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1 Lesson 1 Introduction of tools used in GIS and Emergency management Introduction of the tools used in GIS for Emergency Management and Fire Incident Mapping. Basic concepts to Incident mapping and the geospatial tools of GIS (geographic information systems), GPS (global positioning systems) and remote sensing. College of Natural Resources GIS and Remote Sensing Teaching Lab Globally, wildland fire management is in transition Lessons from the past: Removal of fire from an ecosystem may make the system vulnerable to insects and disease Fire WILL return to fire suppressed systems, they will be harder to suppress and put fire fighters, the public and our natural resources at risk Gollberg, Neuenschwander, Ryan 2001 Please take the time to read the first reading for this course: Reading 1: Gollberg G.E., Neuenschwander L.F., Ryan K.C., Introduction: Integrating spatial technologies and ecological principles for a new age in fire management, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 10, It is only two pages! Do you agree with Gollberg et al that wildland fire management is in transition? Why, why not? Give examples from readings or from your experience. Gollberg Quote The need to balance fire suppression with planned restoration of fire into ecosystems will shape the course of wildland fire management in the foreseeable future. Gollberg et al (2001) made this statement 5 years ago is this still the situation? What other paradigms are shaping current fire management? Gollberg, Neuenschwander, Ryan 2001 Recommendations 1. Management tools should be grounded in ecological research and principles 2. National approach to fuel mapping and modeling 3. National guidance and support for use of tools 4. Better communication between developers and user communities 5. Collaborative approach to research These are the conclusions and recommendations from Crossing the Millennium: Integrating Spatial Technologies end Ecological Principles for a New Age in Fire Management Conference, June 1999, Boise, ID. Would you like to add anything to this list? 6. Consistent definitions of fire severity, hazard and risk 7. New emphasis on training that incorporates the latest developments in remote sensing, GIS, information management and communications technologies

2 GIS & RS in Fire Applications Field mapping Incident mapping Fuels mapping Analysis Fire ecology & Mgt. Fire history fire atlas Fire risk/probability assessments Fire simulation (FARSITE etc.) Prescribed burn planning Post-fire assessment Throughout this course we will address most of the above topics in readings, demonstrations, discussions, and hands-on exercises. Incident Mapping Outline I. Incident Command Systems (ICS) II. Geographic Information Systems Technician (GIST) III. GIS Tools IV. GIS Data Management V. Standard Mapping Products The next few slides will talk about fire incident mapping The incident mapping outline incorporates the following steps from the beginning of the incident to the daily products that are produced for the morning and afternoon briefing at a fire incident. NR406 GIS Applications in Fire Ecology & Management Incident Command System (ICS) A Structure to help organize resources during a emergency management situation or incident. The Incident Command System provides for the single jurisdiction/single agency command structure with multiagency involvement. This structured system expands in a logical manner from an initial response situation into a major incident. ICS has common elements in organization, terminology and procedures nationwide. Incident Command System (ICS) Based on Emergency Response to life or resource threatening situations.

3 Characteristics of ICS ICS provides and adapts it s organizational structure to any emergency or incident to which emergency response agencies would be expected to respond ICS Expands in a logical manner from an initial response situation into a major incident. ICS Designates a clear chain of command The ICS organizational structure develops in a modular fashion based upon the kind and size of the incident. The organization staff builds from a top down hierarchy maintaining responsibility and performance placed initially with the Incident Commander. * Info rmatio n p rovid ed by GIS/ICS trai ning M anua l ICS levels of Organization Incident Commander Command Staff: GIST Section supervisor Branch supervisor Division Supervisor Unit leaders For ease of reference and understanding of the role of GIS in the ICS system, the following incident Command list describes personal assigned to manage at each level of the ICS organization. The Geographic Information Systems Technician (GIST) personnel falls under Incident Command staff. This position is linked to the communications and aerial support crews and is constantly called upon by the Incident Commander and the situation unit leaders. Fire Incident Plans Cycle GPS Field Work Data Transfer GIS Many of you are familiar with this chart (may be already plotted on a nearby wall). This depicts a typical 24-hour Fire Incident Planning Cycle. Although this cycle varies considerably among size of fires and how they change over time, it still can be used to depict how GPS Field Work fits into the general design. Used by mostly field observers and others, Data collection occurs in the daylight hours and are fed into a GIS after some sort of Data Transfer (digital or handwritten) and then passed into the GIS for IAP s (Incident Action Plans). Depending on size of fires, this cycle may occur twice (IAP in afternoon and morning). GPS in this graphic is depicted as the first part of this cycle. Different kinds of GPS receivers are available. The yare selected based on the ease of use, field durability and reliability, ability to connect to a computer, cost, spatial accuracy, and the type of data that needs to be recorded.

