Prospects and Status of Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides. Georgy Cherkashov VNIIOkeangeologia St.Petersburg, RUSSIA
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1 Prospects and Status of Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides Georgy Cherkashov VNIIOkeangeologia St.Petersburg, RUSSIA
2 Introduction Outline Hydrothermal processes and seafloor massive sulfides (SMS): discovery and progress Global distribution & Geological setting of SMS Formation, Size & Morphology Metal Grades (e.g. rare-metals) & Resources Active & Inactive SMS: environmental issues Exploration methods & Exploitation approaches Conclusive remarks
3 MARINE MINERALS: THE FUTURE OF SUPPLY EARTH S HYPSOMETRIC CURVE Elevation (km) Sea Level 71% below Sea Level 60% below 2,000 m % Earth Surface Cumulative %
4 The potential for commercial minerals per unit area in the oceans and seabed appear to be similar to that of the terrestrial lands. Thus, almost 2 / 3 of the global mineral resources are in, or under, the sea and are virtually undeveloped.
5 Exclusive economic zones (gray) and the Area (white)
6 Half of the global seabed minerals are now controlled by nations within the Exclusive Economic Zones. Another half is a common heritage of mankind, is administered by ISA within the Area
7 MARINE MINERALS In the EEZ SAND & GRAVEL (AGGREGATES) PLACERS (e.g. GOLD, DIAMONDS, TIN) PHOSPHORITES GAS HYDRATES In the Area & EEZ Polymetallic NODULES Co-rich CRUSTS Seafloor Massive Sulfides (SMS)
8 The Discovery of Black Smokers : East Pacific Rise 21 N; water depth: 2600 m; exit temperature: 350 C November 1979
9 1979 Atlantis II Deep 21 N EPR Galapagos Rift tectonic setting lithology basalt Mid Ocean Ridge basalt + evaporites
10 2004 > 200 deposits ~ 100 hydrothermally active tectonic setting Mid Ocean Ridge back-arc basin arc volcano lithology basalt basalt + evaporites sediments felsic rocks ultramafics T/E-MORB
11 Distribution of seafloor hydrothermal systems in the Ocean Hannington, de Ronde and Petersen, 2005
12 Basic Facts (Petersen, 2009) >350 known sites of hydrothermal activity 215 sites of polymetallic sulfide deposits 150 sites of high-temperature hydrothermal activity (black smokers) 59% at mid-ocean ridges (55,000 km) 25% in back-arc environments (22,000 km) 15% on submarine volcanic arcs <1% on intraplate volcanoes 415 C, Turtle Pits
13 Water depth distribution of the SMS Hannington et al., 2006
14 Geological setting of the SMS (Updated from Fouquet, IFREMER, 1998, 2002)
15 Formation of the oceanic hydrothermal system SPC (2013). Deep Sea Minerals: Sea-Floor Massive Sulphides, a physical,biological, environmental, and technical review. Baker, E., and Beaudoin,Y. (Eds.) Vol. 1A, Secretariat of the Pacific Community
16 «Black smokers» Hot(>350 C) metal-rich fluid discharging at the seabottom Petersen, 2011
17 Seafloor Massive Sulfides (SMS) on the surface (typical) (from Hannington, Petersen et al., 1995)
18 TAG field MAR Active Mound, TAG field
19 Ashadze-1
20 Vertical section through a small copper- and zinc-rich high temperature chimney. (Y.Fouquet, IFREMER) 2 cm
21 Metal concentrations in SMS related to the mean value in the Earth crust
22 Metals of economic interest in SMS Major Cu, Zn, Au, Ag, (Pb) Rare Cd, Se, Ge, Ga, Mo, Te, In
23 Copper grade comparisons of SMS (Solwara 1) with onshore projects Courtesy of Craig Miller, TD Securities, Mar 2010, Nautilus Minerals NI resource
24 Major metals concentration in MAR SMS Ashadze-1 (U/B) Ashadze-2 (U/B) Logatchev-1 (U/B) Logatchev-2 (U/B) Krasnov (B) Semyenov (U/B&B) Puy des Folles (B) Fe % Cu % Zn % Au ppm Ag ppm Co ppm Ni ppm b.l. N U/B ultrabasic hosted SMS; B basalt hosted SMS
25 SPC (2013). Deep Sea Minerals: Sea-Floor Massive Sulphides, a physical,biological, environmental, and technical review. Baker, E., and Beaudoin,Y. (Eds.) Vol. 1A, Secretariat of the Pacific Community
26 SPC (2013). Deep Sea Minerals: Sea-Floor Massive Sulphides, a physical,biological, environmental, and technical review. Baker, E., and Beaudoin,Y. (Eds.) Vol. 1A, Secretariat of the Pacific Community
27 Rare metals enriched in SMS using in Hi-tech and Green technologies Mo, Ga, Ge, Co, Au Se, Te, Cd, Bi, In
28 Exploration studies for SMS deposits RV Professor Logatchev ROV MIR TV CTD Rift 3 (EM) Sonar Drill TK15 Box Corer TV Grab Dredge Grab
29 Exploration for sulfide deposits Specific techniques to locate active deposits. Geological setting Chemical tracers in the water column Physical tracers in the water column Few techniques for locating inactive deposits Chemical and mineral tracers in the sediments Near seafloor electric measurements Evaluation of deposits Near seafloor electric measurements Drilling operation
30 Source: Nautilus Minerals
31 Exclusive economic zones & application areas Crusts SMS SMS
32 Contractors/Apllicants with ISA Contractors/Applicants Nodules Crusts Massive Sulfides China Russia (A) 2012 Japan India (A) France Korea InterOceanMetal 2001 Germany (A) United Kingdom 2012 Belgium 2012 Tonga 2012 Kiribati 2012 Nauru 2012
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