Revisiting the Northern Hood Canal Sill: Exploring dissimilatory. nitrate reduction to ammonium at the sediment water interface
|
|
- Nelson Nicholas Hopkins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Revisiting the Northern Hood Canal Sill: Exploring dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium at the sediment water interface Jeremy Hudson (425) School of Oceanography University of Washington Seattle, WA February 27,
2 Acknowledgments I would like to thank the faculty and students from the University of Washington Oceanography 443 class. I would also like to recognize several individuals who have been instrumental in this proposal thus far. I greatly appreciate their time, patience, advice, and expertise: Professor Roy Carpenter, Bonnie Chang, Lauren Curry, Professor Al Devol, Clara Fuchsman, Professor Mark Holmes, Professor Gabrielle Rocap, Jamie Pierson, Tiffany Straza, and Dave Wilbur. 2
3 Project Summary The occurrence of a seasonal ammonium plume at the Northern Hood Canal sill was first noted in This plume has since reoccurred every summer since 1998 when data has been collected at the Northern Hood Canal sill. Although it has not been proved, a previous study found that the ammonium in the plume had originated from the sediment. What was not determined was the source of the ammonium in the sediment. My plan is to further investigate the Northern Hood Canal sill during the March 21-25, 2005 Oceanography 443/444 cruise aboard the R/V Thomas G. Thompson. I will be sampling both the water column and the sediment in the hopes of gathering supporting evidence for the previous investigation which concluded that ammonium in the plume is of sedimentary origin. I also plan to study a possible mechanism for ammonium production in the sediment. This biological mechanism, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, is a process mediated by nitrate reducing bacteria. My hypothesis is that increasingly anoxic conditions within the Hood Canal basin favor nitrate reducing bacteria, including those bacteria that reduce nitrate to ammonium. The ammonium plume could potentially be traced back to DNRA in future studies if this process is shown to occur at the Northern Hood Canal sill. 3
4 Introduction Nitrogen is a rate-limiting nutrient for all biology. Thus, the fates of the many forms of nitrogen are important in order to better understand ecological dynamics for a given environment. One form of nitrogen, ammonium, is especially important in the coastal and estuarine environments, where the concentration can far exceed that which is typically found in the open ocean. This is due in part to land run-off and untreated waste water. Ammonium is a biologically preferred source of nitrogen to many organisms, so the fate of ammonium and the sources that contribute to ammonium concentrations are important to understand as well, as these are components of the nitrogen cycle. Over the last several years, the occurrence of an ammonium (NH + 4 ) plume has been measured at the Northern Hood Canal sill (Fig. 1). The plume was first measured during the 1998 Puget Sound Regional Synthesis Model (PRISM) cruise (Fig. 2). In subsequent years since then, it has been shown that this ammonium plume has seasonal variability. Concentrations will typically build to a peak of 4 mol x L -1 in the summer months and dissipate thereafter. In addition, this variability seems to reproduce on a predictable annual basis (Norbeck 2000; Warner et. al. 2002). Many possible mechanisms could produce the ammonium in the plume either in isolation or combination. It was previously reasoned that the contributory source of ammonium to the plume was natural due to the fact that there were no known anthropogenic inputs nearby with the capacity to produce the plume, such as a sewer outfall. Furthermore, the plume is a localized anomaly with greater concentrations found at depth near the sediment water interface. These facts led to an original hypothesis that the ammonium was of sedimentary origin (Norbeck 2000). 4
5 At least two mechanisms exist for producing sedimentary ammonium. The first mechanism, which was also the assumption made in the previous investigation, is that ammonium is released into the water column as organic material settles out of the water column and is subsequently degraded. This process is known as mineralization, and the hypothesis is valid that enough ammonium could be produced to supply the plume concentration via this mechanism. Two potential problems exist for this hypothesis, however. First, ammonium is the only chemical measured at the sill to exhibit such a phenomenon as the plume. If mineralization was the primary source of the ammonium plume, one might expect similar concentration profiles for other nutrients that are released into the water column upon degradation (Newton, pers. comm.). Second, the lag time between the first phytoplankton bloom (the source of organic material), and the plume formation, may be far greater than the time required for organic material to sink out of the water column and degrade. The second mechanism for sedimentary ammonium formation involves dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). This potential source of sedimentary ammonium typically occurs in anoxic environments via nitrate reducing bacterial species although it has also been shown to occur in oxygenated environments as well (Soonmo and Gardner 2002). At least one potential problem exists with this hypothesis. If the plume is a remnant of DNRA, then one might expect to find similar plumes elsewhere in Puget Sound, or at least elsewhere in the Hood Canal basin, but this is not the case. Conversely, if DNRA is occurring elsewhere, then why are no other plumes similar to that at the Northern Hood Canal sill produced as a result? 5
