A. One component system (c = 1)
|
|
|
- Aubrey Gibson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A. One component system (c = 1) Example: SiO 2 system. Since all phases in this system have the same composition, there are no compositional variables to consider. Phase equilibria can be shown completely on a pressure (P) versus temperature (T) diagram. Some other one component systems of interest to petrologists are: Al 2 SiO 5 system [andalusite-kyanite-sillimanite] CaCO 3 system [calcite I-calcite II-aragonite] MgSiO 3 system [orthoenstatite-clinoenstatite-protoenstatite] Alkali feldspars: KAlSi 3 O 8 system [sanidine-orthoclase-microcline] The slope of the univariant lines in a P-T diagram is given by the Clapeyron Equation: where V is the volume change of the reaction and S is the entropy change The low quartz (α) to high quartz (β) is a nonquenchable (displacive) transition. The others are all reconstructive transitions. In stishovite Si is in octahedral (VI) coordination Figure based on Winter (2001-Fig 1.2) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall
2 Stability fields for Al 2 SiO 5 polymorphs Insets show the change in entropy (S) as a function of T along isobaric path 1 and the change in volume (V) along isothermal path 2 (note discontinuities In S and V) Path 2 P (kbars) S T K S V 3 2 Path 1 A P T (deg C)
3 B. Two component systems (binary systems): common types [1] eutectic system, e.g., Diopside (Di)--Anorthite (An) in which there is little or no solid solution between the end member mineral components [2] peritectic system (with intermediate compound), e.g., Forsterite (Fo)--Silica (SiO 2 ), in which the intermediate compound Enstatite (En) melts incongruently [3] Double eutectic system, e.g. Nepheline (Ne)--Silica (SiO 2 ) in which the intermediate compound (Ab) melts congruently. [4] system showing complete miscibility in both liquid and solid phases, e.g., Forsterite (Fo) Fayalite (Fa) and Albite (Ab) Anorthite (An) [5] system with solvus, e.g., Albite (Ab) Orthoclase (Or): Enstatite (En) Diopside (Di). Such systems exhibit variable solid solution between the end member minerals. [6] System with H 2 O as a component, e.g., Albite (Ab) H 2 O, Quartz H 2 O In the first five cases, it is convenient at first to express the equilibria at constant pressure; the phase diagram is referred to as a (TX) P section. In the case where one variable is held constant, the phase rule becomes: f = c - p + 1. Compositional variations are expressed as weight % although we could have expressed the composition in mole %, or in oxygen units.
4 Diopside (CaMgSi 2 O 6 )-anorthite (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ) system (c = 2) P = 1 atm b a solidus 1. Discuss: Cooling of bulk compositions a starting at 1450ºC, comp b starting at 1600ºC 2. Discuss: Melting of compositions a and b starting at a temperature below the solidus Concepts: Invariant, univariant and divariant assemblages Equilibrium crystallization and fractional crystallization Equilibrium melting and fractional melting ever Rule, tie lines Effect of pressure, effect of addition of water to system Figure from Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.
5 Examples of crystallization of pyroxene and plagioclase pyroxene Plag In this photomicrograph of a Mount Baker andesite, we would interpret the texture as indicating that plagioclase crystallized at the same time as augite both are euhedral. The texture is porphyritic. In this photomicrograph of a troctolite from the Stillwater Complex, we would interpret the texture as indicating that olivine crystallized before plagioclase. Cumulate texture.
6 Diopside (CaMgSi 2 O 6 )-anorthite (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ) system (c = 2): effect of P Eutectic composition P (Gpa) An % Note: The effect of increasing pressure is (1) increase the liquidus and solidus T, particularly for Diopside; (2) Change the composition of the eutectic.
