Chronological table of theories and related works on mud banks. Hypothesis/Reports. Firsi observational reporting 1860 report

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1 189 AnnexureI. Chronological table of theories and related works on mud banks Year Author Hypothesis/Reports Remarks 1678 Pinkerton Firsi observational reporting 1860 report Administrative of Tr avancore, 1775 Capt vcope Siting of Alleppey mudbank Referred as 'Mud Bay' 1860 Crawford Personal observation of mud cones at Alleppey and advances a hypothesis of subterranean flow of mud. Probably explanation formation. the to first mud bank 1881 King 1886 John Rhode 1938 'Bristow 1938 Ducane Report on Alleppey and Narakkal mud banks refers to presence of oil in mud. Theory on transport of fluid mud strata below port of Alleppey. First comprehensive treatise as "History of mudbanks", Vols I and 11 Special report on studies of Narakkal mudbanks. Mudbank described as 1'a smooth water anchorage Postulated as build up of hydraulic pressure in inland lagoon/estuary causing subsurface mud transport to coastal regions. Exhaustive observations on formation, maintenance and movement of mudbanks at Alleppey and Narakkal serves historical reading interest Varying amounts of carbon and organic debris noted hydraulic pressure transfer doubted Seshappa Phosphate content of Increased phosphate mud banks along Malabar Coast reported. content in the overlying waters during the southwest monsoon noted Seshappa Seshappa & Jayaraman Phosphate content of mud banks reviewed Higher noted other concentrations in comparison to coastal regions Ramasastry Hypothesis on mud banks being associated with upwelling and divergence near 2030 m bottom layer Resultant vertical acceleration lifts f i.ne mud of bottom into suspension.

2 Varadachari Role of estuarine output and mud bank formation discussed Damodaran & Hridayanathan Flocculation effect to 'keep mud in suspension postulated Rao Fishery aspects of mudbanks discussed Dora et al. Textural studies on Narakkal mud bank 1969 Varma & Kurup Mudbank theory explained on the basis of role of waves and ripcurrents 1971 Moni Study of mudbanks along the southwest coast of India Kurup Hypothesis extended to converging littoral currents in the inshore. Shoreline configuration of Kerala State described. Lowering of surface salinity is attributed to flocculation. Physicochemical features of Alleppey bank also considered. Predominantly fraction in ments noted. fine mudbank clay sedi Formation is a result of interaction between the inshore and offshore transport of sediments in suspension. Mudbanks and shore stability of the southwest coast of India discussed. Role of these currents on formation of mud banks at south of Alleppey discussed Reddy & Wave refraction studies Varadachari carried out. Attempts movement. to explain mudbank 1972 Iyer &Moni Mudbank and shoreline stability evaluated. Beach stability studied. features 1973 Damodaran Penthos studied in mud bank region Gopinathan Alleppey mud bank &Qasim characteristics studied in detail Jacob ~ Chemical studies on Qasim Alleppey mud bank 1975 Kurup & Hydrography of Purakad Varadachari mudbank region reported Biological aspects ascertained. Role of currents and waves in mudbank formation, maintenance and dissipation explained. High amounts of total phosphorus and organic carbon noted. Seasonal distribution of temperature and salinity studied.

3 Nair Mudbank of Kerala Coast Review paper Kurup Details the physical aspects of mudbanks. Role of texture of sediments in mudbanks evaluated 1977 Mathew et al. Diurnal variations of zoo plankton related to currents and other ecological parameters. Biological studies mudbank regions. in 1981 Mac Pherson &Kurup Mathematical model on wave damping. Viscous fluid mud causing wave suggested. bottom damping 1981 Kurup et al. Wave damping studies. Experimental work to relate wave damping to viscosity Nair An interim report on mudbanks off Kerala coast. Some chemical and sedimentological aspects studied Silas et al. Mudbanks of Kerala coast. Detailed studies on physical, chemical and biological aspects reported Mallik & Ramachandran State of art report on mudbanks of Kerala coast. Review article Ramachandran & Mallik Studies on Alleppey mudbanks. Sedimentological detailed. aspects 1986 Shenoi & Murthy Wave damping studies. Viscous damping of solitary waves in mudbank region explained Nambisan et al Balchand et al Mallik et al. Chemical oceanographic aspects reported. Studies on chemical aspects of mudbanks. Theories and prespectives Review article. of mudbanks. Mudbanks of Kerala coast. Sedimentological detailed. aspects 1989 Ramachandran Geochemical characteristics of Quilandy mudbank environment. Sedimentological detailed. aspects