6 In light of this question, it is my hypothesis that nitrate reducing bacteria become increasingly favored as overlying water conditions change throughout the season, and the Hood Canal basin becomes increasingly anoxic. As such, I predict that the ammonium producing the plume could be supplied via DNRA. Strong evidence already suggests that denitrification occurs within Hood Canal sediment (Kassakian 2004). And since denitrification represents one of two nitrate reducing pathways, (DNRA represents the second) it stands to reason that the possibility exists for DNRA to occur as well. The ecological significance between the two nitrate reducing pathways is that nitrogen is lost to the environment when nitrate is reduced via denitrification, whereas nitrogen is conserved when nitrate is reduced via DNRA (Cole and Brown 1980; Bonin et. al. 1998). Past studies elsewhere have shown that DNRA is of quantitative significance and should be included as a component of the nitrogen cycle. Rates of ammonium formation via DNRA are comparable and sometimes exceed rates of denitrification, especially in coastal and estuarine sediments (Sørensen 1978; Bonin et. al. 1998; Kelly-Gerreyn et. al. 2001). Although the previous investigation (Norbeck 2000) had concluded that the ammonium concentrations in the sediment could produce the plume, it still has yet to be proven. It seems reasonable that the ammonium plume could be produced from the ammonium concentrations in the sediment, but as mentioned earlier, an assumption was made in that investigation that the contributory source to the ammonium in the sediment was mineralization. The prior investigation established a diffusive flux as great as pmol NH + 4 x cm -2 x s -1 at the sediment water interface (Fig. 3). From this, along with the residency 6
7 time, a conservative calculation estimated that this sedimentary ammonium flux could account for up to 23% of the plume ammonium concentration (92% with bioturbation and advection included as factors). In the context of this prior work, I have two goals for my project: 1) Lend supportive evidence to the prior work which concluded that the ammonium plume could be produced from the sedimentary ammonium concentration. 2) Explore a sedimentary source of ammonium that has yet to be examined DNRA. Although I will not be able to quantify the rate of DNRA, I plan to show whether or not it is occurring by measuring the product (ammonium). By using nitrogen-15 nitrate ( 15 NO - 3 ), the ammonium produced via DNRA can be measured separate from any ammonium that might occur via mineralization. Since, only 0.37% nitrogen-15 occurs in nature, any nitrogen-15 ammonium ( 15 NH + 4 ) measured will have been produced via the DNRA mechanism (Sørensen 1978; Jørgensen 1989). 7
8 Proposed Research In order to test my hypothesis that the ammonium plume could be produced via DNRA, I plan to investigate the Northern Hood Canal sill/prism station #10, where a previous investigation was conducted and years worth of data has been collected. My plan to substantiate that the plume ammonium could originate from the sediment, and to show whether or not DNRA is occurring within the sediment is a three part approach, with a fourth component under consideration. First, I plan to take a sediment core with the Spade Box Core, sub-sample at 2 cm intervals (up to 10 cm in depth) and run (triplicate) nutrient analyses on those five interval depths in order to produce a nutrient profile. My reason for this component of the project is to place a nutrient profile in a temporal frame of reference, and to measure initial concentrations so that an estimated rate for DNRA can be constrained, should the process be found to occur. Nutrient and dissolved oxygen analyses will also be taken at six depths within the water column. Second, I plan to take another sediment core, sub-sample the top 2 cm, and compare the natural abundances of ammonium species ( 14 NH + 4 / 15 NH + 4 ) with that in the overlying bottom water. This portion of my project should lend further evidence to hypothesis that the ammonium in the bottom water originated from the sediment. This portion of my project will also serve as my control for the third portion of my project. Third, I plan to take a third sediment core, and sub-sample from this core using three 4-inch PVC pipes. These sub-cores will be enriched with up to 100 mol x L -1 of 15 NO - 3 and incubated under in-situ conditions (as best as can be simulated) for up to one week. In addition to the intact cores incubated, a slurry consisting of the top 2 cm of 8
9 sediment may also be prepared, enriched, and incubated under the same conditions as the intact cores. The difference between the intact core incubations and the slurry incubations is that any potential anoxic condition that may exist will be preserved in the slurry. This portion of my project should determine whether or not DNRA can occur at the Northern Hood Canal sill under the given conditions. The fourth possible portion of my project is still under consideration. This portion would involve bacterial characterization before and after incubation by Tiffany Straza. This portion of my project would provide further evidence for DNRA, if it is found to occur, by providing some of the bacterial species involved in carrying out nitrate reduction to ammonium via DNRA. If DNRA is found to occur, I would expect the abundance of the nitrate reducing bacteria to increase after incubation of the sub cores enriched with nitrate ( 15 NO - 3 ). Methods for each portion of my project are as follows, respectively: Cruise Experiment 1. 2 cm cross-section slices of the entire Spade Box Core will be sampled up to 10 cm in depth. Each 2 cm slice will be centrifuged for pore water, with the pore water frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored onboard the R/V Thomas G. Thompson freezer for later analysis on shore. Dissolved oxygen measurements may be made on board using the Dosimat and titration protocols in place. Specifics for centrifuging sediment will be worked out in the weeks ahead with the aid of Bonnie Chang. 2. The overlying water retrieved by from the Box Core will be siphoned off the top of the sediment and stored onboard the R/V Thomas G. Thompson in the cooler at 9
10 approximately 8 C for later analysis on shore. The top 2 cm cross-section slice of the Box Core will be sub sampled, centrifuged for pore water and stored onboard the R/V Thomas G. Thompson in the cooler at approximately 8 C for later analysis on shore. 3. Sub-cores will be sampled from a Spade Box Core using 4-inch PVC pipe and caps. Each sub-core will be taped, wrapped in tinfoil, and stored onboard the R/V Thomas G. Thompson in the cooler at approximately 8 C for later analysis on shore. 4. In development Laboratory Experiment 1. Frozen triplicates for each 2 cm sediment depth will be analyzed for nutrients by the Marine Chemistry Laboratory. 2. Pore water and overlying bottom water will be measured for natural ammonium abundances using the ammonium distillation method and using mass spectrometry to characterize isotopes. The ammonium distillation method involves boiling the water sample in the presence of a base (NaOH). This process separates ammonium from bound substances and converts ammonium to ammonia gas (NH 3 ). The ammonia gas is then condensed and bubbled out in a separate flask converting ammonia back to ammonium that is unbound. The next process is to filter the ammonium through a molecular sieve (Zeolite) that has been prepared (Zeolite preparation involves baking in an oven to drive off any bound nitrogen particles). Lastly, the Zeolite enriched with ammonium is scraped into a tin boat and analyzed with mass spectrometry (Clara Fuchsman, pers. comm). 10