7 Diopside (CaMgSi 2 O 6 )-anorthite (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ) system (c = 2): effect of H 2 O P = P H2O (Gpa) Di + V Di An + V An T(ºC) Note: Effect of H 2 O is to: T(ºC) 1. ower melting T dramatically 2. Effect of H 2 O is much more pronounced in An than in Di, i.e, more polymerized melts show stronger effect. 3. Dramatic shift in composition of the eutectic with H 2 O saturated conditions. 4. Reduced stability of plagioclase with increasing f H2O
8 Binary systems (c = 2) showing complete miscibility in liquid and solid phases Albite (Ab) Anorthite (An) Forsterite (Fo) Fayalite (Fa) P = 1 atm P = 1 atm Variables: T, P X An X Ab xal X Ab xal X An Phase Rule: f = c p + 1 = 3 - p Above liquidus: f =?, Below solidus, f =? Between liquidus and solidus, f =? T, P X Fa xal X Fa X Fo xal X Fo Phase Rule: f = c p + 1 = 3 - p Above liquidus: f =?, Below solidus, f =? Between liquidus and solidus, f =?
9 Equilibrium crystallization/melting of composition An ºC: a=liq, p=1, f =2 1480ºC: liq=b: xals=c, p=2, f=1 1450ºC: liq=d: xals=c: p=2, f=1 ever Rule: d e f iq iq = Xals ef de Tie lines, e.g., b-c, d-f, g-h: Xals 1340ºC: liq=g: xals=h: p=2, f=1 <1340ºC: xals=i (An 60 ), p=1, f=2 Figures from Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.
1 - C Systems. The system H 2 O. Heat an ice at 1 atm from-5 to 120 o C. Heat vs. Temperature
1 - C Systems The system H 2 O Heat an ice at 1 atm from-5 to 120 o C Heat vs. Temperature Fig. 6.7. After Bridgman (1911) Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 5, 441-513; (1936) J. Chem. Phys., 3, 597-605;
TWO COMPONENT (BINARY) PHASE DIAGRAMS. Experimental Determination of 2-Component Phase Diagrams
Page 1 of 12 EENS 211 Earth Materials Tulane University Prof. Stephen A. Nelson TWO COMPONENT (BINARY) PHASE DIAGRAMS This document last updated on 08-Oct-2003 Experimental Determination of 2-Component
Environments of Mineral Formation. Stability Diagrams
Environments of Mineral Formation Unary, Binary, and Ternary Mineral Stability Diagrams Minerals of differing composition (or polymorphs of the same mineral) that coexist at a set of pressure (P) temperature
C = 3: Ternary Systems: Example 1: Ternary Eutectic
Phase Equilibrium C = 3: Ternary Systems: Example 1: Ternary Eutectic Adding components, becomes increasingly difficult to depict 1-C: P - T diagrams easy 2-C: isobaric T-X, isothermal P-X 3-C:?? Still
Interpreting Phase Diagrams
Interpreting Phase Diagrams Understanding chemical reactions requires that we know something about how materials behave as the temperature and pressure change. For a single component (like quartz or ice)
2-C Eutectic Systems
Phase Equilibrium 2-C Eutectic Systems Example: Diopside - Anorthite No solid solution * For system at this T, X, phase(s) plot where? Fig. 6.11. Isobaric T-X phase diagram at atmospheric pressure. After
Chapter 6: The Phase Rule and One and Two-Component Systems aka Phase Equilibria
Chapter 6: The Phase Rule and One and Two-Component Systems aka Phase Equilibria Makaopuhi Lava Lake Magma samples recovered from various depths beneath solid crust From Wright and Okamura, (1977) USGS
Feldspars. Structure. The feldspars are by far the most abundant group of minerals and are found in igneous, metamorphic and many sedimentary rocks.
Feldspars The feldspars are by far the most abundant group of minerals and are found in igneous, metamorphic and many sedimentary rocks. Structure Felsdpars are framework silicates where each silica tetrahedra
Phase Equilibrium. Phase Rule. Phase Diagram
Phase Equilibrium Phase Rule Phase Diagram Makaopuhi Lava Lake Magma samples recovered from various depths beneath solid crust From Wright and Okamura, (1977) USGS Prof. Paper, 1004. Makaopuhi Lava Lake
Introductory Statement:
The use of visualization and sketches of thin sections to encourage a better understanding of phase diagrams: Binary and ternary phase diagram exercises Jennifer M. Wenner Drew S. Coleman Introductory
Common non-silicate planetary minerals
Common non-silicate planetary minerals Many of the non-silicate minerals are simple oxides. Corundum Al2O3 Al2+3 O3-2 Rutile Ti2O3 Ti2+3 O3-2 Ilmenite FeTiO3 Fe+3Ti+3O3-2 Hematite Fe2O3 Fe2+3 O3-2 Families
Metamorphic Petrology GLY 262 Lecture 3: An introduction to metamorphism (II)
Metamorphic Petrology GLY 262 Lecture 3: An introduction to metamorphism (II) Metamorphic processes Metamorphism is very complex and involves a large number of chemical and physical processes occurring
Exam I. 1. (10 points) Give the following optical properties for the minerals listed below.
