Features of dense water cascades off the Arctic shelves
|
|
- Cassandra Burke
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 V.V.Ivanov,3, G.I.Shapiro, Features of dense water cascades off the Arctic shelves. School of Earth Ocean and Environmental Science, University of Plymouth, UK. P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow Russia 3. Arctic and Antarctic Research institute, St.Petersburg, Russia Introduction Cascading (or shelf convection) is a specific type of buoyancy driven current, in which dense water is formed over the continental shelf and then descends down the slope to a greater depth. We present analysis of observed cases of dense water cascades around the Arctic Ocean, and discuss their specific features in connection with associated physical processes. We use numerical parameters, both dimensional and non-dimensional for quantitative comparison and contrasting of single cases.
2 Physical processes Horizontal density contrast can be produced by temperature, salinity, or by the combination of both. Over the most part of the Arctic Ocean ice cover is persistent all year round and the surface temperature is close to the freezing point (T frez ). The source water acquires excessive density mainly due to freezing and subsequent brine ejection. Z Q Q brine S S S S S D S D T frez T frez H S Shelf H P Topographic control A thinner homogeneous layer of water over the shelf (H S ) provides a greater salinity response to the equal amount of ejected brine a thicker layer over the deep sea (H P ). Unequal rate of brine ejection is caused by inhomogenity in ice cover and is observed inside the flaw polynyas and marginal ice zones, MIZ. Initial salinity distribution can hamper cascading if by the end of summer the shallow water was essentially fresher than the deep water (S S << S D ).
3 Data analysis Possible range of salinity variation in the shelf water is illustrated by two sections occupied by Russian research vessels in 98s west off Novaya Zemlya Archipelago 7 'N / 5 'E 'N / 53 55'E Depth, m Salinity, PSU West Novaya Zemlya shelf September, Distance, km 'N / 5 'E 'N / 53 5'E Depth, m Salinity, PSU West Novaya Zemlya shelf May, 98 8 Distance, km
4 Broad shelves, encircling the Arctic Ocean interior possess high potential for the dense water formation. In winter the water filling various shallow areas is denser than the water at the same depth over the adjoining slopes: 8 7 Winter salinity in -5m layer Arctic Ocean Atlas (EWG, 998) W 9E However, whether all this dense water finally reaches the slope producing cascades?
5 The map below shows confirmed occurrences of dense water cascades off the Arctic shelves, related to varied sites: 8 USA 7 Canada Russia Canadian Basin 8 Laptev Sea W Nansen Basin Kara Sea 9E Greenland Svalbard 3 Barents Sea N Location Number of Data source cases Bear Island Channel Bar Kode, 999 Storfjord BarKode, Central Bank Quadfasel et al., 99 Westeren Novaya Zemlya shelf 7 AARI archive + Barents Sea Atlas (Matishov et al.,998) 5 Franz-Victoria Channel BarKode, 999 St.Anna Trough BarKode, Severnaya Zemlya shelf AARI archive 8 Chukchi Sea shelf NODC Atlas (Levitus et al., 998) 9 Barrow Canyon NODC Atlas (Levitus et al., 998) Beaufort Sea shelf Melling and Moor, 993,995
6 What information about cascade can we get from a single -D section? Z Z = A Z D A D Z E Z C C E Z B B A = B H C = E D X Z=Z( ρ A) X A X D X C X B X We identify 5 key points on the density section: (A, B, C, D and E). Each of these points is associated with a set of five basic parameters, i.e. T, S, ρ, X, and Z.