11 3. The overlying water in the PVC sub-cores will be injected with approximately 100 mol x L -1 of the enriched nitrate ( 15 NO 3 ) and incubated in a cold room (to be determined) as close to in-situ temperature that the samples were initially taken at. Sub-cores will be incubated for as much as one week. Incubation will cease at that time and pore water will be centrifuged, and frozen until samples can be distilled and run by mass spectrometry. Slurry preparations involve most of the same steps, with one addition. A mixture of sediment and pore water will be bubbled through with nitrogen or helium gas to drive out any potential oxygen before incubation begins (Al Devol, pers. comm.). 11
12 Project Budget Item Cost Quantity Duration Sub Total Offset Total Platform costs R/V Thomas G. Thompson N/A $18, $90, $90, $0.00 Platform Equipment Seabird SBE-9 CTD P10 $ $ $ $0.00 A-frame N/A N/A 1 5 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Trawl/coring wire N/A N/A 1 5 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Cooler (approx. 8 C) & Freezer N/A N/A 1 5 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Rosette w/ 10-L Niskin bottles N/A N/A 1 5 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Pooled Equipment Biological Sampling Equipment Filter rack & Vaccuum pump B03 $ $30.00 $0.00 $30.00 Centrifuge B04 $ $30.00 $0.00 $30.00 Bottom Sampling Equipment Box Core (Spade) F10 $ $ $0.00 $ PVC pipe (4-inch) F21 $ $15.00 $0.00 $15.00 Core caps (4-inch) F22 $ $15.00 $0.00 $15.00 Routine Chemistry Lab Alpkem RFA/2 R01 $ $ $0.00 $ Dosimat (oxygen) R02 $ $75.00 $0.00 $75.00 Nutrient bottles (per case) R03 $ $15.00 $0.00 $15.00 Water Sampling Equipment U of W btl, 10-L W03 $ $15.00 $0.00 $15.00 Salinity btls, iodine (case, 24 btls) W08 $ $15.00 $0.00 $15.00 Oxygen btls (case, 24 btls) W09 $ $30.00 $0.00 $30.00 Other Equipment (duct?) Tape (for sealing sub-cores) N/A TBD 1 5 $0.00 $0.00 TBD Container (Ice chest?) for sub-core storag N/A TBD 1 5 $0.00 $0.00 TBD Lead bricks for sub-core stabilization N/A TBD 2 5 $0.00 $0.00 TBD Bungie Cords N/A TBD 2 5 $0.00 $0.00 TBD Containers for water sample storage N/A TBD 1 5 $0.00 $0.00 TBD Siphon (to remove bottom water from core N/A TBD 1 5 $0.00 $0.00 TBD Material Saftey data sheet/haz Mat Spill K N/A TBD 1 N/A $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Laboratory Equipment Centrifuge equipment & supplies (Bonnie N/A TBD TBD N/A TBD TBD TBD Cold storage room (ashore) N/A TBD 1 TBD TBD TBD TBD Distillation equipment & supplies (Clara F N/A TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Nitrogen-15 nitrate (Bonnie Chang) N/A $ $ $ $0.00 Zeolite (Al Devol) N/A TBD 1 1 TBD TBD TBD Glassware Round-bottom flask (500 ml?) N/A $ $ $0.00 $ Condenser N/A $ $25.00 $0.00 $25.00 Miscellaneous N/A TBD TBD 1 TBD $0.00 $0.00 Analyses Marine Chemistry Lab (Kathy Krogslund) Nutrients (sediment, dilluted) N/A $ $ $0.00 $ Nutrients (water column) N/A $ $ $0.00 $ Salinity (CTD calibration) N/A $ $28.50 $0.00 $28.50 Oxygen (CTD calibration) N/A TBD 3 1 TBD $0.00 TBD Filters for nutrients N/A $ $67.50 $0.00 $67.50 Mass Spectrometry (Dave Wilbur) Isotope characterization N/A TBD 18 1 TBD $0.00 TBD Sub Total > $92, Total< $1,
13 References Bonin, P., P. Omnes, and A. Chalamet Simultaneous occurrence of denitrification and nitrate ammonification in sediments of the French Mediterranean Coast. Hydrobiologia 389: Cole, J. A. and C. M. Brown Nitrite reduction to ammonia by fermentative bacteria: A short circuit in the biological nitrogen cycle. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 7: Jørgensen, K. S Annual pattern of denitrification and nitrate ammonification in estuarine sediment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55: Kassakian, S Nitrogen isotopic variations in nitrate in the Hood Canal, Puget Sound Washington: Confirmation of the kinetic isotope effect of sedimentary denitrification. B.S. thesis. University of Washington. Kelly-Gerreyn, B. A., M. Trimmer, and D. J. Hydes A diagenetic model discriminating denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in a temperate estuarine sediment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 220: Norbeck, A Sediment fluxes as the main source of high ammonium concentrations in Puget Sound, Washington. B.S. thesis. University of Washington. Soonmo, A. and W. S. Gardner Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) as a nitrogen link, versus denitrification as a sink in a shallow estuary (Laguna Madre/Baffin Bay, Texas). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 237: Sørensen, J Capacity for denitrification and reduction of nitrate to ammonia in a coastal marine sediment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:
14 Warner, J., M. Kawase, and J. Newton Recent studies of the overturning circulation in Hood Canal. In T. Droscher, ed. Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team, Proceedings of the 2001 Puget Sound Research Conference. 14
15 Figure Captions Figure 1: Location for the Northern Hood Canal sill (PRISM station #10): N by W (PRISM web site) Figure 2: Vertical sections of dissolved ammonium (mol x kg -1 ) in Hood Canal during the June 17, 1998 PRISM cruise. Sample locations and depths are indicated by dots (Warner et. al. 2002) Figure 3: Mock ammonium concentration profile similar to that found by Norbeck in 2000 at the Northern Hood Canal sill 15
16 Figures Fig. 1 16
17 Fig. 2 17
18 0 Ammonium Concentration (um) Depth (cm) Fig. 3 18
Nitrogen Vertical Profiles, Nitrate and Nitrite Exchange Rate, and Nitrous Oxide Formation in Colne Estuary Sediment
Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia, September 2005, hlm. 65-70 ISSNO853-358X Vol. 10. No. 2 Nitrogen Vertical Profiles, Nitrate and Nitrite Exchange Rate, and Nitrous Oxide Formation in Colne Estuary Sediment
More informationThe Marine Nitrogen Cycle Experiments
Current Science Editorial Board Meet: 30 th Nov 2015 The Marine Nitrogen Cycle Experiments R. Ramesh Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad Solubility, Biological Pumps & New production Redfield Ratio
More informationDenitrification, Nitrate Reduction, and Oxygen Consumption in Coastal and Estuarine Sediments
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1982, p. 648-653 99-224/82/3648-6$2./ Vol. 43, No. 3 Denitrification, Nitrate Reduction, and Oxygen Consumption in Coastal and Estuarine Sediments TAKASHI NISHIO,
More informationALKOR 346: First IFM-GEOMAR - HYPOX expedition to the Gotland Basin underway.