GLY306 Petrology Exam I 1. (10 points) Give the following optical properties for the minerals listed below. Color/pleochroism Extinction angle Cleavage angle Twining Refractive index Hornblende Plagioclase
DIFFERENTIATION OF MAGMAS BY FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION THE M&M MAGMA CHAMBER
Geol 2312 Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Spring 2009 Name DIFFERENTIATION OF MAGMAS BY FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION THE M&M MAGMA CHAMBER Objective: This exercise is intended to improve understanding
Phase transitions and exsolution phenomena in pyroxenes
Phase transitions and exsolution phenomena in pyroxenes Cleavage in the pyroxenes 001 100 010 110 110 Optical micrograph showing two cleavages at 90 o Exsolution lamellae in pyroxenes Because exsolution
Silicates. The most common group of minerals forming the silicate Earth
Silicates The most common group of minerals forming the silicate Earth 25% of all minerals (~1000) 40% of rock forming minerals 90% of earth s crust i.e those minerals you are likely to find ~100 of earth
Pyroxenes (Mg, Fe 2+ ) 2 Si 2 O 6 (monoclinic) and. MgSiO 3 FeSiO 3 (orthorhombic) Structure (Figure 2 of handout)
Pyroxenes (Mg, Fe 2+ ) 2 Si 2 O 6 (monoclinic) and 20 MgSiO 3 FeSiO 3 (orthorhombic) Structure (Figure 2 of handout) Chain silicate eg Diopside Mg and Fe ions link SiO 3 chains The chain runs up and down
Problem set: Constructing metamorphic phase diagrams using phase equilibria and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation
Problem set: Constructing metamorphic phase diagrams using phase equilibria and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation Mark Brandriss, Smith College Mineral assemblages preserved in metamorphic rocks record information
Partial melting of mantle peridotite
Partial melting of mantle peridotite 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 (TºC) Depth (km) 50 100 150 Plag lherzolite (ol-opx-cpx-pl) Spinel lherzolite (Ol-opx-cpx-sp) Garnet lherzolite (Ol-opx-cpx-gar) Graphite Diamond
The Gibbs Phase Rule F = 2 + C - P
The Gibbs Phase Rule The phase rule allows one to determine the number of degrees of freedom (F) or variance of a chemical system. This is useful for interpreting phase diagrams. F = 2 + C - P Where F
CHAPTER 5: CRYSTAL DEFECTS AND TWINNING. Sarah Lambart
CHAPTER 5: CRYSTAL DEFECTS AND TWINNING Sarah Lambart RECAP CHAP. 4 Hermann-Mauguin symbols 32 crystal classes Miller indices Crystal forms RECAP CHAP. 4 Crystal System Crystal Class Symmetry Name of Class
Mineral Stability and Phase Diagrams Introduction
1 of 10 10/10/2002 2:50 PM Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Geology 211 Tulane University Mineralogy and Phase Diagrams Introduction This document last updated on 10-Oct-2002 As we discussed previously, there are
GEOL 2312 Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Spring 2016 Score / 58. Midterm 1 Chapters 1-10
GEOL 2312 Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Name KEY Spring 2016 Score / 58 Midterm 1 Chapters 1-10 1) Name two things that petrologists want to know about magmas (1 pt) Formation, source, composition,
Metamorphic Petrology GLY 262 Petrogenetic grids and Schreinemakers
Metamorphic Petrology GLY 262 Petrogenetic grids and Schreinemakers Petrogenetic grids P-T grids or petrogenetic grids illustrate the positions AND intersections of ALL the possible equilibria (reactions)
12 Chemistry (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 Olivine is forms what is called an isomorphous solid solution series that ranges between two end members: Forsterite Mg
11 Olivine Structure Olivine is a common green or brown rock forming minerals which consists of a solid-solution series between Forsterite (Fo) and Fayalite (Fa). It is an orthorhombic orthosilicate with
Geology 212 Petrology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson. Thermodynamics and Metamorphism. Equilibrium and Thermodynamics
Geology 212 Petrology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson This document last updated on 02-Apr-2002 Thermodynamics and Metamorphism Equilibrium and Thermodynamics Although the stability relationships between various
T-X Diagrams C:\Courses\320\fall2007\in class\5000-t-x Exercise.wpd; September 25, 2003 (11:45am)
1 T-X Diagrams C:\Courses\320\fall2007\in class\5000-t-x Exercise.wpd; September 25, 2003 (11:45am) T-X diagrams are most often used for describing metamorphism of carbonate-rich rocks (marbles or marls)
UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. College of Science and Engineering School of GeoSciences. Earth Materials UO4824 DEGREE EXAMINATION (MOCK) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH College of Science and Engineering School of GeoSciences Earth Materials UO4824 DEGREE EXAMINATION (MOCK) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Chairman: External Examiners:
Teaching With Projections in the Geosciences David W. Mogk Dept. of Earth Sciences Montana State University
Teaching With Projections in the Geosciences David W. Mogk Dept. of Earth Sciences Montana State University Geoscientists are trained to represent multi-component datasets by projecting onto relatively
A Rock is a solid aggregate of minerals.
Quartz A Rock is a solid aggregate of minerals. Orthoclase Feldspar Plagioclase Feldspar Biotite Four different minerals are obvious in this piece of Granite. The average automobile contains: Minerals
Triangular Diagrams. 1. On the diagram above, plot the following (mostly mineral) compositions: silicon quartz corundum kyanite
Triangular Diagrams Note: For this exercise, everything is plotted using mole%. Sometimes it is done with wt% but that just adds unnecessary complications. 1. On the diagram above, plot the following (mostly
Topic 5 : Crystal chemistry
GEOL360 LECTURE NOTES: T5 : CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY 1/15 GEOL360 Topic 5 : Crystal chemistry 5.1 Introduction what is a crystal? A crystal is a homogeneous, solid body of a chemical element, compound, or isomorphous
Hirsch - Binary phase diagrams problems KEY
Hirsch - Binary phase diagrams problems KEY Name Question 1. 1A. Using the phase rule, determine the degrees of freedom: a. at point e F = 2-3 + 1 = 0 b. within the field A + B F = 2-2 + 1 = 1 c. within
Phase Equilibria C:\a-StudioClassroom\minex20.doc; July 7, 2005
1 Phase Equilibria C:\a-StudioClassroom\minex20.doc; July 7, 2005 S/mole V/mole E/mole J/mol-K cc/mol J/mol grossular 255.5 125.3-6656700 quartz 41.46 22.688-910700 anorthite 199.3 100.79-4243040 wollastonite
2.2 Acid mine drainage
PROBLEM SOLVING 2. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUILIBRIA 1 2.2 Acid mine drainage Problem 2.2 The weathering of iron sulphide minerals produces acidified water, leading to major environmental problems from
Differentiation of Magmas By Fractional Crystallization
Wirth Magmatic Differentiation Using M&M s 1 HANDOUT Differentiation of Magmas By Fractional Crystallization Objective The objective of this exercise is to gain first-hand knowledge of the process of magmatic
CHAPTER 4. Crystal Structure
CHAPTER 4 Crystal Structure We can assume minerals to be made of orderly packing of atoms or rather ions or molecules. Many mineral properties like symmetry, density etc are dependent on how the atoms
Classification of Igneous Rocks
Classification of Igneous Rocks Textures: Glassy- no crystals formed Aphanitic- crystals too small to see by eye Phaneritic- can see the constituent minerals Fine grained- < 1 mm diameter Medium grained-
GY303 Igneous & Metamorphic Petrology. Lecture 7: Magma Sources and Tectonic Environments
GY303 Igneous & Metamorphic Petrology Lecture 7: Magma Sources and Tectonic Environments Factors controlling Magma production Source rock composition Amount of fluids, especially H 2 O Pressure (Depth)
How 2 nd half labs will work
How 2 nd half labs will work Continue to use your mineral identification skills Learn to describe, classify, interpret rock hand samples: Igneous sedimentary metamorphic volcanic plutonic (1 week) (1 wk)
Metamorphic Petrology GLY 262 Metamorphic reactions and isograds
Metamorphic Petrology GLY 262 Metamorphic reactions and isograds What do we mean by reaction? Reaction: change in the nature or types of phases in a system=> formation of new mineral(s) ) which are stable
Florida Atlantic University PETROLOGY -- MIDTERM ONE KEY
GLY4310 Name 60 points February 7, 2011 14 took exam - Numbers to the left of the question number in red are the number of incorrect responses. Instructor comments are in blue. Florida Atlantic University
GLY 155 Introduction to Physical Geology, W. Altermann
Earth Materials Systematic subdivision of magmatic rocks Subdivision of magmatic rocks according to their mineral components: Content of quartz SiO 2 ( free quartz presence) Quartz with conchoidal breakage
GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy Lecture 26: Class VIII-Silicates Tektosilicates part 2: Feldspars Last Time Class VIII Minerals (Tektosilicates) 1. Quartz Group Tektosilicate
Chapter 9: Trace Elements
Lecture 13 Introduction to Trace Elements Wednesday, March 9, 2005 Chapter 9: Trace Elements Note magnitude of major element changes Figure 8-2. Harker variation diagram for 310 analyzed volcanic rocks
Thermodynamics and Phase Transitions in Minerals
Studiengang Geowissenschaften M.Sc. Wintersemester 2004/05 Thermodynamics and Phase Transitions in Minerals Victor Vinograd & Andrew Putnis Basic thermodynamic concepts One of the central themes in Mineralogy
CHAPTER 9: INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS. Sarah Lambart
CHAPTER 9: INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS Sarah Lambart RECAP CHAP. 8: SILICATE MINERALOGY Orthosilicate: islands olivine: solid solution, ie physical properties vary between 2 endmembers: Forsterite (Mg
Chapter 9: Trace Elements
Chapter 9: Trace Elements Note magnitude of major element changes Figure 8.2. Harker variation diagram for 310 analyzed volcanic rocks from Crater Lake (Mt. Mazama), Oregon Cascades. Data compiled by Rick
amphibole PART 3 Pyroxene: augite CHAIN SILICATES
amphibole PART 3 Pyroxene: augite CHAIN SILICATES CHAIN SILICATES = INOSILICATES inos = chains Basic structural group: Si 2 O 6 (each tetrahedra shared two corners) Simple or double chains linked by cations
Earth Materials II Review Optical Mineralogy and Igneous Minerals
Earth Materials II Review Optical Mineralogy and Igneous Minerals Refractive Index and Angle of Refraction Refractive Index(R. I. ) = velocity of light in a vacuum velocity of light in a medium The refractive
Lecture 6. Physical Properties. Solid Phase. Particle Composition
Lecture 6 Physical Properties Solid Phase Particle Composition 1 Questions What are tetrahedrons and octahedrons? How do silica tetrahedra bonds affect mineral weathering? Difference between primary and
Lecture 8: Igneous Petrogenesis. Igneous rock classification Phase relations Mantle melting Trace element geochemistry
Lecture 8: Igneous Petrogenesis Igneous rock classification Phase relations Mantle melting Trace element geochemistry >70% of Earth s annual volcanic budget is erupted in the oceans. Igneous Rock Classification:
LAB 6: COMMON MINERALS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS
GEOLOGY 17.01: Mineralogy LAB 6: COMMON MINERALS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS Part 2: Minerals in Gabbroic Rocks Learning Objectives: Students will be able to identify the most common silicate minerals in gabbroic
Reactions take place in a direction that lowers Gibbs free energy
Metamorphic Rocks Reminder notes: Metamorphism Metasomatism Regional metamorphism Contact metamorphism Protolith Prograde Retrograde Fluids dewatering and decarbonation volatile flux Chemical change vs
Ultramafic rocks. Types of Ultramafic Rocks. Spinel lherzolite xenolith
Ultramafic rocks Definition: Color Index > 90, i.e., less than 10% felsic minerals. Not to be confused with Ultrabasic Rocks which are rocks with
Geos 306, Mineralogy Final Exam, Dec 12, pts
Name: Geos 306, Mineralogy Final Exam, Dec 12, 2014 200 pts 1. (9 pts) What are the 4 most abundant elements found in the Earth and what are their atomic abundances? Create a reasonable hypothetical charge-balanced
Melting Behavior of Simplified Lherzolite in the System CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -Na 2 O from 7 to 35 kbar
Melting Behavior of Simplified Lherzolite in the System --Al 2 O 3 - -Na 2 O from 7 to 35 kbar by MICHAEL J. WALTER* AND DEAN C. PRESNALL Center for Lithospheric Studies, University of Texas at Dallas,
GEOLOGY 285: INTRO. PETROLOGY
Dr. Helen Lang Dept. of Geology & Geography West Virginia University SPRING 2016 GEOLOGY 285: INTRO. PETROLOGY Metamorphic Mineralogy depends on Temperature, Pressure and Rock Composition but Metamorphic
Questions on the characteristics and generation of subduction-related andesitic magmas at convergent margins (not covered on Midterm exam)
Study Guide for GEOL 285 - Petrology Final Exam Fall 2005 The exam will be held at 8-10 am, Wednesday, Dec. 14, 2005 in Room 310, White Hall will be available to answer questions on Monday, Dec. 12, and
Net-transfer reactions may be terminal reactions or tie-line flip reactions (discussed below).
