Coastal and Estuarine

Transcription

1 Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies Managing Editors: Malcolm J. Bowman Richard T. Barber Christopher N.K. Mooers 16 Physics of Shallow Estuaries and Bays Edited by J. van de Kreeke Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

2 Managing Editors Malcolm J. Bowman Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York Stony Brook, N.Y , USA Richard T. Barber Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis Duke University, Marine Laboratory Beaufort, N.C , USA Christopher N. Mooers Dept. of Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940, USA Contributing Editors Ain Aitsam (Tallinn, USSR) - Larry Atkinson (Savannah, USA) Robert C. Beardsley (Woods Hole, USA) - Tseng Cheng-Ken (Qingdao, PRC) Keith R. Dyer (Merseyside, UK) Jon B. Hinwood (Melbourne, AUS) Jorg Imberger (Western Australia, AUS) - Hideo Kawai (Kyoto, Japan) Paul H. Le Blond (Vancouver, Canada) - Akira Okuboi (Stony Brook, USA) William S. Reebourgh (Fairbanks, USA) David A. Ross (Woods Hole, USA) S.- Sethuraman (Raleigh, USA) John H. Simpson (Gwynedd, UK) Absornsuda Siripong (Bangkok, Thailand) - Robert L. Smith (Covallis, USA) Mathis Tomaczak (Sydney, AUS) Paul Tyler (Swansea, UK) Editor J. van de Kreeke University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Division of Applied Marine Physics 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, Florida , USA ISBN Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo ISBN Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin Tokyo This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munich. O by 1986 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Printed in Germany Printing and binding: Beltz Offsetdruck, Hemsbach/Bergstr. 2131/ Copyright American Geophysical Union. Transferred from Springer-Verlag in June 1992.

3 CONTENTS Contributors Acknowledgement V IX I Introduction 1 II Large Scale Mixing 5 Large-Scale Mixing Processes in a Partly Mixed Estuary 6 G. Abraham, P. de Jong & F.E. van Kruiningen Circulation and Salt Flux in a Well Mixed Estuary 22 B. Kjerf/e Currents and Salinity Transport in the Lower Elbe Estuary: Some Experiences from Observations and Numerical Solutions 30 K.C. Duwe & J. Siindermann III Residual Currents 41 Generalised Theory of Estuarine Dynamics 42 D. Prandle Synoptic Observations of Salinity, Suspended Sediment and Vertical Current Structure in a Partly Mixed Estuary 58 R.J. Uncles, R.C.A. Elliott, S-A. Weston, D.A. Pilgrim, D.R Ackroyd, D.J. McMillan & N.M. Lynn Analysis of Residual Currents Using a Two-Dimensional Model 71 Po-Shu Huang, Dong-Ping Wang & T.O. Najarian Residual Currents, A Comparison of Two Modelling Approaches 81 H. Gerritsen On Lagrangian Residual Ellipse 102 R. T. Cheng, Shizuo Feng & Pangen Xi A Simulation of the Residual Flow in the Bohai Sea 114 Zhang Shuzhen, Wang Huatong, Feng Shizuo, Xi Pangen

4 IV Principal Differences Between 2D- and Vertically Averaged 3D-Models of Topographic Tidal Rectification 120 J.T.F. Zimmerman IV Low-Frequency Motions 131 Subtidal Current Variability in the Lower Hudson Estuary 132 RE. Wilson & RJ. Filadelfo Subtidal Exchanges Between Corpus Christi Bay and Texas Inner Shelf Waters 143 N.P. Smith Coastal Circulation 1S3 Water Circulation in a Topographically Complex Environment 154 E. Wolemski Roles of Large Scale Eddies in Mass Exchange Between Coastal and Oceanic Zones 168 Sotoaki Onishi Coastal Circulation in the Key Largo Coral Reef Marine Sanctuary 178 T.N. Lee Effects of Coastal Boundary Layers on the Wind-Driven Circulation in Shallow Sea 199 Su Jilan VI Sediment Transport 209 Suspended Sediment Transport in Rivers and Estuaries 210 M. Markofsky, G. Lang A R Schubert Tide-Induced Residual Transport of Fine Sediment 228 /. Dronkers Hydrodynamic Controls on Sediment Transport in Well-Mixed Bays and Estuaries D.G. Aubrey Sediment-Driven Density Fronts in Closed End Canals Chung-Po Lin & A.J. Mehta 24S 2S9 Index 277