7 Key points and corresponding basic parameters can be determined directly from the cross-section displaying the dense water cascade: 73 'N / 3'E 7 'N / 5 5'E Example Depth,m E B C D A T-scale Region: West Novaya Zemlya shelf, Barents Sea Time: August 97 Data source: Barents Sea Atlas, (Matishov et al.,998) Note: there is no neutral density level at this section. Hence, B-point is taken in the deepest depression Distance,km Example 7 5'N / 59 5'W 7 'N / 59 'W Region: Barrow Canyon, Chukchi Sea Time: March 98 Data source: NODC Atlas, (Levitus et al., 998) Note: there is no density minimum at this section. Hence, C-point is taken in the deepest depression (no B and E points). A Depth,m S-scale D 3. C Distance,km
8 In 3 cases, available observational data were full enough to determine the complete set of numerical parameters. ρ Τ, ρ S [kg/m3] ρ β(s max -S amb, ) -ρ α(t max -T amb, ) Z A (m) The forcing of Arctic cascades is depthdependent. In the upper layer temperature contribution to the density is commonly much smaller than that of salinity. In the deeper layers the salinity contrast decreases and changes sign, allowing temperature to prevail and solely drive the cascade. The scale (nondimensional) analysis gives the following relationship between reduced gravity (g'), the Coriolis parameter (f), depth of the shelf (H s =- Z A ), the steepness of the seabed slope (s), the thickness of the dense water pool (H c ), and the age parameter, r. 5 log(g'/f H c ) 3 Corr= log[8s -.5 r - h] 5
9 Analysis of the Density ratio shows that cascades deliver colder and fresher water to the deep ocean in cases. Three cascades (all in the Barents Sea) initially driven by temperature contrast, appeared to be warmer and saltier than the ambient water at Z E depth and experienced strong mixing. Conclusions Average thermohaline contrasts between the cascade and the ambient water, calculated for all cases are as follows: -.73 C,.3 PSU and. kg/m 3. In the areas of quasisteady polynyas horizontal density contrasts may exceed kg/m 3. The average velocity of dense water down slope leakage varies in the limits.3 3 cm/s, depending on the forcing of cascade and its stage. In the majority of the considered cases, cascades delivered colder and fresher water to the deep Arctic Ocean. Acknowledgement This study was co-funded by the EU INTAS grant 99- References Shapiro, G.I., Huthnance, J.M. and Ivanov, V.V. (3). Dense water overflow off continental shelves. Journal of Geophysical Research, VOL 8; C, art. no. 339 Ivanov, V.V., Shapiro, G.I., Huthnance, J.M., Aleynik, D.L., Golovin, P.N., 3. Dense water cascades around the World Ocean, Progress in Oceanography,,, 7-98.
Arctic oceanography; the path of North Atlantic Deep Water
Chapter 7 Arctic oceanography; the path of North Atlantic Deep Water The importance of the Southern Ocean for the formation of the water masses of the world ocean poses the question whether similar conditions
More informationAtlantic sources of the Arctic Ocean surface and halocline waters
Polar Research ISSN: (Print) 1751-8369 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/zpor20 Atlantic sources of the Arctic Ocean surface and halocline waters Bert Rudels, E. Peter Jones, Ursula
More informationAdvancements and Limitations in Understanding and Predicting Arctic Climate Change
Advancements and Limitations in Understanding and Predicting Arctic Climate Change Wieslaw Maslowski Naval Postgraduate School Collaborators: Jaclyn Clement Kinney, Rose Tseng, Timothy McGeehan - NPS Jaromir
More informationCanadian Ice Service
Canadian Ice Service Key Points and Details concerning the 2009 Arctic Minimum Summer Sea Ice Extent October 1 st, 2009 http://ice-glaces.ec.gc.ca 1 Key Points of Interest Arctic-wide The Arctic-wide minimum
More informationObservations of water masses and circulation with focus on the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from the 1990s to the late 2000s
https://helda.helsinki.fi Observations of water masses and circulation with focus on the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from the 1990s to the late 2000s Rudels, B. 2013 Rudels, B, Schauer, U, Bjork,
More informationSecond Session of the Pan-Arctic Regional Climate Outlook Forum (PARCOF-2), virtual forum, October 2018
Second Session of the Pan-Arctic Regional Climate Outlook Forum (PARCOF-2), virtual forum, October 2018 Consensus Statement for the Arctic Winter 2018-2019 Season Outlook Climate change in the Arctic is
More informationModeling the Formation and Offshore Transport of Dense Water from High-Latitude Coastal Polynyas
Modeling the Formation and Offshore Transport of Dense Water from High-Latitude Coastal Polynyas David C. Chapman Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 phone: (508) 289-2792 fax: (508)
More informationA Synthesis of Results from the Norwegian ESSAS (N-ESSAS) Project
A Synthesis of Results from the Norwegian ESSAS (N-ESSAS) Project Ken Drinkwater Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway ken.drinkwater@imr.no ESSAS has several formally recognized national research
More informationSurface Circulation Ocean current Surface Currents:
All Write Round Robin G1. What makes up the ocean water? G2. What is the source of the salt found in ocean water? G3. How does the water temperature affect the density of ocean water? G4. How does the
More informationFreshwater and brine behaviors in the Arctic Ocean deduced from historical data of D 18 O and alkalinity ( A.D.)