1 Reaction Types & Curves Handout Dexter Perkins, Dept. of Geology, University of North Dakota.. (Based heavily on material provided by Dave Hirsch, Western Washington University) Reactions among solid
ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGIC MATERIALS USING RIETVELD QUANTIATIVE X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Copyright JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data 2003, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 46. 204 ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGIC MATERIALS USING RIETVELD QUANTIATIVE X-RAY DIFFRACTION Robin M. Gonzalez,
Lecture 3: Earth Materials and their Properties I: Minerals. Introduction to the Earth System EAS 2200
Lecture 3: Earth Materials and their Properties I: Minerals Introduction to the Earth System EAS 2200 Earth Materials Plan of the Why it matters Nature of the Earth/Composition The Solid Earth Mineral
Earth and Planetary Materials
Earth and Planetary Materials Spring 2013 Lecture 4 2013.01.16 Example Beryl Be 3 Al 2 (SiO 3 ) 6 Goshenite Aquamarine Emerald Heliodor Red beryl Morganite pure Fe 2+ & Fe 3+ Cr 3+ Fe 3+ Mn 3+ Mn 2+ Rules
Name Petrology Spring 2006 Igneous rocks lab Part II Hand samples of igneous rocks Due Tuesday 3/7
Igneous rocks lab Part II Hand samples of igneous rocks Due Tuesday 3/7 1. Use the color index and density of the rock to establish whether it is felsic, intermediate, mafic, or ultramafic. 2. Determine
Topic 5 : Crystal chemistry
GEOL360 LECTURE NOTES: T5 : CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY 1/16 GEOL360 Topic 5 : Crystal chemistry (read p. 239-275; 280-290) 5.1 Introduction what is a crystal? Lecture #1 A crystal is a homogeneous, solid body of
TCNJ Physics 120 Introduction to Geology
TCNJ Physics 120 Introduction to Geology Laboratory Manual Professor Gregory C. Herman hermang@tcnj.edu Sources notes within GCH 2018-01 1 GCH 2016-17 2 TCNJ Physics 120 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Metamorphic Petrology GLY 262 P-T and T-X phase diagrams
Metamorphic Petrology GLY 262 P-T and T-X phase diagrams How do we estimate P-T conditions? Inverse modelling: (1) Look at our rock, identify the mineral assemblage and determine the compositions of the
Shortcuts to mineral formulae
Silicates JD Price Silicate Structure Silicate Structure (SiO2) Shortcuts to mineral formulae W cations with 8- (Ca 2+, Fe 2+, Mn 2+, Na + ) to 12-fold coordination (K +, Ba 2+ ) X divalent cations in
WORKING WITH ELECTRON MICROPROBE DATA FROM A HIGH PRESSURE EXPERIMENT CALCULATING MINERAL FORMULAS, UNIT CELL CONTENT, AND GEOTHERMOMETRY
WORKING WITH ELECTRON MICROPROBE DATA FROM A HIGH PRESSURE EXPERIMENT CALCULATING MINERAL FORMULAS, UNIT CELL CONTENT, AND GEOTHERMOMETRY Brandon E. Schwab Department of Geology Humboldt State University
GG250 Lab 8 Simultaneous Linear Equations
GG250 Lab 8 Simultaneous Linear Equations This lab will have you set up and solve simultaneous linear equations (and then check your answers!). The main effort is in setting up the equations rather than
Hydration of Olivine and. Earth s Deep Water Cycle
Hydration of Olivine and Earth s Deep Water Cycle IASPEI October 5, 2005 Olivine Hydration and Earth s Deep Water Cycle J. R. Smyth, (University of Colorado) Dan Frost and Fabrizio Nestola (Bayerisches
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
GSA Data Repository 080 Schorn et al., 08, Thermal buffering in the orogenic crust: Geology, https://doi.org/0.30/g4046.. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 3 PHASE DIAGRAM MODELING 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3 4 Phase diagrams
EPSC 233. Compositional variation in minerals. Recommended reading: PERKINS, p. 286, 41 (Box 2-4).