4 Definition of GIS a GIS is a computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their locations A definition of GIS. The role of GIS in ICS GIS Applications to emergency response situations and disaster relief has advanced to a level that major software tools have been developed to better facilitate incident mapping. GIS technicians are now able to produce detailed maps that can aide the Incident Commander in making split second decisions. GIS Technician (GIST) GIST work from the Incident Command Center during major incidents. GIST s are usual point contact to Situation Unit Leaders and Incident Commanders. Provides Cartographic Mapping Illustrations of the major incident for Information Officers and Incident Commanders. The GIST is responsible for spatial information collection, display, analysis, and dissemination. The GIST will provide Global Positioning System (GPS) support, integrate infrared data, and incorporate all relevant incident command data to produce chronological mapping products. osha.gov/sltc/etools/ics/tech_special.html Definition of GIS Also includes operating personnel and the data that go into the system Folks also regard the total GIS as including operating personnel and the data that go into the system Hardware Software Data People Methods

5 How Does GIS Work? Real world features are represented as individual layers according to feature type. GIS portrays features as points, lines, and polygons. Coincident layers answer questions and solve problems according to geographic location. GIS Tasks Input Manipulation Management Query & Analysis Visualization Output Overview of GIS. In a GIS real world features are represented by points, lines, polygons or pixels (raster data). Tabular data is associated with the features in the attribute tables. GIS layers can be stacked based on geographic location to answer questions and solve problems. How GIS Represents Features Raster Data Model (e.g. photography or grids) Vector Data Model (e.g. roads) Data in a GIS is represented as raster data (pixel based data such as images and grids) or vector data (points, lines polygons) to model the real world to the extent necessary for the task at hand. Real World Standard Mapping Products Wildfire Situation Analysis Map: Morning Briefing Maps Perimeter maps Division maps Situation Unit Maps Fire History Map Fuels Map Vegetation Map Areas of Special Concern: Archeological Sites, Fuel and electrical lines, Resource Tracking. Hillshade Maps: Slope and Aspect Many map products are produced in wildfire situations, for example morning briefing maps, fire perimeter maps, division maps, and situation unit maps. Other maps are more commonly used in research such as fire history maps, fuel maps, vegetation maps, maps displaying areas f special concern, and topographic maps. Data Management 24 hour data structure: Every 24 hours a new perimeter and situation mapping data folder is built. Standard GIS library data structure: Basedata: 1. Images(rasters) Satellite, aerial, DRG s, DoQQ s, & Modis. 2. All static Vector data such as road, streams, administrative boundaries, and ancillary local data. Incident data: 1. Date subdirectories to represent each day of the incident. 2. Progression Data: Fire progression and spread data. 3. Infrared Data and perimeter data. Products: hour date convention. 6am morning briefing and situation map, Noon resources and situation perimeter maps, evening progression and briefing maps. ht tp:// Data Management for the ICS System requires organization and structure. During an incident, each day has folder dated for that particular day with all the data management notes and directories associated with it. All products, briefing and situation maps, are all incorporated into the date folder closed for that date. Each day relies on the previous 24 data acquisition of GPS perimeter files, IR interpretation, and Remotely Sensed satellite data.

6 Types of Data collected during an Incident: GPS, Flown Perimeter. IR Thematic Mapper. Aerial Acquisition. Modis ( Burn Area Reflectance Classification(BARC) Maps. Produced by RSAC(USDA). Based on Satellite imagery. Large amounts of spatial data is collected during an Incident. GPS data collected by foot, vehicle or from the air are recorded in databases and incorporated in maps. Remotely sensed imagery from satellite and aerial sensors are acquired. Satellite imagery from the Landsat (30 m resolution) and MODIS ( m resolution) are commonly used in mapping and analysis. Landsat data is acquired approximately every 16 days while MODIS data can be obtained daily. IR Thematic mapper images can be acquired from the air. GIS Incident Mapping Unit An example of a mobile GIS Incident Mapping Unit Mobilization In Region 6 hr Out of Region 12 hr Fire Logistics Inc. GIS Unit has the following equipment: 2 high-speed (1.7GHZ) Pentium 4 computer work stations (CD-Burner, DVD, Zip Drive, 40 G Hard Drive, 17 Monitors) running MS Windows additional networked work stations for use by incident personnel, such as the Situation Unit and Fire Behavior Analyst 1 Plotter (HP 1055CM) - 36 print capability 1 Printer, color (HP 1220CM) 11 X 17 1 Printer, laser (HP 1200 CXI) 1 Scanner (HP 7400C) Modems for each computer 4 phone line capability Fax-copier Garmin GPS Map 76 units Digitizer Digital Camera Internet Access Both hardwire and two way high speed satellite. Battery back-up power supplies (UPS) for all computers and the plotter 24gb DAT Tape Drive Dedicated Power Generator (15KW minimum), trailer mounted Air conditioner and heater. 160 square feet of work space with 5½ of headroom. This is the equipment necessary to run the mobile GIS Incident mapping unit. Fire Logistics Inc. software on workstations: ArcGIS 9.1 (ArcInfo) with extensions ArcView (3.x and 9.x) Spatial Analyst 3D Analyst Network Analyst Arc Press Ventura Fire Tools ArcView Extensions Ozi Explorer GPS Software Farsite I Suite Software DeLorme Topo USA Adobe Acrobat (PDF ICS Forms) Corel WordPerfect (ICS Forms) Microsoft Office XP Professional (Word ICS Forms) Paint Shop Pro Norton Anti-virus software Software typically used by mobile GIS Incident mapping units. Have you used any of these software programs?

