MER from ground observations: practices and progresses at Osservatorio Etneo for measuring ash clouds-forming eruptions of the Etna volcano
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1 MER from ground observations: practices and progresses at Osservatorio Etneo for measuring ash clouds-forming eruptions of the Etna volcano Mauro Coltelli INGV Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy MeMoVolc Workshop on MER, Reykjavic 3-5 May 2016
2 Overview Ash clouds-forming eruptions of Etna volcano Etna s volcano monitoring system Ground-based eruption plume measurements of Etna s eruption plumes: Thermal and Visible cameras L, S and X Radars UV, Green and NIR Lidars
3 More the 200 ash plume forming eruptions in the last 35 years Airport/Air-traffic disruptions/problems from Guffanti et al, 2007, 2008, 2010 databases, updated 2001 Long lasting ash emission
4 Airports disrupted (>3 events): CATANIA, Italy (Etna) ANCHORAGE, Alaska (Spurr, Redoubt ) KAGOSHIMA, Japan (Sakura-jima) MANADO, Indonesia (Lokon, Soputan) MEXICO CITY, Mexico (Popocatepetl) QUITO, Ecuador (Pichincha, Reventador) Most dangerous volcanoes (>3 events): ETNA, Italy (Catania AP) SAKURA-JIMA, Japan (Kagoshima AP) POPOCATEPETL, Mexico (Mexico City AP) SOUFRIERE HILLS, Montserrat (8 airports) from Guffanti et al. (2003, 2007, 2008) updated databases
5 The last crisis: 46 lava fountain eruptions in 3 years ( ) 2011: 18 episodes from 12 January to 15 November 2012: 7 episodes from 5 January to 24 April : 13 episodes from 19 February to 24 April : 8 episodes from 26 October to 1 January 2014
6 The geophysical, geochemical and video-surveillance monitoring network of Mt Etna
7 Ash emission monitoring at Mt Etna: the ash cloud observations The VOLDORAD IIB (VOLcanic Doppler RADar) Ash fallout The PLUDIX (ash fallout sensor)
8 Ash emission monitoring at Mt Etna: the ash dispersal forecasting Ash cloud dispersal by computer simulation using 3 numerical models (Fall3D, PUFF//, VolCALPUFF) fully automatized daily, performing a 48h forecasting available on a webserver
9 Etna s volcanic plumes monitoring: recent improvement implementation: Proximal radar-doppler in S-band New generation mobile X-band radar New generation mobile NIR lidar The AMPLE lidar station operating on Etna in the Earlinet network
10 Improved visual and thermal observations of a lava fountaining
11 Etna s eruption column height estimations by Scollo et al. ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, 57, 2, 2014, S0214 Date ECV SEVIRI MODIS H (km); h (UTC) T (km) H (km); h (UTC) H (km); h (UTC) 10/04/11 > 9.0; 11: ± 0.4; 11:15 10/04/ ± 0.4; 12: ± 0.3; 12:30 09/07/11 > 9.0; 14: ± 0.3; 15:00 12/08/11 > 9.0; 09: ± 0.5; 09:30 12/08/ ± 0.5; 11: ± 0.5; 11:15 7 ± 0.3; 11:15 20/08/11 > 9.0; 07:12 3,0 9.3 ± 0.6; 07:45 29/08/11 > 9.0; 04:40 2,5 7.8 ± 0.4; 04:30 08/09/11 > 9.0; 08: ± 0.4; 08: ± 0.3; 9:20 19/09/ ± 0.5; 12:52 Cloudy 08/10/ ± 0.5; 14:51 3,0 Cloudy 15/11/11 > 9.0; 12:18 2,5 9.9 ± 0.4; 12: ± 0.3; 12:10 05/01/12 > 9.0; 06: ± 0.4; 06:15 09/02/ ± 0.5; 05:45 2,0 7.9 ± 0.5; 05:45 04/03/12 > 9.0; 08: ± 0.4; 08: ± 0.6; 9:10 04/03/ ± 0.5; 09: ± 0.4; 09:00 18/03/12 > 9.0; 09: ± 0.5; 09:30 11 ± 2.3; 9:20 12/04/ ± 0.5; 14:30 3,0 6.7 ± 0.5; 14:40 12/04/ ± 0.5; 15:00 3,0 7.5 ± 0.5; 15:00 28/02/13 > 9.0; 10: ± 0.3; 10:30 03/04/ ± 0.5; 14:19 3,0 5.6 ± 0.6; 14:20 03/04/ ± 0.5; 14:45 3,0 5.8 ± 0.6; 14:45 12/04/ ± 0.5; 11:20 3,0 7.2 ± 0.4; 11: ± 0.3; 12:00 18/04/13 > 9.0; 12: ± 0.4; 12:35 27/04/ ± 0.5; 18:18 3,0 Cloudy
12 lava fountains physical characteristics h plume :12 04:48 02:24 00:00 duration h plume vs. duration :00 01:12 02:24 03:36 04:48 06:00 Dispersal from numerical simulations
13 The 12 August 2011 eruption
14 Additional cameras for plume monitoring in future
15 Lidar measurement with AMPLE Aerosol Multiwavelength Polarization Lidar Experiment The main features of the AMPLE lidar are: -Mobile device -Angular scanning capability - Elastic / Raman receiver apparatus able to detect: Elastic backscattering at 355nm; Nitrogen Raman backscattering 386nm; Water Raman backscattering at 407 nm: Linear depolarization measurements at 355nm; Linear depolarization measurements at 532nm (new AMPLE); Elastic backscattering at 1530nm (new AMPLE).