EPSC 233 Compositional variation in minerals Recommended reading: PERKINS, p. 286, 41 (Box 2-4). Some minerals are nearly pure elements. These are grouped under the category of native elements. This includes
Geological Sciences 4550: Geochemistry
1. a.) Using the enthalpies of formation given in able 2.02, find H in Joules for the reaction: albite jadite + quartz NaAl2Si2O8 NaAl2SiO6+ SiO2 b.) Which assemblage (side of the equation) is stable at
Mechanisms of metamorphism and metasomatism on the local mineral scale : The role of dissolution-reprecipitation during mineral re-equilibration
Chapter 5 Mechanisms of metamorphism and metasomatism on the local mineral scale : The role of dissolution-reprecipitation during mineral re-equilibration Andrew Putnis & Håkon Austrheim Equilibration
Differentiation of Magmas By Fractional Crystallization Modified from Karl Wirth, rev. July 2011
M&M s Magma Chamber 1 Differentiation of Magmas By Fractional Crystallization Modified from Karl Wirth, rev. July 2011 Objective The objective of this exercise is to gain first-hand knowledge of the process
Textures of Igneous Rocks
Page 1 of 6 EENS 212 Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Petrology Tulane University This document last updated on 12-Feb-2004 Introduction to Igneous Rocks An igneous rock is any crystalline or glassy rock that forms
3.012 PS 6 THERMODYANMICS SOLUTIONS Issued: Fall 2005 Due:
3.012 PS 6 THERMODYANMICS SOLUTIONS 3.012 Issued: 11.28.05 Fall 2005 Due: THERMODYNAMICS 1. Building a binary phase diagram. Given below are data for a binary system of two materials A and B. The two components
Pyroxene, amphibole, and feldspar
Pyroxene, amphibole, and feldspar Sometimes, common minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks are hard to distinguish, unless you know the tricks. Colored mineral such as pyroxene and amphibole can be
What is going on here?
Major Digression! Atoms? Elements? Compounds? Minerals? Rocks? What is going on here? Source:SERC @ Carleton College http://www.brocku.ca/earthsciences/people/gfinn/petrology/periodic.gif http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?pt_id=335
Examples of Invariant Points and Bundles of Reactions. Start with the Phase Rule (P + F = C + 2) The phase rule is P + F = C + 2.