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 110,, doi:10.1029/2004jc002793, 2005 Freshwater and brine behaviors in the Arctic Ocean deduced from historical data of D 18 O and alkalinity (1929 2002 A.D.) Michiyo
More informationРаспространение плотных придонных
Распространение плотных придонных вод на шельфе Арктических морей Dense bottom water transport over the shelf of Arctic seas Платов Г. А. (Platov G. A.) ИВМиМГ СОРАН, Новосибирск ICMMG, Novosibirsk Problems
More informationComparison of the Siberian shelf seas in the Arctic Ocean
Comparison of the Siberian shelf seas in the Arctic Ocean by Audun Scheide & Marit Muren SIO 210 - Introduction to Physical Oceanography November 2014 Acknowledgements Special thanks to James Swift for
More informationf r o m a H i g h - R e s o l u t i o n I c e - O c e a n M o d e l
Circulation and Variability in the Western Arctic Ocean f r o m a H i g h - R e s o l u t i o n I c e - O c e a n M o d e l Jeffrey S. Dixon 1, Wieslaw Maslowski 1, Jaclyn Clement 1, Waldemar Walczowski
More informationICES Journal of Marine Science
ICES Journal of Marine Science ICES Journal of Marine Science (2012), 69(5), 833 840. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fss075 Atlantic water temperature and climate in the Barents Sea, 2000 2009 Vladimir D. Boitsov,
More informationThe Arctic Ocean Climate a balance between local radiation, advected heat and freshwater
The Arctic Ocean Climate a balance between local radiation, advected heat and freshwater Bert Rudels Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland French Arctic Initiative, Collège de France, Paris,
More informationHomework 5: Background Ocean Water Properties & Stratification
14 August 2008 MAR 110 HW5: Ocean Properties 1 Homework 5: Background Ocean Water Properties & Stratification The ocean is a heterogeneous mixture of water types - each with its own temperature, salinity,
More informationAPPENDIX B PHYSICAL BASELINE STUDY: NORTHEAST BAFFIN BAY 1
APPENDIX B PHYSICAL BASELINE STUDY: NORTHEAST BAFFIN BAY 1 1 By David B. Fissel, Mar Martínez de Saavedra Álvarez, and Randy C. Kerr, ASL Environmental Sciences Inc. (Feb. 2012) West Greenland Seismic
More informationTHE FLOOR OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN: GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
Commentary THE FLOOR OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN: GEOGRAPHIC NAMES M. A. Beall, F. Edvalson2, K. Hunkins3, A. Molloyl, and N. Ostenso4 HE NAMING OF OCEAN FLOOR features in the Arctic seems to have been done T
More informationThe thermohaline circulation of the Arctic Ocean and the Greenland Sea
The Thermohaline Circulation of the Arctic Ocean and the Greenland Sea Author(s): Bert Rudels Reviewed work(s): Source: Philosophical Transactions: Physical Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 352, No. 1699,
More informationHow to form halocline water?
How to form halocline water? Atlantic water - cannot form Halocline water simply by mixing (Aagaard, 1981) Surface Water Adapted from Steele and Boyd, 1998 ADVECTIVE HC Temp Fresh Salty Aagaard et al,
More informationAnticipated changes in the Nordic Seas marine climate: Scenarios for 2020, 2050, and 2080.
Anticipated changes in the Nordic Seas marine climate: Scenarios for 2020, 2050, and 2080. By Tore Furevik 1, Helge Drange 2, and Asgeir Sorteberg 1,3 1 Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 2 Nansen
More informationOceanography. Oceanography is the study of the deep sea and shallow coastal oceans.
Oceanography Oceanography is the study of the deep sea and shallow coastal oceans. Studying the Ocean Floor To determine the shape and composition of the ocean floor, scientists use techniques such as
More informationParticle fluxes along the western Svalbard margin: one-year mooring deployment
Particle fluxes along the western Svalbard margin: one-year mooring deployment L. Langone I. Conese, F. Giglio, S. Miserocchi, S. Aliani (CNR-ISMAR) Preliminary results from experiments: a) Offshore Storfjorden
More informationOn the halocline of the Arctic Ocean*
Deep-Sea Research, Vol. 28A, No. 6, pp. 529 to 545, 1981. 0198-0149/81/060529-16 $02.00/0 Printed in Great Britain. C 1981 Pergamon Press Ltd. On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean* KNUT AAGAARDt, L. K.
