CHAPTER 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Pearson Education, Inc.
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1 CHAPTER 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor
2 Plate Tectonics Alfred Wegener first proposed in 1912 Called it Continental Drift
3 Evidence for Continental Drift 1. Noted puzzle-like fit of modern continents Wegener proposed Pangaea one large continent existed 200 million years ago Panthalassa one large ocean
4 Evidence for Continental Drift 2. Matching sequences of rocks and mountain chains 3. Similar rocks on different continents
5 Evidence for Continental Drift 4. Glacial ages and other climate evidence Evidence of glaciation in now tropical regions Direction of glacial flow and rock scouring Plant and animal fossils indicate different climate than today
6 Evidence for Continental Drift 5. Distribution of organisms Same fossils found on continents that today are widely separated Modern organisms with similar ancestries
7 Objections to Early Continental Drift Model Hostile criticism and open ridicule Continents cannot plow through ocean basins Tidal gravitational attractions too small More evidence was needed
8 Earth s Magnetic Field
9 Evidence for Plate Tectonics Apparent polar wandering Location of North Pole changed over time Magnetic dip data
10 Magnetic Polarity Reversals Earth s magnetic polarity reverses periodically Recorded in ancient rocks
11 Sea Floor Spreading Harry Hess
12 Sea Floor Spreading Evidence Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews (1963) Sea floor stripes record Earth s magnetic polarity
13 Age of Ocean Floor
14 Global Distribution of Earthquakes
15 Global Plate Boundaries
16 Plate Tectonics Theory Lithosphere tectonic plates that float on ductile asthenosphere Large scale geologic features occur at plate boundaries Two major tectonic forces Slab pull Slab suction
17 Types of Plate Boundaries
18 Divergent Boundary Features Plates move apart Mid-ocean ridge Rift valley New ocean floor created Shallow focus earthquakes
19 Types of Spreading Centers
20 Convergent Boundary Features Plates move toward each other Oceanic crust destroyed Ocean trench Volcanic arc Deep focus earthquakes
21 Three Types of Convergent 1. Oceanic-Continental Convergence Ocean plate is subducted Continental arcs generated Explosive andesitic volcanic eruptions Boundaries
22 Three Types of Convergent 2. Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence Denser plate is subducted Deep trenches generated Volcanic island arcs generated Boundaries
23 Three Types of Convergent 3. Continental- Continental Convergence No subduction Tall mountains uplifted Boundaries
24 Transform Boundary Features Oceanic Transform Fault ocean floor only Continental Transform Fault cuts across continent All transform faults occur between mid-ocean ridge segments.
25 Global Hotspot Locations
26 Hawaiian Island Emperor Seamount Nematath
27 Plate Tectonics and Intraplate Features Seamounts Rounded tops Tablemounts or guyots Flattened tops Subsidence of flanks of mid-ocean ridge Wave erosion may flatten seamount
28 Coral Reef Development
29 Detecting Plate Motion with Satellites
30 Paleogeographic Reconstructions
31 World Map 50 million Years in Future
32 End of CHAPTER 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor
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