Planetary Composi1ons. What is a mineral? Are the following substance minerals? Why or why not? Rocks Interiors

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Blaise Oscar Burns
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1 Planetary Composi1ons Rocks Interiors What is a mineral? A naturally occurring forms by natural geologic processes, not man made Inorganic not from living organisms Solid not a liquid or a gas at the Earth s surface With an ordered crystalline structure atoms within mineral are arranged in a structured, repe11ve manner And a definite chemical composi1on can be represented by a chemical formula, like SiO 2 Are the following substance minerals? Why or why not? Gold Coal Diamond Ice Vitamin pill Quartz 1

Rocks are naturally occurring aggregates

2 Rocks are naturally occurring aggregates of minerals There are three types of rocks Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous rocks form when molten rock (lava) cools. imply that the planet had a hot, par1ally molten interior when the rock formed. 2

Metamorphic rocks form when a rock is changed due to high heat and pressure.

3 Sedimentary rocks form when rock is broken apart into pieces and the pieces are glued back together again. imply the presence of liquid water on the planet when the rock formed. Metamorphic rocks form when a rock is changed due to high heat and pressure. imply that plate tectonics was an ac1ve process on the planet when the rock was formed. ICW Assignment How do you think scien1sts determine the interior structure of the Earth? 3

Kola Superdeep Borehole, 1970 1989 12.26 km (7.

The US had a similar project from 1957 1966.

5 km of water before the project was abandoned

Oil well in the Al Shaheen Oil Field Offshore

29 km Oil well in the Odoptu Oil Field Offshore

4 Kola Superdeep Borehole, km (7.62 miles) Dig a hole! The US had a similar project from We got km below the seafloor in 3.5 km of water before the project was abandoned due to a lack of funding. Oil well in the Al Shaheen Oil Field Offshore Quatar, km Oil well in the Odoptu Oil Field Offshore Russia, km Look at rocks from the Earth s interior Known as xenoliths Deepest xenoliths come from depths ~300 km (186 miles) 4

5 Look at meteorites extraterrestrial material that falls to Earth lehovers from solar system forma1on give a view of what elements Earth formed from Magne1sm 15 5

Planet A must be smaller than Planet B. 2. Planet A must be larger than Planet B. 3.

6 Density = mass / volume Ice and gas < 1000 kg/m 3 Rock ~ 3000 kg/m 3 Metal ~ 8000 kg/m 3 1,300 kg/m3 5,500 kg/m3 or 4,070 kg/m3 Ques1on Planet A has a lower density than Planet B. This means that: 1. Planet A must be smaller than Planet B. 2. Planet A must be larger than Planet B. 3. Planet A and B must be composed of different materials. 4. Both 1 and Both 2 and 3. Prac1ce In groups, complete the Densi1es worksheet (handed out). 18 6

> 3000 kg/m^3 Ques1on Rank the densi1es of the planets shown below from greatest to least.

7 Ques1on What is a likely density for the planet shown below? (light gray = gas and ice, medium gray = rock) 1. < 1000 kg/m^3 2. b/w 1000 and 3000 kg/m^ kg/m^3 4. > 3000 kg/m^3 Ques1on Rank the densi1es of the planets shown below from greatest to least. (medium gray = rock, dark gray = metal) 1. C > B > A 2. A > C > B 3. B > A > C 4. they all have the same density A B C Do experiments shock gun, Harvard U. diamond anvil cell 21 7

8 Most informa1on about Earth s deep interior comes from the study of Seismic Waves Earthquake sudden release of energy and subsequent shaking of the ground May Earthquake in Sichuan Province, China 87,000 dead and 18,000 missing What causes earthquakes? faul1ng (plate tectonics) volcanic erup1ons bomb blasts meteorite impacts landslides 8

9 How does the energy from earthquakes travel through the Earth? energy is transferred by seismic waves waves of energy travel which through Earth Modern seismometers records the ground mo1on with respect to 1me the visual record of an earthquake is called a seismogram Types of seismic waves Body Waves travel through Earth s interior used to locate earthquakes Surface Waves travel through layers near Earth s surface 9

Two types of body waves P waves primary push pull mo1on (compressional waves) longitudinal waves fastest waves, arrive first following an earthquake S waves secondary shear mo1on transverse waves 2nd

10 Two types of body waves P waves primary push pull mo1on (compressional waves) longitudinal waves fastest waves, arrive first following an earthquake S waves secondary shear mo1on transverse waves 2nd fastest waves, arrive second following an earthquake Velocity of body waves A B C fast waves speed up and slow down depending on characteris1cs of layers in Earth slow observa1on of wave velocity gives ideas about the material proper+es of layers inside Earth Velocity of body waves depends on temperature pressure state (solid or liquid) type of rock type of wave (S or P) 10

iron the center Prac1ce In groups, complete

11 Shadow zones Earth structure crust low density silicate rocks 0 60 km thick (30 km average) mantle high density silicate rocks below crust to 2900 km deep core metal, 95% iron the center Prac1ce In groups, complete the Outer Core worksheet (handed out)

both P and S waves would travel through the mantle Lithosphere versus Asthenosphere Lithosphere strong cold breaks/bends crust and upper mantle 0 100 km

12 Ques1on If the Earth s mantle were liquid, what observa1ons might be made? 1. S waves would travel through the mantle, P waves would not 2. P waves would travel through the mantle, S waves would not 3. neither P nor S waves would travel through the mantle 4. both P and S waves would travel through the mantle Lithosphere versus Asthenosphere Lithosphere strong cold breaks/bends crust and upper mantle km below surface solid Asthenosphere weak warm flows below lithosphere, part of the mantle km below surface par1ally solid, par1ally liquid Temperature and pressure increase with depth 4,070 kg/m3 (Atm) 12

13 Why is the s1ll Earth hot? Two primary reasons: 1. heat lehover from the forma1on of the Earth 2. decay of radioac1ve material Ques1on you should be able to answer? Most of the Earth s atmosphere is made up of what two gases? What is a mineral? What is rock? What are the three different types of rocks? How does each type form? How do scien1sts determine the interior structure of the Earth? What is an earthquake? What causes earthquakes? What is a seismic wave? What are the three types of seismic waves? What is the difference between them? How do scien1sts use seismic waves to determine the interior structure of the Earth? How do we know that the Earth s outer core is liquid? Describe the following layers of the Earth: crust, mantle, outer core, inner core, lithosphere, and asthenosphere. 13

Topics: The Layers of the Earth and its Formation Sources of Heat Volcanos and Earthquakes Rock Cycle Rock Types Carbon Tax

Topics: The Layers of the Earth and its Formation Sources of Heat Volcanos and Earthquakes Rock Cycle Rock Types Carbon Tax Essay Question on Carbon Tax 1. Drilling 2. Volcanic Activity 3. Laboratory experiments