More informationThe Canada Basin, : Upstream events and far-field effects of the Barents Sea
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 107, NO. C7, 3082, 10.1029/2001JC000904, 2002 The Canada Basin, 1989 1995: Upstream events and far-field effects of the Barents Sea Fiona McLaughlin, Eddy Carmack,
More informationHalocline structure in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 32, L03605, doi:10.1029/2004gl021358, 2005 Halocline structure in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean Koji Shimada, Motoyo Itoh, and Shigeto Nishino Institute of Observational
More informationA synthesis of the Arctic Ocean circulation
I. Physical and chemical oceanography Rapp. P.-v. Rcun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 188: 11-22. 1989 A synthesis of the Arctic Ocean circulation Knut Aagaard Aagaard, Knut. 1989. A synthesis of the Arctic
More informationOCB Summer Workshop WHOI, July 16-19,
Transformation and fluxes of carbon in a changing Arctic Ocean and it s impact on ocean acidification, the Atlantic view Leif G. Anderson Department t of Chemistry and Molecular l Biology University of
More informationCurrent status and plans for developing sea ice forecast services and products for the WMO Arctic Regional Climate Centre Sea Ice Outlook
Current status and plans for developing sea ice forecast services and products for the WMO Arctic Regional Climate Centre 2018 Sea Ice Outlook 13 WMO Global Producing Centres providing seasonal forecasts
More informationSIO 210 Final examination Answer Key for all questions except Daisyworld. Wednesday, December 10, PM Name:
SIO 210 Final examination Answer Key for all questions except Daisyworld. Wednesday, December 10, 2008 3-6 PM Name: This is a closed book exam. You may use a calculator. There are two parts: Talley (weighted
More informationState of the Ocean 2003: Physical Oceanographic Conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Ecosystem Status Report 24/2 Oceanographic sampling gear State of the Ocean 23: Physical Oceanographic Conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Background The physical oceanographic environment influences
More informationOn Modeling the Oceanic Heat Fluxes from the North Pacific / Atlantic into the Arctic Ocean
On Modeling the Oceanic Heat Fluxes from the North Pacific / Atlantic into the Arctic Ocean Wieslaw Maslowski Naval Postgraduate School Collaborators: Jaclyn Clement Kinney Terry McNamara, John Whelan
More information1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and
1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and climate change e) Oceanic water residence times 3.
More informationCorrection to Evaluation of the simulation of the annual cycle of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice coverages by 11 major global climate models
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 111,, doi:10.1029/2006jc003949, 2006 Correction to Evaluation of the simulation of the annual cycle of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice coverages by 11 major global climate
More informationNASA Images of Antarctica and the Arctic covered in both land and sea ice
ICE SHELVES ACTIVITY 1: DECODING THE ROLE OF ANTARCTIC ICE IN GLOBAL CLIMATE Ice Shelves play a critical role in Antarctica, serving as a buffer between the ocean and the continental ice sheet covering
More informationSeasonal modification of the Arctic Ocean intermediate water layer off the eastern Laptev Sea continental shelf break
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 114,, doi:10.1029/2008jc005229, 2009 Seasonal modification of the Arctic Ocean intermediate water layer off the eastern Laptev Sea continental shelf break Igor A.
More informationisopycnal outcrop w < 0 (downwelling), v < 0 L.I. V. P.