16 9 8 7 The Lidar observations of 12 August :01-9:11 GMT Range, Km km km 3 Range, Km Backscatter C oeff. x10-5, m -1 sr Backscatter C oeff. x10-5, m -1 sr Particle Depolarization, %
17 The Lidar observations All the measurements were carried out by scanning the sky between 24 and 67 in azimuth since 10:45 GMT. The elevation was fixed.
18 The Lidar observations The depolarization shows high values (around 25%) inside the plume. It is notable that the layer looks quite homogenous.
19 The Lidar observations A scanning angular changing the elevation whit the azimuth fixed was carried out. The first measurement at 10:22 GMT shows a layer of aerosol with a polarization < 20%. Scollo et al., 2014
20 Particle concentration from Lidar measurements on 12 August 2011 From Scollo, S., A. Boselli, M. Coltelli, G. Leto, G. Pisani, M. Prestifilippo, N. Spinelli, and X. Wang (2015), Volcanic ash concentration during the 12 August 2011 Etna eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett.,42,
21 Monitoring of Etna by Doppler radar (VOLDORAD 2B, since 2009) Wavelength: 23.5 cm (1274 MHz) Pulse repetition: 100 s Pulse duration: 1 s 11 range gates: m Radial resolution: 150 m Ang. resolution: 500m at 3.2km INGV OPGC Research agreement
22 Near-source Doppler radar monitoring of Etna plumes from Donnadieu et al April 2010 small ash emission 25 August 2010 large ash emission
23 Near-source Doppler radar monitoring of Etna plumes from Donnadieu et al January 2011 plume forming lava fountaining
24 Doppler Radar Vapors-S and Vapors-X for scanning eruptive plumes
![the eruption column Fixed [2 10]km Planar Array](/docs-images/90/104473978/images/25-3.jpg "Antenna (90 cm x 120 cm) Range resolution [30 300]m")
25 VAPORS-S: technical features Parameter Application Installation Operating distance Value Monitoring of the eruption column Fixed [2 10]km Planar Array Antenna (90 cm x 120 cm) Range resolution [30 300]m Angular coverage Measurable speed Measurable reflectivity of the cloud Operating frequency System control 9 degree in azimut 7,2 degree in elevation [0,1 150]m/sec [30 90] dbz 2,8 GHz Local and/or remote Radar all rights reserved 3
26 The Doppler Radar Vapors-S for scanning eruptive column
27 The Doppler Radar Vapor-X for scanning eruptive plume VAPORS-X: technical features The system VAPORS-X is installed on a carriage to allow the operator to select the best site of measurement of the ash cloud whose direction of movement depends on the wind conditions. Parameter Application Installation Operating distance Range resolution Angular coverage Measurable speed Measurable reflectivity of the cloud Operating frequency Value Monitoring of volcanic ash cloud Trasportable [5 30] km [ ] m 1,5 degree in azimut and elevation [0,1 30]m/sec [-30 70] dbz 9,375GHz all rights reserved 5
28 The Doppler Radar Vapors-X for scanning eruptive plume
29 VolcanoGUI VAPORS-S developed by Politecnico of Milan with IDS, Pisa and INGV, Catania
30 VolcanoGUI VAPORS-X developed by Politecnico of Milan with IDS, Pisa and INGV, Catania
31
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