1 Method of Schreinemaker--A Geometric Approach to Constructing Phase Diagrams Dexter Perkins, University of North Dakota & Dave Mogk, Montana State University C:\Courses\320\fall2007\in class\2000-schreinemakers
Metamorphic Petrology
Metamorphic Petrology Session 4: PT-t Paths and Regional Metamorphism MP-SKM, slide 1 Review: Clapeyron slopes of dehydration reactions Solid-Solid Reactions ~small entropy change Dehydration Reactions
GEOL3313 Petrology of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks G. Mattioli, Dept. of Geosciences, Univ. of Arkansas, Spring 2008
GEOL3313 Petrology of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks G. Mattioli, Dept. of Geosciences, Univ. of Arkansas, Spring 2008 Homework Assignment 3 Calculation of CIPW Norm Due in Class February 13, 2008 Problem
Earth Science 232 Petrography
Earth Science 232 Petrography Course notes by Shaun Frape and Alec Blyth Winter 2002 1 Petrology - Introduction Some Definitions Petra Greek for rock Logos Greek for disclosure or explanation Petrology
LAB 2: SILICATE MINERALS
GEOLOGY 640: Geology through Global Arts and Artifacts LAB 2: SILICATE MINERALS FRAMEWORK SILICATES The framework silicates quartz and feldspar are the most common minerals in Earth s crust. Quartz (SiO
Ionic Coordination and Silicate Structures
Ionic Coordination and Silicate Structures Pauling s Rules A coordination polyhedron of anions forms around a cation Ionic distance determined by radii Coordination number determined by radius ratio. May
Petrology JEO342E. Lecture notes
1 Petrology JEO342E Lecture notes Lecture 1 Earth s internal structure Compositional layering: Core, mantle, crust Rheological layering: Lithosphere and asthenosphere Continental crust and oceanic crust
Framework Silicates & Building the Crust. JD Price
Framework Silicates & Building the Crust JD Price Silicate Structure Silicate Structure (SiO2) Zeolites Zeolites have cage-like structures that store water (or other large molecules). Typically found in
Cloud Condensation Chemistry. in Low-Mass Objects. Katharina Lodders Washington University, St. Louis
Cloud Condensation Chemistry in Low-Mass Objects Katharina Lodders Washington University, St. Louis For a recent review on this topic, see Lodders & Fegley 2006, Astrophysics Update 2, Springer, p. 1 ff.
And the study of mineral the branch in geology is termed as mineralogy. (Refer Slide Time: 0:29)
Earth Sciences for Civil Engineering Professor Javed N Malik Department of Earth Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Module 2 Lecture No 6 Rock-Forming Minerals and their Properties (Part-2)
Activity-composition relationships
Activity-composition relationships back In the application of equilibrium thermodynamics, the starting point is the equilibrium relationship : the relationship for a balanced chemical reaction between
Linear partitioning in binary solutions: a review with a novel partitioning array
MS 5283 R3: Name on machine: Lin Part R3 Linear partitioning in binary solutions: a review with a novel partitioning array S. A. Morse* Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, 611 North
CERAMIC GLAZING as an IGNEOUS PROCESS
GEOL 640: Geology through Global Arts and Artifacts CERAMIC GLAZING as an IGNEOUS PROCESS GLAZE COMPONENTS A glaze is a waterproof silica glass on the surface of a ceramic pot, and was first produced by
Chapter IV MINERAL CHEMISTRY
Chapter IV MINERAL CHEMISTRY Chapter-IV MINERAL CHEMISTRY 4.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, chemical analyses of different minerals present in various rocks of Mashhad granitoid plutons have been presented.
Metamorphism (means changed form
Metamorphism (means changed form) is recrystallization without melting of a previously existing rock at depth in response to a change in the environment of temperature, pressure, and fluids. Common minerals
Trace Elements. Today s lecture
Trace Elements 300 Ni 200 ppm 100 0 300 Zr 200 100 0 40 50 60 70 80 SiO 2 wt. % Updates: M&M due date: Tuesday Today s lecture Topics: Trace element compositions Trace element behavior Partitioning Spider(
Liquid and magma viscosity in the anorthite-forsterite-diopsidequartz system and implications for the viscosity-temperature paths of cooling magmas
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112,, doi:10.1029/2006jb004812, 2007 Liquid and magma viscosity in the anorthite-forsterite-diopsidequartz system and implications for the viscosity-temperature paths
IGNEOUS ROCKS. SECTION 5.1 What are igneous rocks?
Date Period Name IGNEOUS ROCKS SECTION.1 What are igneous rocks? In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements. basaltic
Metamorphic Energy Flow. Categories of Metamorphism. Inherited Protolith Character. Inherited Fabric. Chemical Composition
Metamorphic Energy Flow Categories of Metamorphism Best, Chapter 10 Metamorphic processes are endothermic They absorb heat and mechanical energy Absorption of heat in orogenic belts Causes growth of mineral
Earth Science 11: Minerals
lname: Date: Earth Science 11: Minerals Purpose: Text Pages: I can identify and classify minerals using their physical and chemical properties 90-111 *This is recommended reading! Matter and Atoms (5.1)