gemstones continued to form. " 96. Identify the metamorphic rock in which the rubies and sapphires that formed along the Himalayas are usually found. 97. State one physical property of rubies, other than a bright-red color, that makes them useful as gemstones in jewelry. 98. Which element replaces some of the aluminum atoms, causing the bright-red color of a ruby?

26 Base your answers to questions 99 through 102 on "cross section below which shows a portion of Earth's crust. Letters A through J represent rock units or geologic structures. The rock units have not been overturned. 99. Explain why rock unit H is not one continuous layer. " 100. Describe one piece of evidence shown in the cross section that suggests rock unit D is younger than rock unit F On the same cross section, place an X to indicate a location where the rock, marble,was formed On the cross section, draw a circle around the letter of the oldest rock unit shown.

27 Base your answers to questions 103 and 104 on "the hardness of the minerals talc, quartz, halite, sulfur, and fluorite. " 103. Which mineral shown on the grid would be the best abrasive? State one reason for your choice On the grid above, construct a bar graph to represent the hardness of these minerals.

28 Base your answers to questions 105 through 107 on "the diagram below, which represents a part of the cycle. The igneous rock, granite, and the characteristics of sedimentary rock X and metamorphic rock Y are shown. " 105. Complete the table below, with descriptions of the observable characteristics used to identify granite Identify metamorphic rock Y Identify sedimentary rock X.

29 108. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below The Gakkel Ridge In the summer of 2001, scientists aboard the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Healy visited one of the least explored places on Earth. The scientists studied the 1800-kilometer-long Gakkel Ridge at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean near the North Pole. The Gakkel Ridge is a section of the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge and extends from the northern end of Greenland across the Arctic Ocean floor toward Russia. At a depth of about 5 kilometers below the ocean surface, the Gakkel Ridge is one of the deepest mid-ocean ridges in the world. The ridge is believed to extend down to Earth's mantle, and the new seafloor being formed at the ridge is most likely composed of huge slabs of mantle rock. Bedrock samples taken from the seafloor at the ridge were determined to be the igneous rock peridotite. The Gakkel Ridge is also the slowest moving mid-ocean ridge. Some ridge systems, like the East Pacific Ridge, are rifting at a rate of about 20 centimeters per year. The Gakkel Ridge is rifting at an average rate of less than 1 centimeter per year. This slow rate of movement means that there is less volcanic activity along the Gakkel Ridge than along other ridge systems. However, heat from the underground magma slowly seeps up through cracks in the rocks of the ridge at structures scientists call hydrothermal (hot water) vents. During the 2001 cruise, a major hydrothermal vent was discovered at 87 N latitude 45 E longitude. State the two minerals that were most likely found in the igneous bedrock samples collected at the Gakkel Ridge. Base your answers to questions 109 through 111 on "the photograph of a sample of gneiss below. " 109. A dark-red mineral with a glassy luster was also observed in this gneiss sample. Identify the mineral and state one possible use for this mineral Identify two minerals found in gneiss that contain iron and magnesium What observable characteristic could be used to identify this rock sample as gneiss?

30 Base your answers to questions 112 through 114 on "the data table below, which shows some characteristics of four rock samples, numbered 1 through 4. Some information has been left blank Write a term or phrase that correctly describes the texture of sample 4. " 113. Write the rock name of sample State a possible grain size, in centimeters, for most of the particles found in sample 1. cm

31 Base your answers to questions 115 through 118 on " the geologic cross section below. The rock layers have not been overturned. Point A is located in the zone of contact metamorphism. " 115. What is the largest silt particle that could be found in the siltstone layer? 116. List basalt, limestone, and breccia in the order in which they were formed State the evidence shown by the cross section that supports the inference that the fault is younger than the basalt intrusion Which metamorphic rock most likely formed at point A?

32 Base your answers to questions 119 through 121 on "the flowchart below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The flowchart shows the formation of some igneous rocks. The bold letters A, B, C, and D indicate parts of the flowchart that have not been labeled State one igneous rock that could be placed in the flowchart at D. " 120. Give the numerical grain-size range that should be placed in the flowchart at C. Units must be included in your answer Contrast the rate of cooling at A that forms intrusive igneous rock with a rate of cooling at B that forms extrusive igneous rock.