ALKOR 346: First IFM-GEOMAR - HYPOX expedition to the Gotland Basin underway. From 18. Sept to 6 Oct. R/V ALKOR is working in the eastern Gotland Basin (central Baltic Sea.). The cruise led by R. Olaf
More informationMerian-Expedition MSM 01/01-a February 16 to 22, 2006 Warnemünde Stockholm Chief scientist: Prof. Dr. K. Jürgens
1 Merian-Expedition MSM 01/01-a February 16 to 22, 2006 Warnemünde Stockholm Chief scientist: Prof. Dr. K. Jürgens Preliminary Report Emphasis of this first leg of Maria S. Merian Cruise 001 leg was on
More informationEPSS 15 Introduction to Oceanography Spring The Physical and Chemical Properties of Seawater
EPSS 15 Introduction to Oceanography Spring 2017 The Physical and Chemical Properties of Seawater The focus of the Lab this week is seawater--its composition, physical and chemical properties. Seawater
More informationHypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico in 2010: was the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill a Factor? Nathaniel E. Ostrom
Agricultural Outlook Forum Presented: February 24-25, 2011 U.S. Department of Agriculture Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico in 2010: was the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill a Factor? Nathaniel E. Ostrom
More informationTracers for Redox Environments: GEOTRACES in the Black Sea. James W. Murray School of Oceanography University of Washington
Tracers for Redox Environments: GEOTRACES in the Black Sea James W. Murray School of Oceanography University of Washington 3 Oct 2010 GEOTRACES Themes 1.Fluxes and processes at ocean interfaces oxic/suboxic/anoxic
More informationCarbon Exchanges between the Continental Margins and the Open Ocean
Carbon Exchanges between the Continental Margins and the Open Ocean Outline: 1. Introduction to problem 2. Example of how circulation can export carbon to open ocean 3. Example of how particle transport
More informationThe near-bottom current regime and the role of the benthic. nepheloid layer in transport and accumulation of particulate matter
The near-bottom current regime and the role of the benthic nepheloid layer in transport and accumulation of particulate matter in Puget Sound, Washington Shannon K. Maynor University of Washington School
More informationNitrogen cycling driven by organic matter export in the South Pacific oxygen minimum zone
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1739 Nitrogen cycling driven by organic matter export in the South Pacific oxygen minimum zone Tim Kalvelage, Gaute Lavik, Phyllis Lam, Sergio Contreras, Lionel
More informationDissolved oxygen within Glacier Bay: sources, deep basin values and comparison to other glacial fjords
Dissolved oxygen within Glacier Bay: sources, deep basin values and comparison to other glacial fjords Dan Helman Abstract An examination of the dissolved oxygen values within Glacier Bay, Alaska suggests
More informationThe Arctic Crossroads
The Arctic Crossroads The Influence of the Mendeleev Ridge and the Chukchi Borderland on the Large-scale Circulation of the Arctic Ocean Rebecca Woodgate and Knut Aagaard, University of Washington Jim
More informationTime-series observations in the Northern Indian Ocean V.V.S.S. Sarma National Institute of Oceanography Visakhapatnam, India
The Second GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, 14-16 th April 28 Time-series observations in the Northern Indian Ocean V.V.S.S. Sarma National Institute of Oceanography Visakhapatnam, India Seasonal variations
More informationControl of the diffusive boundary layer on benthic fluxes: a model study
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 292: 6 74, 25 Published May 2 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Control of the diffusive boundary layer on benthic fluxes: a model study B. A. Kelly-Gerreyn*, D. J. Hydes, J. J. Waniek
More informationNutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption
Nutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 8 and 9 Why is organic matter such a good electron donor? Every (other) breath you take is a
More informationNutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption
Nutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 8 and 9 Formation and respiration of organic matter DINutrients POM Primary Producers Autotrophs
More informationPhysiography Ocean Provinces p. 1 Dimensions p. 1 Physiographic Provinces p. 2 Continental Margin Province p. 2 Deep-Ocean Basin Province p.