4 lyl ANNEXURE Z Procedure' for preparing artificial seawater (APHA, 1980) ~ompound in order Concentration 1 of addition mg 1 NaF 3 SrClZo 6H ZO. ZO,H 3 B 'KBr 100 KCl 700 CaClZo 2H ZO 1,470 Na ZS04 4,000 MgClZo 6H 2O 10,780 NaCl Z3,500 Na ZSi03" 9H ZO ZO Na 4EDTA 1 NaHC

5 Annexure 3. Mean and range of hydrographical parameters during premudbank, mudbank and postmudbank periods at surface and bottom at mudbank (stations 15) (values in parentte~isindicate nonrnudbank consolidated data in range) 00?~~:.!!!!_'_<!~!1_~_[l~!J~!'1~~~~!'..~_[l~!J~~ }~~:;~:.!!!!_'_<!~!1_~_[l~!_i~_<! SI Parameter Station Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Ne... >D..., I IV C CJ.s VJ " Z (Nonmudbank ) I. SAl.IN1T't I XIO E ~ I TEMPERATURE c (Nonmudbank )

6 I E s ~ D ~ Annexure 3 (Contd ) ~1. Parameter Station No. Premudbank period Mudbank period Post rnudbank period Mf'an Range Mean Range Mean Range 3. r ll I ClI Col '" ::l In Nonmudbank )

7 ... >0 U1 Annexure 3 (Contd ) SI. No Parameter Station Premudbank period Mudbank period Postmudbank period Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range 4. DISSOLVED ell CJ '" \ Loo :::l <n Nonmudbank ) OXYGEN m l \ E ~

8 ... 8 Ann~xure 3 (Contd ) SI. No Premudbank period Mudbank period Postrnudoank period Parameter Station Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range ~ Col ~ : :::l Vl ~IILOROPHY L1. (Nonmudbank ) 3 mg m i s a::l E I

9 ... D..j Annpxure 3 (Contd ) SI. No Parameter Station Premudbank period Mudbank period Postmudbank period Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range I CII CJ , :s (IJ DISSOLVED ORGANIC (Nonmudbank ) CARBON mg 11 I E '0 5 a:l

10 I MOISTURE 0/ ill (Nonmudbank ) I ' '27 8. SEDIMENT ORGANIC MATTER e mg g (Nonmudbank ) o ::tl Annexure 3 (Contd ) Premudbank oeriod Mudbank oeriod Postmudbank oeriod SI. Parameter Station Nq Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range

11 Annexure 4. Mean and range of nutrients during premudbank, mudbank and postmudbank periods at surface and bottom at mudbank (stations 15) (Values in paeanthesislndieate nonmudbank eonsohdated data in range) Serial PreMonsoon Monsoon PostMonsoon No. Parameter Station Mean Average Mean Average Mean Average... s Surf'ace Dissolved Ammonia pg at 1 1 (Nonmudbank ) Bottom " Surface Dissolved Urea 1 (Nonmudbank ) Ilg at 1 Bottom

12 N 8 Annexure 4 (cont... ) 3. Dissolved Surface & (Nonmudbank ) Silicate I ~g at I Bottom : Surface I : , (Nonmudbank U 2.60) 4. Dissolved inorganic phosphate I pg at Bottom

13 '" 2 Annexure 4 (Cont ;) Surral'e Dissolved (Nonbudbank area ) OrRAnil' PhosphAt!' t fir At I fio fi Bottom Dissolved Nitrite 1 pi!: At Surface (Nonmudbank ) Bottom

14 Surface ~4 inorganic Dissolved Nitrate (Nonmudbank : ) I pg at I Bottom N o N Annexure 4 (cont....) Surface Dissolved (Nonmudbank ) Organic Nitrate I pg at I JII :~ Bottom