33 Base your answers to questions 122 through 124 on "the cross section below, which shows an area near Watertown, New York. The top layer of soil contains broken rock fragments. A representative sample of this layer has been magnified. " 122. Rocks and minerals are natural resources that are mined in New York State. State one negative impact that should be considered before mining these natural resources State one observable characteristic, other than mineral composition, that could help identify the gneiss fragment Identify one mineral that could be found in all three rock fragments shown in the magnified view. Base your answers to questions 125 through 127 on " the diagram and table below. The diagram represents a felsic igneous rock. Letters A, B, and C represent three different minerals in the rock sample. The table describes the physical properties of minerals A, B, and C found in the igneous rock sample State two processes responsible for the formation of an igneous rock. "

34 126. On the table provided below, state the names of minerals A, B, and C State the texture of this igneous rock. Base your answers to questions 128 through 130 on " the cross section below which shows a portion of Earth's crust. The age, in millions of years, of each boundary between the different sedimentary rock layers is shown. The age of boundary X between the sedimentary rock and the metamorphic rock is not shown. Assume no overturning has occurred. " 128. Identify by name one index fossil that existed when the limestone rock shown in the cross section was being formed Describe how the rock type below boundary X was formed Identify the geologic feature represented by boundary X.

35 Base your answers to questions 131 through 133 on "the information, table, and photographs below. "Herkimer Diamonds" Gem-quality "Herkimer Diamonds" are hexagonal-shaped quartz crystals found in some of the surface bedrock of Herkimer, New York. Herkimer is located at approximately 43 north latitude and 75 west longitude. The oldest of these gemstones are believed to be approximately 500 million years old. These quartz crystals are magnificent works of nature that have a natural diamondlike geometric shape formed when the quartz crystallized. Natural "Herkimer Diamonds" were not cut or shaped by humans. Due to their appearance, "Herkimer Diamonds" are commonly used in jewelry. These quartz crystals are not true diamonds. "

36 131. On the New York State map provided, mark with a dot the location of Herkimer, New York. Draw a small circle around your dot to make the dot easily seen State one use for "Herkimer Diamonds" (quartz), other than their use in jewelry List two mineral characteristics that differ between "Herkimer Diamonds" and true diamonds.

37 134. The sequence of diagrams below shows how coal is formed. Describe the material and two processes involved in the formation of coal.

38 Base your answers to questions 135 through 138 on "the Rock Classification Flowchart shown below. Letters A, B, and C represent specific rocks in this classification scheme. " 135. The diagram above represents two magnified views showing the arrangement of minerals before and after metamorphism of rock C. State the name of rock C Granite could be placed in the same position in the flowchart above as gabbro. Describe two differences between granite and gabbro Rock B has a glassy, vesicular texture and is composed mainly of potassium feldspar and quartz. State the name of rock B Rock A is composed of very fine-grained quartz and feldspar particles centimeter in diameter. State the name of rock A.

39 Base your answers to questions 139 through 141 on "the data table below, which shows the industrial uses of wollastonite, a mineral mined in the eastern Adirondack Mountains. " 139. Identify the geologic age of the Adirondack Mountain bedrock in which wollastonite deposits are found Wollastonite forms during the intense metamorphism of a sandy limestone. The expression below shows part of the process that results in the formation of wollastonite. a Name the two minerals involved in the formation of wollastonite. b What two conditions normally cause intense metamorphism?

40 141. On the pie graph provided, complete the graph to show the percent of each industrial use of wollastonite. Label each section of the pie graph with its industrial use. The percent for Miscellaneous and for Asbestos substitute has been drawn and labeled for you.