Physiography Ocean Provinces p. 1 Dimensions p. 1 Physiographic Provinces p. 2 Continental Margin Province p. 2 Deep-Ocean Basin Province p. 2 Mid-Ocean Ridge Province p. 3 Benthic and Pelagic Provinces
More informationMorphology of Canal Isabela in the Galapagos Islands
Morphology of Canal Isabela in the Galapagos Islands Allison Cougan University of Washington School of Oceanography Box 357940 Seattle, WA 98195 allcoug@u.washington.edu 206.427.9084 November 23, 2005
More informationTest Booklet. Subject: SC, Grade: HS 2009 End of Course Chemistry. Student name:
Test Booklet Subject: SC, Grade: HS 2009 End of Course Chemistry Student name: Author: Virginia District: Virginia Released Tests Printed: Tuesday April 23, 2013 1 Which of these would be best to measure
More informationLong-term Water Quality Monitoring in Estero Bay
Long-term Water Quality Monitoring in Estero Bay Keith Kibbey Laboratory Director Lee County Environmental Laboratory Division of Natural Resource Management Estero Bay Monitoring Programs Three significant
More informationApplication of the isotope pairing technique in sediments where anammox and denitrification coexist
LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY: METHODS Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods 1, 003, 6373 003, by the American Society of Limnology Oceanography, Inc. Application of the isotope pairing technique in sediments where anammox
More informationChemical Reactions of Copper and Percent Recovery
and Percent Recovery EXPERIMENT 9 Prepared by Edward L. Brown, Lee University To take copper metal through series of chemical reactions that regenerates elemental copper. Students will classify the various
More informationBiogeochemical processes in Curonian lagoon: state of the art
Biogeochemical processes in Curonian lagoon: state of the art Prepared by M. Zilius and A. RazinkovasBaziukas Images: R. Paskauskas, R. Pilkaitytè Introduction Curonian Lagoon one of the largest lagoons
More informationIODP drilling and core storage facilities
4 IODP drilling and core storage facilities Neville Exon As the knowledge obtainable from ocean drilling is various and extensive, its end-users are similarly various and extensive. Scientific ocean drilling
More informationTest Booklet. Subject: SC, Grade: HS CST High School Chemistry Part 2. Student name:
Test Booklet Subject: SC, Grade: HS Student name: Author: California District: California Released Tests Printed: Thursday January 16, 2014 1 Theoretically, when an ideal gas in a closed container cools,
More informationChlorobenzene from Aniline via the Sandmeyer Reaction. August 21, By ParadoxChem126. Introduction
Chlorobenzene from Aniline via the Sandmeyer Reaction August 21, 2014 By ParadoxChem126 Introduction Chlorobenzene is a useful chemical in organic syntheses. It dissolves a wide range of organic compounds,
More informationTerm paper topics, due February 8
Term paper topics, due February 8 ODV mini-projects, due March 13 (10% final grade) Individuals or teams of two Using any available datasets, put together a ~7-10 minute talk to present in class on March
More informationFuture climate impacts on Puget Sound oceanography: the North Pacific and hydrological context
Western Washington University Western CEDAR Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference 2014 Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference (Seattle, Wash.) Apr 30th, 1:30 PM - 3:00 PM Future climate impacts on Puget Sound oceanography:
More informationName: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 and 2 Practice Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. One difference between a mixture and a compound is that.
More information2001 State of the Ocean: Chemical and Biological Oceanographic Conditions in the Newfoundland Region
Stock Status Report G2-2 (2) 1 State of the Ocean: Chemical and Biological Oceanographic Conditions in the Background The Altantic Zone Monitoring Program (AZMP) was implemented in 1998 with the aim of
More informationPCBs IN FRESHWATER AND MARINE SEDIMENTS: TRANSPORT, TRANSFORMATION AND TREATMENT. Organized by. D.A. Dzombak and G.V. Lowry
PCBs IN FRESHWATER AND MARINE SEDIMENTS: TRANSPORT, TRANSFORMATION AND TREATMENT Organized by D.A. Dzombak and G.V. Lowry Symposia Papers Presented Before the Division of Environmental Chemistry American
More informationUse of stable oxygen isotope composition of water as a tracer in coastal waters of Northern Gulf of Mexico
Use of stable oxygen isotope composition of water as a tracer in coastal waters of Northern Gulf of Mexico Presented by: Mrunmayee Pathare Mentor: Dr. Alan Shiller Loca:on: Dept. of Marine Science, University
More informationSW Density = kg/l at 20 o C (Pilson 1998)
Composition of SW To Date We Have Covered: Descriptive Oceanography (Millero chapter 1) Special Properties of H 2 O (Millero chapter 4) Ion-Water & Ion-Ion Interactions (Millero chap 4) Continuing Coverage
More informationHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSIC AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Experiment 4 Name: 15 P HYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSIC AND CHEMICAL CHANGES 13 Al e In this experiment, you will also observe physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical changes.
More informationChemical Oceanography Spring 2000 Final Exam (Use the back of the pages if necessary)(more than one answer may be correct.)
Ocean 421 Your Name Chemical Oceanography Spring 2000 Final Exam (Use the back of the pages if necessary)(more than one answer may be correct.) 1. Due to the water molecule's (H 2 O) great abundance in
More informationDistributions of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity in the Western Arctic Ocean
Article Advances in Polar Science doi:10.3724/sp.j.1085.2011.00246 December 2011 Vol.22 No.4 246 252 Distributions of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity in the Western Arctic Ocean SUN Heng
More informationTrace metal contamination of soils and sediments in the Port Kembla area, New South Wales, Australia
University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year 2009 Trace metal contamination of soils and sediments in the Port Kembla area, New South
More informationEstimating the Mean Temperature and Salinity of the Chesapeake Bay Mouth
Estuaries Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 1 5 February 2002 Estimating the Mean Temperature and Salinity of the Chesapeake Bay Mouth RICARDO A. LOCARNINI,LARRY P. ATKINSON*, and ARNOLDO VALLE-LEVINSON Center for Coastal
More informationThe Physical Context for Thin Layers in the Coastal Ocean
The Physical Context for Thin Layers in the Coastal Ocean David M. Fratantoni Physical Oceanography Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 phone: (508) 289-2908 fax: (508)
More informationNutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption
Nutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 8 and 9 Formation and respiration of organic matter DINutrients POM Primary Producers Autotrophs
More informationNatural U-Th series radio-nuclides reveal important estuarine biogeochemical processes in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, USA
Presentation to the 10th IEBC Meeting Xiamen, CHINA, 21 May 2008 Natural U-Th series radio-nuclides reveal important estuarine biogeochemical processes in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, USA Thomas M.