Ocean 423 Vertical circulation 1 When we are thinking about how the density, temperature and salinity structure is set in the ocean, there are different processes at work depending on where in the water
More informationLand Bridge for migration of mammals and people? Arctic Change Woodgate Paleo role of Bering Strait
Paleo role of Bering Strait Stabilizer for World Climate? (DeBoer & Nof, 2004) - if Bering Strait is open, excess freshwater in the Atlantic (from, for example, ice sheet collapse) can vent through the
More informationAcoustic Thermometry in the Arctic Ocean. Peter Mikhalevsky Acoustic and Marine Systems Operation Science Applications International Corporation
Acoustic Thermometry in the Arctic Ocean following following Ira to the Arctic Peter Mikhalevsky Acoustic and Marine Systems Operation Science Applications International Corporation Ira Dyer Symposium
More informationATOC 5051 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY. Lecture 2
ATOC 5051 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Lecture 2 Ocean basins and relation to climate Learning objectives: (1)What are the similarities and differences among different ocean basins? (2) How does
More informationOceans I Notes. Oceanography
Oceans I Notes Outlines on the front table Oceanography the science of our oceans that mixes biology, geology, chemistry, and physics (among other sciences) to unravel the mysteries of our seas. Divisions
More informationPacific ventilation of the Arctic Ocean s lower halocline by upwelling and diapycnal mixing over the continental margin
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 32, L18609, doi:10.1029/2005gl023999, 2005 Pacific ventilation of the Arctic Ocean s lower halocline by upwelling and diapycnal mixing over the continental margin Rebecca
More informationEd Ross 1, David Fissel 1, Humfrey Melling 2. ASL Environmental Sciences Inc. Victoria, British Columbia V8M 1Z5
Spatial Variability of Sea Ice Drafts in the Continental Margin of the Canadian Beaufort Sea from a Dense Array of Moored Upward Looking Sonar Instruments Ed Ross 1, David Fissel 1, Humfrey Melling 2 1
More informationThe surface of the ocean floor is as varied as the land. The five major oceans, from largest to smallest, are
11.1 Ocean Basins The surface of the ocean floor is as varied as the land. The five major oceans, from largest to smallest, are w the Pacific w the Atlantic w the Indian w the Southern w the Arctic The
More informationONR Chair in Arctic Marine Science
ONR Chair in Arctic Marine Science Robert H. Bourke Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School 833 Dyer Road, Bldg. 232, Rm. 328 Monterey, CA 93943-5122 Voice: (831) 656-2962 fax: (831) 656-2712
More informationThermohaline Circulation
OCEAN CIRCULATION / Thermohaline Circulation 1549 distinctly nonsteady character of the ocean circulation. Ocean currents are remarkably variable. Variability on much shorter time scales of weeks and months,
More informationDeep-Sea Research I. Dense water formation and circulation in the Barents Sea. M. Årthun a,b,, R.B. Ingvaldsen c,b, L.H. Smedsrud d,b, C.
Deep-Sea Research I 58 (11) 81 817 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Deep-Sea Research I journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dsri Dense water formation and circulation in the Barents Sea
More informationS12. The Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas: Supplementary Materials
C H A P T E R S12 The Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas: Supplementary Materials FIGURE S12.1 Principal currents of the Nordic Seas. Shaded currents show upper ocean circulation; thin black arrows show deep
More informationOffice of Naval Research Arctic Observing Activities
Office of Naval Research Arctic Observing Activities Jim Thomson Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington jthomson@apl.washington.edu Scott L. Harper, Program Officer, Arctic and Global Prediction
More informationB.A. Wellesley College (1990) at the. and the. May 1996
Water Mass Distribution and Polar Front Structure in the Southwestern Barents Sea by Carolyn Louise Harris B.A. Wellesley College (199) Submitted in partial fulfillment requirements for the degree MASTER
More informationOn climatological mass, heat, and salt transports through the Barents Sea and Fram Strait from a pan-arctic coupled ice-ocean model simulation
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 109,, doi:10.1029/2001jc001039, 2004 On climatological mass, heat, and salt transports through the Barents Sea and Fram Strait from a pan-arctic coupled ice-ocean
More informationClimate Change and Arctic Ecosystems
itletitle Climate Change and Arctic Ecosystems Climate Change and Arctic Ecosystems Key Concepts: Greenhouse Gas Albedo Ecosystem Sea ice Vegetative zone WHAT YOU WILL LEARN 1. You will analyze Arctic
More informationThe Southern Ocean. Copyright 2010 LessonSnips
The Southern Ocean Even though oceanographers currently define five oceans on earth, in reality there is but one ocean. The fact that the ocean is one single entity and the divisions of the ocean are man-made
More informationRestriction of convective depth in the Weddell Sea
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 34, L10610, doi:10.1029/2007gl029295, 2007 Restriction of convective depth in the Weddell Sea K. Akitomo 1 Received 8 January 2007; revised 11 March 2007; accepted 25
More informationOceanography at the Antarctic Margins. A. Wåhlin, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Oceanography at the Antarctic Margins A. Wåhlin, University of Gothenburg, Sweden 1) Shelf seas water mass modification. Some examples in TS diagrams 2) Mechanisms for cross-shelf flow: Eddies and buoyancy
More information1. The and the act as one interdependent system. 2. Why do we have to study both to understand the relationship?
