Introduction to Geology Spring 2008
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1 MIT OpenCourseWare Introduction to Geology Spring 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
2 Plate Tectonics With thanks to John Eiler, CalTech Image courtesy of NASA.
3 Alfred Wegener proposes continental drift ca The earth is divided into continents and oceans Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
4 The continents fit together The distribution of fossil animals and plants reenforces the fit Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
5 Continents once must have been together but have drifted apart by sliding over or plowing through the ocean floor Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Driving force: mystery, or centrifugal force, or both
6 Counter arguments This is just stupid Any force strong enough to push a continent over a bed of ocean floor would internally deform the continent instead
7 Counter arguments Many continental margins don t even fit geometrically Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
8 Breakthrough Harry Hess and the exploration of the ocean floor: A ridge Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Led to discovery that the ocean floor is the active part of the plate system, not the passive medium through which continents move.
9 Magnetization of rocks Preservation in rocks of the orientation of the magnetic field Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
10 The planet s magnetic field periodically reverses direction Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Image: NASA
11 Magnetic reversals in a single volcano The rocks record not just north and south, but also a direction to an apparent pole. Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
12 Apparent polar wander Phanerozoic records of magnetic polar wander from Europe and North America disagree (LEFT) unless the continents have moved relative to each other (or, the shape of the Earth s magnetic field has varied) (RIGHT) Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Contrast: Magnetic polar wander, true polar wander
13 Earth s major plates Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Note: Boundaries rarely correspond to the contact between oceans and continents!
14 Plate motion Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Plate motion in mm per year
15 Why do plates move: Ridge Push and Trench Pull Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
16 Types of plate boundaries 3 types Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
17 Continental rifts: Divergent boundaries in threes Best examples East Africa Beginning of ocean formation, although it may not get that far Rifting often begins at a triple junction, but two spreading centers get together to form ocean basin, and one left behind ( failed )
18 Convergent boundaries 1. Oceancontinent 3.?? Image: Illinois State Geological Survey 2. Continent-continent 2008 Board of Trustees, University of Illinois. Used by the permission of the Illinois State Geological Survey, Institute of Natural Resource Sustainability, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
19 Benioff-Wadati zones Images removed due to copyright restrictions. commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/image:wadati-benioff
20 Principle of tomography Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
21 1 of 3: Ocean Ocean convergence: Island arcs Tectonic belts of high seismicity High heat flow arc of active volcanoes Bordered by a submarine trench
22 Michael Fuller, Univ. Hawaii Pacific island arcs Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Image courtesy of NOAA.
23 2 of 3: Ocean Continent convergence: Continental arcs Active volcanoes Often accompanied by compression of upper crust
24 3 of 3: Continent Continent convergence: Major mountain-building In ocean continent boundaries, collision convergence is taken up by subduction In continent continent boundaries, convergence is accommodated by deformation of the crust without subduction (both plates are too buoyant to be subducted)
25 PLATES 2002 Atlas of Plate Reconstructions (750 Ma to Present Day)
26 We wish to thank the PLATES sponsors for their support: Conoco, ExxonMobil, Norsk Hydro, Statoil, and TotalFinaElf.
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