More informationTerm paper topics, due February 9
Term paper topics, due February 9 ODV mini-projects, due March 14 (10% final grade) Individuals or teams of two Using any available datasets, put together a ~7-10 minute talk to present in class on March
More informationMarine Ecoregions. Marine Ecoregions. Slide 1. Robert G. Bailey. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station
Slide 1 Marine Ecoregions Robert G. Bailey Marine Ecoregions Robert G. Bailey USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station rgbailey@fs.fed.us Draft of 7/20/2006 8:44 PM Abstract: Oceans occupy some
More informationFiscal Year 2017: 3 rd Quarter Status Report. 01 April 30 June, 2017
Fiscal Year 2017: 3 rd Quarter Status Report BARUCH INSTITUTE OF COASTAL ECOLOGY AND FOREST SCIENCE Highway 17 North PO Box 596 Georgetown, SC 29442-0596 P (843) 546-1013 F (843) 546-6296 01 April 30 June,
More informationEarth Planet Water. Earth 71% Formation of Water on Planet. Nearly ¾ of Earth s surface is covered by liquid water More covered by solid water
Earth Planet Water 71% Nearly ¾ of Earth s surface is covered by liquid water More covered by solid water Where is it from? Formation of Water on Planet Earth Combination of volcanic activity and strong
More informationName: Regents Review Quiz #1 2016
Name: Regents Review Quiz #1 2016 1. Which two particle diagrams represent mixtures of diatomic elements? A) A and B B) A and C C) B and C D) B and D 2. At STP, which physical property of aluminum always
More informationLecture 6 - Determinants of Seawater Composition. Sets up electric dipole because O is more electronegative A o. Figure 3.
12.742 - Marine Chemistry Fall 2004 Lecture 6 - Determinants of Seawater Composition Prof. Scott Doney What is seawater? Water Dissolved inorganic salts (major ions) Trace species, organics, colloids,
More informationAPPENDIX B PHYSICAL BASELINE STUDY: NORTHEAST BAFFIN BAY 1
APPENDIX B PHYSICAL BASELINE STUDY: NORTHEAST BAFFIN BAY 1 1 By David B. Fissel, Mar Martínez de Saavedra Álvarez, and Randy C. Kerr, ASL Environmental Sciences Inc. (Feb. 2012) West Greenland Seismic
More informationChemistry DAPTO HIGH SCHOOL Preliminary Course Examination. Total marks 75
DAPTO HIGH SCHOOL Chemistry 2009 Preliminary Course Examination Total marks 75 General Instructions Reading time 5 minutes Working time 2 hours Write using black or blue pen Draw diagrams using pencil
More informationLooking for Nitrogen Fixation and Denitrification in All of the Right Places L.A. Codispoti HPL 27 May 2008
Looking for Nitrogen Fixation and Denitrification in All of the Right Places L.A. Codispoti HPL 27 May 2008 (With thanks to a host of colleagues and the meeting organizers) Nomenclature & Background Canonical
More informationFluorometry Project Chlorophyll Temperature Time Series
Fluorometry Project Ocean Institute + Scripps Institution of Oceanography Chlorophyll Temperature Time Series The California Current Long Term Ecological Research (CCE LTER) Phytoplankton Phytoplankton
More informationChem 2115 Experiment #10. Acids, Bases, Salts, and Buffers
Chem 2115 Experiment #10 Acids, Bases, Salts, and Buffers OBJECTIVE: The goal of this series of experiments is to investigate the characteristics of acidic and basic solutions. We will explore the neutralization
More informationINTRODUCTION TO MATTER: CLASSI F ICATION OF MATTER, PHYSICAL AND C He MICAL PROPERTIES, AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Experiment 3 Name: INTRODUCTION TO MATTER: 9 4 CLASSI F ICATION OF MATTER, PHYSICAL AND C He MICAL e PROPERTIES, AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES In this experiment, you will encounter various classification
More informationSTRATOGEM The Strait of Georgia Ecosystem Project
STRATOGEM The Strait of Georgia Ecosystem Project R. Pawlowicz 1 S. Allen 1, J. Dower 2, R. Lee 1, S. Harris 1, M. Halverson 1, O. Riche 1 and T. Bird 2 1 Deptartment of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University
More informationSodium Chloride - Analytical Standard
Sodium Chloride - Analytical Standard Determination of Total Mercury Former numbering: ECSS/CN 312-1982 & ESPA/CN-E-106-1994 1. SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION The present EuSalt Analytical Standard describes
More informationHow typical are current conditions?
How typical are current conditions? NANOOS provides many sources of information for those wanting to track oceanographic conditions throughout the NE Pacific Ocean to be able to understand if the current
More informationCan Measurement of Nitrate, Oxygen, and Boron isotopes be useful for your nitrate problem? A guideline. Problem. Measures. November 2009.
δ 18 O NO3 NO3 Problem O O N δ 11 B δ 15 N NO3 O Measures Can Measurement of Nitrate, Oxygen, and Boron isotopes be useful for your nitrate problem? November 2009 Content 1 Introduction: ISONITRATE project...
More informationHYDROCHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF BLACK SEA HYDROGEN SULFIDE. Galina Shtereva Institute of Oceanology - BAS
HYDROCHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF BLACK SEA HYDROGEN SULFIDE Galina Shtereva Institute of Oceanology - BAS Hydrological structure The Black Sea is one of the largest enclosed seas in the world Upper Mixed layer
More informationMonthly Report: June 2017
Monthly Report: June 2017 BARUCH INSTITUTE OF COASTAL ECOLOGY AND FOREST SCIENCE Highway 17 North PO Box 596 Georgetown, SC 29442-0596 P (843) 546-1013 F (843) 546-6296 To: William Bailey, Mary Richards,
More informationCoastal Oceanography. Coastal Oceanography. Coastal Waters
Coastal Oceanography Coastal Oceanography 95% of ocean life is in coastal waters (320 km from shore) Estuaries and wetlands are among most productive ecosystems on Earth Major shipping routes, oil and
More informationWhere is all the water?