Ch. 6 Questions Air Sea Interaction (pg. 162) 1. The and the act as one interdependent system. 2. Why do we have to study both to understand the relationship? 3. energy heats up the of the Earth and creates,
More informationThe Northern Hemisphere Sea ice Trends: Regional Features and the Late 1990s Change. Renguang Wu
The Northern Hemisphere Sea ice Trends: Regional Features and the Late 1990s Change Renguang Wu Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing World Conference on Climate Change
More informationICEBERGS IN THE BARENTS SEA
ICEBERGS IN THE BARENTS SEA Mapping ice and snow conditions in the Barents Sea, part-report 1 Icebergs Leif J Dalsgaard, Petroleum Safety Authority Norway Tore Syversen, Sintef Mars Goals Achieve better
More informationEvolution of the Deep Water in the Canadian Basin in the Arctic Ocean
866 J O U R N A L O F P H Y S I C A L O C E A N O G R A P H Y VOLUME 36 Evolution of the Deep Water in the Canadian Basin in the Arctic Ocean M.-L. TIMMERMANS* AND CHRIS GARRETT Department of Physics and
More informationOceanography is the scientific study of oceans Oceans make up over 70% of the Earth s surface
Oceanography Oceanography is the scientific study of oceans Oceans make up over 70% of the Earth s surface An ocean must be large and have features which set it apart from other oceans (currents, water
More informationOn the Circulation of Atlantic Water in the Arctic Ocean
2352 J O U R N A L O F P H Y S I C A L O C E A N O G R A P H Y VOLUME 43 On the Circulation of Atlantic Water in the Arctic Ocean MICHAEL A. SPALL Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
More informationHydrosphere The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth.
Hydrosphere The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth. The abundance of water on Earth is a unique feature that clearly distinguishes our "Blue Planet" from others in the solar system. Not a drop of
More informationTypical Arctic profiles. How to form halocline water? 2012 Changing Arctic Ocean 506E/497E - Lecture 7 - Woodgate
Schematic Surface and Atlantic Circulation Typical Arctic profiles MIXED LAYER Usually thin (no wind stirring) PACIFIC WATER High nutrients Shallow (
More informationObserving the ice-covered oceans around Antarctica by profiling floats
Observing the ice-covered oceans around Antarctica by profiling floats Annie Wong, Stephen Riser School of Oceanography University of Washington, USA Aug 1 2007 Since 2007, UW has deployed 83 profiling
More informationThe fieldwork during the Polarstern cruise ANT XVI/2 as a contribution to the study of bottom water formation and sea ice transport in the Weddell Sea
The fieldwork during the Polarstern cruise ANT XVI/2 as a contribution to the study of bottom water formation and sea ice transport in the Weddell Sea Fahrbach, E 1, S. Harms 2, H. Hellmer 1, A. Jenkins
More informationPolar Lows and Other High Latitude Weather Systems
Polar Lows and Other High Latitude Weather Systems John Turner and Tom Bracegirdle British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK (J.Turner@bas.ac.uk) 1. Introduction Polar lows are mesoscale (less than 1,000
More informationI This paper not to be cited without orior re ference to the author
I This paper not to be cited without orior re ference to the author International Council for the Exploration of the Sea C.. M. 1984/C 17 Hydrography Comn1ittee Formation heavy bottom water in the Barents
More informationUnderstanding and modeling dense overflows. Sonya Legg Princeton University AOMIP/FAMOS school for young scientists 2012
Understanding and modeling dense overflows Sonya Legg Princeton University AOMIP/FAMOS school for young scientists 2012 What is an overflow? Dense water formation on shelf or marginal sea Dense water accelerates
More informationTemporal switching between sources of the Denmark Strait overflow water
II. Regional ocean climate ICES Marine Science Symposia, 219: 319-325. 23 Temporal switching between sources of the Denmark Strait overflow water Bert Rudels, Patrick Eriksson, Erik Buch, Gereon Budéus,
More informationREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No
Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 074-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the lime for reviewing instructions,
More informationJune Report: Outlook Based on May Data Regional Outlook: Beaufort and Chuckchi Seas, High Arctic, and Northwest Passage
June Report: Outlook Based on May Data Regional Outlook: Beaufort and Chuckchi Seas, High Arctic, and Northwest Passage Charles Fowler, Sheldon Drobot, James Maslanik; University of Colorado James.Maslanik@colorado.edu
More informationDistribution of Convective Lower Halocline Water. In the Eastern Arctic Ocean