5 CONTRIBUTORS G. ABRAHAM Delft Hydraulics Laboratory P.O. Box MH Delft D.R. ACKROYD Department of Marine Science Plymouth Polytechnic Drake Circus Plymouth, PL4 8AA D.G. AUBREY Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02S43 R.T. CHENG U.S. Geological Survey WRD 345 Middlefield Road MS/496 Menlo Park, CA Lin CHUNG-Po University of Florida Department of Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering 336 Weil Hall Gainesville, F J. DRONKERS Rijkswaterstaat van Alkemadelaan The Hague K.C. DUWE Institut for Meereskunde University of Hamburg Hasendeverstr. 27E, D-2000 Hamburg 74 R.C.A. ELLIOT Natural Environment Research Council Institute for Marine Environmental Research Prospect Place, The Hoe Plymouth, PL1 3DH UK. Shizuo FENG Shandong College of Oceanography P.O. Box 90, Qingdao, Shandong Peoples Republic of China R.J. FELADELFO Marine Sciences Research Center State University of New York Stony Brook, NY H. GERRITSEN Delft Hydraulics Laboratory P.O. Box MH Delft Po-Shu HUANG Najarian & Associates Inc. 1 Industrial Way West Eatontown, New Jersey P. DE JONG Delft Hydraulics Laboratory P.O. Box MH Delft B. KJERFVE Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research University of South Carolina Columbia, SC U.SA.

6 VI F.E. VAN KRUININGEN Delft Hydraulics Laboratory P.O. Box MH Delft G. LANG Institut fur Strdmungsmechanick Hannover University Callinstrasse Hannover 1 T.N. LEE Div. of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography RSMAS, University of Miami 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, Florida N.M. LYNN Department of Nuclear Science and Technology Royal Naval College Greenwich, London SE10 9NN M. MARKOFSKY Institut ftlr Strflmungsmechanick Hannover University Callinstrasse Hannover 1 D J. MCMILLAN Department of Nuclear Science and Technology Royal Naval College Greenwich, London, SE10 9NN A J. MEHTA University of Florida Department of Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering 336 Weil Hall Gainesville, F U.SA. T.O. NAJARIAN Najarian & Associates Inc. 1 Industrial Way West Eatontown, New Jersey U.SA. Sotoaki ONISHI Civil Engineering Department Science University of Tokyo Noda City, Chiba Pref. Japan 278 D A PILGRIM Department of Marine Science Plymouth Polytechnic Drake Circus Plymouth, PL4 8AA D. PRANDLE Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Bids ton Observatory, Birkenhead, Merseyside, L43 7RA R. SCHUBERT Institut for Strflmungsmechanick Hannover University Callinstrasse Hannover 1 Ned. P. SMITH Harbor Branch Foundation Inc. RR#1, Box 196 Ft. Pierce, F Jilan Su Second Inst, of Oceanography Nat. Bur. of Oceanography P.O. Box 75 Hangzhou, Zhejiang People's Republic of China

7 VII J. StlNDElIMANN Institut ftlr Meereskunde University of Hamburg Hasencleverstr. 27E, D-2000 Hamburg 74 RJ. UNCLI!S Institute for Marine Emironmontal Research Prospect Place, The Hoe Plymouth PLI 3DH u.k. Huatong W ANO Shandong College of Ooeanography P.O. Bax90 Qingdao, Shandong People's Republic of China Dang-Ping WANG Najarian &; Associates Inc. I Industrial Way West Eatontown, New Jersey U.s.A. PangenXI Sbandong College of Ooeanography P.O. Bax90 Qingdao, Shandong People's Republic of China Shuzhen ZHANo Sbandong College of Oceanography P.O. Bax90 Qingdao, Sbandong People's Republic of China J.T.F. 7uO'FBMAN' Netherlands Institute of Sea Research I Industrial Way P.O. Bax AB Texel SA. WESTON Natural Environment Research Council Institute for Marine Environmental Research Prospect Place, The Hoe Plymouth Pl.I 3DH R.E. WILSON Marine Scionces Researeh Center State University of New Yort Stony Brook, NY U.s.A. E. WOLANSKI Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB No.3, TownsWle M.S.O., Qu_s1and, 4810 Australia

8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT These Lecture Notes are composed of papers presented at the Symposium Physics of Shallow Estuaries and Bays, held in Miami, Fla, August The symposium was sponsored by the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami and the Coastal Engineering Research Council of the American Society of Civil Engineers Financial support was received from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Sea Grant, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the National Science Foundation under Grant no CEE I am grateful to all those who assisted in the organization of the symposium. In particular I would like to thank Ms. Mildred Corderelle who took care of the voluminous correspondence associated with such an effort. The papers of the symposium were selected with the help of Mr. J.F. Festa, Dr. G. Han, Dr. D.V. Hansen. Dr. T.N. Lee and Dr. J.D. Wang, who also assisted in editorial duties. The appearance of this book is primarily due to facilities made available by the Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam. I am particularly indebted to Mrs. Linda M. Brown and Mrs. Nada Mitrovic of CMCS who were responsible for the layout of these Lecture Notes and prepared the manuscripts in type-set form. I express my thanks to Mrs. Emmy L. Goldbach who carefully checked all corrections and took care of all those loose ends accompaying the preparation of this volume.