Where is all the water? The distribution of water at the Earth's surface % of total Oceans 97.25 Ice caps and glaciers 2.05 Groundwater 0.68 Lakes 0.01 Soils 0.005 Atmosphere (as vapour) 0.001 Rivers 0.0001
More informationUNIT 5: ECOLOGY Chapter 15: The Biosphere
CORNELL NOTES Directions: You must create a minimum of 5 questions in this column per page (average). Use these to study your notes and prepare for tests and quizzes. Notes will be stamped after each assigned
More informationThe Blob, El Niño, and the Drought in Puget Sound
The Blob, El Niño, and the Drought in Puget Sound Christopher Krembs, Marine Monitoring Unit, EAP, Ecology The Drought The Blob El Niño Warmest first four months since 1981, (Source: NASA's Goddard Institute
More informationCO2 in atmosphere is influenced by pco2 of surface water (partial pressure of water is the CO2 (gas) that would be in equilibrium with water).
EART 254, Lecture on April 6 & 11, 2011 Introduction (skipped most of this) Will look at C and N (maybe) cycles with respect to how they influence CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Ocean chemistry controls
More informationSeawater Chemistry and Chemical Oceanography. The Universal Solvent. Sphere of Hydration
Seawater Chemistry and Chemical Oceanography The Universal Solvent Polarity of molecule makes water very effective at hydrating even weakly charged ions Sphere of Hydration Polarity of water molecules
More informationWhat can we learn about the cycling of matter from the International Space Station? How does this compare to the cycling of matter on Earth?
reflect Think about the astronauts living aboard the International Space Station. Like us, they need to breathe, eat, sleep, and use the bathroom. Yet, they are confi ned to a small spacecraft miles above
More informationUsing Sediment Geochemical Indicators to Understand Nutrient Loading and Salinity changes in Siders Pond
Using Sediment Geochemical Indicators to Understand Nutrient Loading and Salinity changes in Siders Pond Researcher: Pete Puleo, Northwestern University Faculty Mentor: Anne Giblin, MBL Collaborator: Will
More informationVariations in chemical and phase speciation of phosphorus during estuarine mixing in the Bay of Saint Louis. Laodong Guo and Peng Lin
Variations in chemical and phase speciation of phosphorus during estuarine mixing in the Bay of Saint Louis Laodong Guo and Peng Lin Department of Marine Science University of Southern Mississippi Acknowledgements
More informationHomework 5: Background Ocean Water Properties & Stratification
14 August 2008 MAR 110 HW5: Ocean Properties 1 Homework 5: Background Ocean Water Properties & Stratification The ocean is a heterogeneous mixture of water types - each with its own temperature, salinity,
More informationFSU s GCOOS Tower Observations
FSU s GCOOS Tower Observations Shawn R. Smith, Kevin Speer, Jeremy Rolph, Eric Howarth, Catherine Hancock, Justin Lewis, Kelly Hirai, Yaoliang He, and Nick Cormier GCOOS-RA Meeting 25 September 2013, Huntsville,
More informationFlushing Out the Moles in Lab: The Reaction of Calcium Chloride with Carbonate Salts
Flushing Out the Moles in Lab: The Reaction of Calcium Chloride with Carbonate Salts Pre-lab Assignment: Reading: 1. Chapter sections 3.3, 3.4, 3.7 and 4.2 in your course text. 2. This lab handout. Questions:
More informationStandard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
4500-NO 2 NITROGEN (NITRITE)*#(1) 4500-NO 2 A. Introduction 1. Occurrence and Significance For a discussion of the chemical characteristics, sources, and effects of nitrite nitrogen, see Section 4500-N.
More informationPURE SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES. Substance = form of a matter consisting of a great number of elementary particles: atoms, ions and...
PURE SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES Substance = form of a matter consisting of a great number of elementary particles: atoms, ions and... Substances differ in the kind of the particles they consist of. The type
More informationLesson 2. Antarctic Oceanography: Component I - Ice/Glaciers Component II - Marine Snow
Lesson 2. Antarctic Oceanography: Component I - Ice/Glaciers Component II - Marine Snow Lesson Objectives: Introduces students to the different kinds of ice found in Antarctica, Students will become familiar
More informationStudy of the Production Processes of Marine Biogenic Methane and Carbonyl Sulfide Using Stable Isotope Analysis
Western Pacific Air-Sea Interaction Study, Eds. M. Uematsu, Y. Yokouchi, Y. W. Watanabe, S. Takeda, and Y. Yamanaka, pp. 117 121. by TERRAPUB 2014. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a02.002 Study of the Production Processes
More informationPart II. Cu(OH)2(s) CuO(s)
The Copper Cycle Introduction In this experiment, you will carry out a series of reactions starting with copper metal. This will give you practice handling chemical reagents and making observations. It
More informationStable Isotope Tracers
Stable Isotope Tracers OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 5 March 2015 Reading: Emerson and Hedges, Chapter 5, p.134-153 (c) 2015 David Ho and Frank Sansone Outline Stable Isotopes - Introduction & Notation
More informationBracken County Schools Curriculum Guide Science
Grade 5 Unit 1: Science Processes: Scientific Method Suggested Length: 2 wks. and Core Content Key Terms and 1. Describe the steps of the Scientific Method? 2. Explain how the Scientific Method is used
More informationName Class Date. As you read Lesson 17.1, use the cause and effect chart below. Complete the chart with the terms system and surroundings.