Distribution of Convective Lower Halocline Water In the Eastern Arctic Ocean Takashi Kikuchi, Kiyoshi Hatakeyama, Japan Marine Science and Technology Center 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, JAPAN
More informationCoastal Antarctic polynyas: A coupled process requiring high model resolution in the ocean and atmosphere
Coastal Antarctic polynyas: A coupled process requiring high model resolution in the ocean and atmosphere Mike Dinniman and John Klinck Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography Old Dominion University
More informationChanges in the properties and distribution of the intermediate and deep waters in the Fram Strait
Changes in the properties and distribution of the intermediate and deep waters in the Fram Strait Helene R. Langehaug 1,2 and Eva Falck 3 1 Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway.
More informationArctic Ocean-Sea Ice-Climate Interactions
Arctic Ocean-Sea Ice-Climate Interactions Sea Ice Ice extent waxes and wanes with the seasons. Ice extent is at a maximum in March (typically 14 million square km, about twice the area of the contiguous
More informationScience 1206 Chapter 1 - Inquiring about Weather
Science 1206 Chapter 1 - Inquiring about Weather 1.1 - The Atmosphere: Energy Transfer and Properties (pp. 10-25) Weather and the Atmosphere weather the physical conditions of the atmosphere at a specific
More informationOn the dynamics of Atlantic Water circulation in the Arctic Ocean
Click Here for Full Article JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112,, doi:10.1029/2006jc003630, 2007 On the dynamics of Atlantic Water circulation in the Arctic Ocean M. Karcher, 1,2 F. Kauker, 1,2 R.
More informationThe impact of a downslope water-transport parameterization in a global ocean general circulation model
The impact of a downslope water-transport parameterization in a global ocean general circulation model Stephanie Legutke and Ernst Maier-Reimer Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie Bundesstraße 55, D-20146
More information1 Earth s Oceans. TAKE A LOOK 2. Identify What are the five main oceans?
CHAPTER 13 1 Earth s Oceans SECTION Exploring the Oceans BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What affects the salinity of ocean water? What affects
More informationChapter 02 The Sea Floor
Chapter 02 The Sea Floor Multiple Choice Questions 1. One of the following is not one of the world's major ocean basins: A. Atlantic Ocean B. Arctic Ocean C. Indian Ocean D. Antarctic Ocean E. Pacific
More informationREVISING THE BERING STRAIT FRESHWATER FLUX INTO THE ARCTIC OCEAN
REVISING THE BERING STRAIT FRESHWATER FLUX INTO THE ARCTIC OCEAN Rebecca A. Woodgate and Knut Aagaard, Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Corresponding Author:
More informationChapter 6. Antarctic oceanography
Chapter 6 Antarctic oceanography The region of the world ocean bordering on Antarctica is unique in many respects. First of all, it is the only region where the flow of water can continue all around the
More informationWATER FLUXES THROUGH THE BARENTS SEA. Harald Loengl), Vladimir Ozhigin2) and Bjørn Ådlandsvikl)
ICES C.M. 1995 CM 1995/Mini:lO WATER FLUXES THROUGH THE BARENTS SEA by Harald Loengl), Vladimir Ozhigin2) and Bjørn Ådlandsvikl) l)lnstitute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5024 Bergen, Norway
More information( ) = 1005 J kg 1 K 1 ;
Problem Set 3 1. A parcel of water is added to the ocean surface that is denser (heavier) than any of the waters in the ocean. Suppose the parcel sinks to the ocean bottom; estimate the change in temperature
More informationThe California current is the eastern boundary current that lies to the west of
I. INTORDUCTION A. California Current System The California current is the eastern boundary current that lies to the west of North America. The California current flows from north, Washington, to south,
More informationSeasons, Global Wind and Climate Study Guide
Seasons, Global Wind and Climate Study Guide Seasons 1. Know what is responsible for the change in seasons on Earth. 2. Be able to determine seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres given the position
More informationEarth s Continents and Seafloors. GEOL100 Physical Geology Ray Rector - Instructor
Earth s Continents and Seafloors GEOL100 Physical Geology Ray Rector - Instructor OCEAN BASINS and CONTINENTAL PLATFORMS Key Concepts I. Earth s rocky surface covered by of two types of crust Dense, thin,
More informationExemplar for Internal Achievement Standard. Mathematics and Statistics Level 3
Exemplar for internal assessment resource Mathematics and Statistics for Achievement Standard 91580 Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Mathematics and Statistics Level 3 This exemplar supports
More informationAlmost of Earth is covered by water. On a map, the continents appear as huge islands surrounded by a vast global ocean.