41 Base your answers to questions 142 and 143 on the information below. Howe Caverns Many scientists believe that the formation of the rocks in which Howe Caverns is now found began millions of years ago. At that time, an ocean covered the eastern region of New York State. Hundreds of feet of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) sediments were deposited in layers along the edge of this ocean. These layers eventually formed the sedimentary rock limestone, which makes up the walls of today's Howe Caverns. Much later, tectonic forces raised this region of New York State above sea level exposing the rock to weathering and erosion. These tectonic forces cracked the thick limestone, creating pathways for groundwater to infiltrate and gradually increase the size of the cracks. Eventually some of the larger cracks provided pathways for the underground stream, which carved the winding passages of Howe Caverns seen today Identify one method that could be used to determine that the walls of Howe Caverns are made of limestone State two processes that caused these sediments to become limestone.

42 Base your answers to questions 144 and 145 on "the graph below, which shows a generalized sequence of rock types that form from original clay deposits at certain depths and temperature conditions within Earth's interior. " 144. Explain why gneiss would not form at a depth of 27 kilometers and at a temperature of 800 C When clay materials are buried to a depth of 14 kilometers, which type of metamorphic rock is normally formed? 146. A family wants to use rock materials as flooring in the entrance of their new house. They have narrowed their choice to granite or marble. Which of these rocks is more resistant to the physical wear of foot traffic and explain why this rock is more resistant.

43 Base your answers to questions 147 through 149 on " the flowchart below, which shows a sequence of geologic processes at or near Earth's surface. Box A has been deliberately left blank. The diagrams are not drawn to scale. " 147. Identify by name one type of rock layer, other than sandstone, shown in the outcrop State one geologic process represented by box A Identify the three minerals that are normally found with quartz in samples of andesite rock.

44 150. Base your answer to the following question on "the information and diagram below. The diagram represents a cliff of exposed bedrock that was investigated by an Earth science class. " Students compared samples of the granite and basalt. State one observable characteristic other than crystal size that makes granite different from basalt. Base your answers to questions 151 and 152 on "the rock cycle diagram below. " 151. State one condition or process that would cause the high-grade metamorphism of rock A State the specific names of rocks A, B, and C in the diagram. Do not write the terms "sedimentary," "igneous," and "metamorphic."

45 Base your answers to questions 153 through 157 on the diagram and information below. The diagram shows a cross section of a portion of Earth's crust that has undergone geological processes. Overturning of rock layers has not occurred. Point A represents one location of metamorphic rock State one piece of evidence that shows that crustal uplift has occurred in this region State the name of the rock, formed by contact metamorphism, located at A State the name of the inorganic sedimentary rock shown in the cross section that is composed of sediment with the greatest range in particle size As magma cools, what process changes it into basalt? 157. State one piece of evidence that indicates basalt is the youngest rock unit in the cross section.

46 Base your answers to questions 158 through 160 on "the information, diagram, and data table below. To sort a quartz sediment sample by particle size, a student shook the sample through a column containing screens A through E. The mesh of the screens (the open spaces between the wires) had different-sized openings, as represented by the diagram. The results of the sorting are given in the student's data table Which clastic sedimentary rock may be formed from particles of the same size as this quartz sediment sample? " 159. State two processes that must occur in nature to change a deposit of these sediments into a clastic sedimentary rock Explain why screens B through E must be arranged in the order shown in the diagram to separate the sediments as shown in the student data table.

47 Base your answers to questions 161 through 163 on cross sections I and II shown below. Letters A through J represent rock units. Rock units B and I are the same age. Overturning has not occurred in either cross section A buried erosional surface (unconformity) exists in cross section I. Identify the position of the most apparent unconformity by drawing a thick wavy line (~~~~~~~) at the correct position in cross section I State the name of a metamorphic rock that would be found in the zone of contact metamorphism surrounding rock unit J State the letter of the oldest rock unit shown in the cross sections Base you answer to the following question on the list of some mineral resources and the number of years that supplies are estimated to last (supply time) if use continues at the current rate. State one way humans could increase the estimated supply time for many of these resources.

48 165. The chart below shows the different rock families and their subdivisions. The circled letters, A, B, and C, indicate parts of the chart that have not been completed. Complete the chart by writing the missing terms in the spaces labeled A, B, and C below A B C

49 Earth Science Name Class Date

50 Earth Science Name Class Date