Name Class Date Thermochemistry 17.1 The Flow of Energy As you read Lesson 17.1, use the cause and effect chart below. Complete the chart with the terms system and surroundings. Process Cause Effect endothermic
More informationClimate Variability Studies in the Ocean
Climate Variability Studies in the Ocean Topic 1. Long-term variations of vertical profiles of nutrients in the western North Pacific Topic 2. Biogeochemical processes related to ocean carbon cycling:
More informationExperimental techniques
Experimental techniques 2.1 Measurement Apparatus used in the lab: Name Use Picture Beaker Used to hold liquids Burette Used to add accurate volumes of liquid Conical Flask Used to hold liquids Crystallizing
More informationModelling Denitrification
Modelling Denitrification Tom Anderson, Mike Fasham National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK Vladimir Ryabchenko, Viktor Gorchakov P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, St Petersburg, Russia Questions:
More informationLab #5 - Limiting Reagent
Objective Chesapeake Campus Chemistry 111 Laboratory Lab #5 - Limiting Reagent Use stoichiometry to determine the limiting reactant. Calculate the theoretical yield. Calculate the percent yield of a reaction.
More informationBackground Field program information Examples of measurements Wind validation for synthetic modeling effort
Background Field program information Examples of measurements Wind validation for synthetic modeling effort How do complex fine-scale structure and processes in coastal waters dominated by pulsed-river
More informationDeepwater Horizon Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill NSF Rapid Response Research
Deepwater Horizon Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill NSF Rapid Response Research Presentation to the Ocean Leadership 2011 Public Policy Forum Consortium for Ocean Leadership Dr. David Conover National Science Foundation
More information13. INTERSTITIAL WATER CHEMISTRY: DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT, LEG 7 1,2
13. INTERSTITIAL WATER CHEMISTRY: DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT, LEG 7 1,2 B. J. Presley 3 and I. R. Kaplan, Department of Geology and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California,
More informationColorado High School Physical Science Standards Foundations of Physical Science, 3rd Edition
11/13/2014 Page 1 of 34 PS.1.A Physical Science 81 vectors and velocity 22 find speed of car Newton s laws of motion and gravitation describe the relationships among forces acting on and between objects,
More informationPRINCIPLE OF OCEANOGRAPHY PBBT101 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION OF OCEANIC ENVIRONMENT. PART-A (2 Marks)
PRINCIPLE OF OCEANOGRAPHY PBBT101 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION OF OCEANIC ENVIRONMENT 1. Define marine ecosystem. 2. What is geography? 3. Give two Oceanic zones 4. What is sea? 5. Define oceanography? 6. Enlist
More informationS= 95.02% S= 4.21% 35. S=radioactive 36 S=0.02% S= 0.75% 34 VI V IV III II I 0 -I -II SO 4 S 2 O 6 H 2 SO 3 HS 2 O 4- S 2 O 3
SULFUR ISOTOPES 32 S= 95.02% 33 S= 0.75% 34 S= 4.21% 35 S=radioactive 36 S=0.02% S-H S-C S=C S-O S=O S-F S-Cl S-S VI V IV III II I 0 -I -II SO 4 2- S 2 O 6 2- H 2 SO 3 HS 2 O 4- S 2 O 3 2- S 2 F 2 S H
More informationNitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in restored riverine floodplains in intensively managed watersheds
Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in restored riverine floodplains in intensively managed watersheds Sara McMillan 1, Alex Johnson 1, Celena Alford 1, Greg Noe 2, Venkatesh Merwade 1, Sayan Dey, 1 Siddharth
More informationMODELLING THE IMPACT OF FINFISH AQUACULTURE ON SEDIMENT BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
EU FP6 ECASA project www.ecasa.org.uk MODELLING THE IMPACT OF FINFISH AQUACULTURE ON SEDIMENT BIOGEOCHEMISTRY Daniele Brigolin, University of Venice Chris Cromey, T.D. Nickell SAMS, Oban, Scotland (UK)
More informationFactors impacting the formation & modification of sinking oil snow : Processes and Pathways
Factors impacting the formation & modification of sinking oil snow : Processes and Pathways K.L. Daly 1, U. Passow 2, C. Hu 1, N. Prouty 3, F. Mienis 4,A. Remsen 1, K. Kramer 1, and S. Murasko 5 1 University
More informationLesson: Primary Production
Lesson: Primary Production By Keith Meldahl Corresponding to Chapter 14: Primary Producers Microscopic phytoplankton -- tiny single-celled plants that float at the ocean s surface, are the ultimate food
More informationMarine Heat Flow Measurements Information Brochure
Marine Heat Flow Measurements Information Brochure 5 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 5 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 5 22 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Time (s) What is the use of heat flow measurements?
More informationQAM-I-116 Preparation of Labware
1. Applicability and Purpose i. This procedure applies to all labware (glassware and plasticware) used for analysis in the laboratory, and sampling bottles and equipment used in field sample operations.
More informationProperties of Water. Polar molecule Cohesion and adhesion High specific heat Density greatest at 4 o C Universal solvent of life
Properties of Water Polar molecule Cohesion and adhesion High specific heat Density greatest at 4 o C Universal solvent of life Polarity of Water In a water molecule two hydrogen atoms form single polar
More informationDetermination of Orthophosphate Ion
Determination of Orthophosphate Ion Introduction Phosphorous, in the form of phosphate, is one of several important elements in the growth of plants. Excessive algae growth in water is stimulated by the
More informationNitrogen, ammonia, colorimetry, salicylate-hypochlorite, automated-segmented flow
1. Application Nitrogen, ammonia, colorimetry, salicylate-hypochlorite, automated-segmented flow Parameters and Codes: Nitrogen, ammonia, dissolved, I-2522-90 (mg/l as N): 00608 Nitrogen, ammonia, total-in-bottom-material,
More informationPLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST! THANK YOU!!
AP Chemistry Test (Chapter 1) Cross Country Name Please Use the Answer Sheet PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST! THANK YOU!! Multiple Choice (60%) 1) A balloon is filled with air and then tied off (sealed).
More information