Earth s Oceans & Ocean Floor Date: Feelin Blue What are Earth s five main oceans? Almost of Earth is covered by water. On a map, the continents appear as huge islands surrounded by a vast global ocean.
More informationTemperature and salinity fluctuations in the Norwegian Sea in relation to wind
ICES Annual Science Conference 1999 Theme session L: Nordic Seas Exchanges ICES C.M. 19991L:03 Temperature and salinity fluctuations in the Norwegian Sea in relation to wind by Kjell Arne Mork and Lars
More informationMONTHLY TEMPERATURE, SALINITY AND TRANSPORT VARIABILITY OF THE BERING STRAIT THROUGHFLOW
MONTHLY TEMPERATURE, SALINITY AND TRANSPORT VARIABILITY OF THE BERING STRAIT THROUGHFLOW Rebecca A. Woodgate, Knut Aagaard, Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle,
More informationThe Impact of Changing Sea Ice and Hydrographic Conditions on Biological Communities in the Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas
The Impact of Changing Sea Ice and Hydrographic Conditions on Biological Communities in the Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas Jacqueline M. Grebmeier 1, Lee W. Cooper 1, and Karen E. Frey 2 1 University
More informationExchange of mass, heat and carbon across the Barents Sea Opening
Exchange of mass, heat and carbon across the Barents Sea Opening Peter M. Haugan University Courses on Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway, and Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway January 13,
More informationSkewed Occurrence Frequency of Water Temperature and Salinity in the Subarctic Regions
Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 59, pp. 9 to 99, 3 Skewed Occurrence Frequency of Water Temperature and Salinity in the Subarctic Regions SACHIKO OGUMA *, TORU SUZUKI, SYDNEY LEVITUS and YUTAKA NAGATA Marine
More informationintroduction National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
1 introduction The National Science Education Standards developed under the auspices of the National Research Council specifies Science as Inquiry as major content standard for all grade levels. The activities
More informationThe Arctic Climate System GEOG 4271/5271. Mark C. Serreze Department of Geography University of Colorado, Boulder CO
The Arctic Climate System GEOG 4271/5271 Mark C. Serreze Department of Geography University of Colorado, Boulder CO serreze@nsidc.org Why study the Arctic climate system? The fascinating processes that
More informationPhysical and chemical processes affecting release of CO 2 at the seafloor. Peter M. Haugan
Physical and chemical processes affecting release of CO 2 at the seafloor Peter M. Haugan Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway With contributions from Dr. Guttorm Alendal, Bergen Centre
More informationA Synthesis of Oceanic Time Series from the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas and the Arctic Ocean, with Application to Shelf-Basin Exchange
A Synthesis of Oceanic Time Series from the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas and the Arctic Ocean, with Application to Shelf-Basin Exchange Thomas Weingartner Institute of Marine Science School of Fisheries and
More informationFigure 1: Two schematic views of the global overturning circulation. The Southern Ocean plays two key roles in the global overturning: (1) the
Figure 1: Two schematic views of the global overturning circulation. The Southern Ocean plays two key roles in the global overturning: (1) the Antarctic Circumpolar Current connects the ocean basins, establishing
More informationPlease be ready for today by:
Please be ready for today by: 1. HW out for a stamp 2. Paper and pencil/pen for notes 3. Be ready to discuss what you know about El Nino after you view the video clip What is El Nino? El Nino Basics El
More information