7 Maps produced by Fire Logistics Inc. Situation Unit Map work in progress 1:24,000 scale Planning Map Incident Action Plan (IAP) Map published daily for each shift Traffic Map road restrictions and limitations Vicinity Map serves as a locator map Fire Progression Map daily change in fire perimeter Topography Map overview of local terrain for ground and air Fire History Map fires in the past Vegetation and/or Fuels Map to help predict fire behavior Farsite Maps modeled rate of spread etc. Public Information Briefing Maps Burned Area Emergency Rehabilitation (BAER) Maps GPS GIS Horsepower GIS T s Examples of maps produced in the Incident mapping unit You need Horsepower and a set of tools including hardware, software and people to make it happen. Digitizer GIS Scanner Output GIS: An Analysis Tool for Fire Management Data Visualization Map demographics, topography or vegetation Inquire detailed questions of the attribute information How GIS is used for Fire Management? Data visualization Provide maps for navigation Provide maps for fire spread and behavior predictions Provide briefing maps Provide detailed information from the GIS attribute tables Decision Factors for the Fire Mapping Program Handle data from various sources Universally accepted Visual tool IC s and division Supervisors Historical Fire Data Collection Costs Can the software you choose for mapping : 1. handle data from various sources 2. Have a universal acceptance especially important with multiple agencies from the Feds to State to County 3. Note that the Costs and Nerd Factors are not showing on this list. The reasons will be seen in the next few slides.

8 Unique Aspects of Fire Mapping Scale Mode of Collection Environment Quantity of Units Technical Skill Levels This Slide is a Review of what makes Mapping Fires Unique. A quick Review here also will help us in our decision for which GPS Programs to use. Scale: Since consumer grade GPS is the preference for this mapping effort, scale and aerial mapping nature of these cases tend to concentrate data types into simple features. The accuracy of consumer grade GPS is at best 2-3 meters, more commonly 7-15 meters. The mode of Collection with the good satellite environment allow a simple software interface. With so many GPS units required for the Incident mapping operation, there is good reason to also keep the costs of a GPS communication Programs low. Keeping things simple is also imperative. A highly complex Programs for processing data will hamper collection and migration of data to the GIS. Unique Aspects of Fire Mapping This Slide is a Review of what makes Mapping Fires Unique. Complexity Environment Scrutiny The Governor pays a Visit Complexity: Data from different sources are acquired and must be processed quickly Environment: this part of the cycle occurs in the warm office back at headquarters. The group of people, machines, scanners, communications that comprise an active incident. Often stressful though, maps must be ready for the morning briefing! Scrutiny: Intensive pressures to supply accurate, upto-date information in easy to understand formats are critical in any Incident. from big to small, the portrayal of maps and data right now and in the future will live on beyond the scope of the fire. From the side of mapping these issues bring to bear a level of complexity that border on a set of technologies that in use is just exploding. Making the right decision on the information highway you quickly find yourself on is critical. GPS - The Big Picture GPS and Fire Applications The next few slides will address the role of GPS in fire incident mapping GPS and Navigation GPS and Digital Data Collection GPS and Burned Area Rehab (BAER)

9 GPS - The Big Picture Depending on size of fire, GPS will play a critical role in... Marking location Updating fire perimeter Mapping fire effects Mapping resources at risk Data depicted in IAP next morning GPS is critical in all mapping to mark locations, update fire perimeters, record locations where fire effects have been estimated, map features that may be at risk.and last but not least..put all the data together on a map for the next days incident action plan. Data Transfer Typical Use on a Fire Download Upload GPS units that can interface directly with a computer via an interface cable is necessary for quick data transfer. The DNR- Garmin software is commonly used since it is capable of interfacing the GPS unit directly into the GIS software. DNR-Garmin ( DNRGarmin/DNRGarmin.html) can convert data between different map projections. Where They Work Great Type 3 Fires Size Up Fires Initially Slow growth Resource Collection Simple Topo Product Current RALEIGH, N. CAROLINA Revised 2002 Lets say you are on a small Type 3 Fire under 20 acres in size, Or you are on a Size-up. Field equipment needs small, one or two of you with a laptop, field printer and need to generate a 8x11 map product for headquarters tonight. The resource collection is simple - one fire perimeter that was mapped by GPS. Also, the Topo Product that you have on your screen has a production date of this past summer or last year and infrastructure seems to be in place. You are ready to rock! R1: Garmin Map 76 Trimble GeoXT Trimble ProXRS R2: GPS Map 176 Garmin III or V PLGR (Federal use only) What determines the choice of GPS unit? Accuracy Cost Ease of use Field ruggedness The ability to store attribute data Battery power and powering options Size and weight Can you think of anything else?

10 Rockwell PLGR +96 Advantages Reasonable $$ ($2800) Easy to Use Provides an Estimated Error! 4m accuracy-autonomous Simple Point/Line/Poly Disadvantages 999 waypoint limit No Attribution Bulky Poor battery life Re-keying Use Restrictions (only federal) Moving off market Trimble Geoexplorer XT Advantages Great Software Windows CE based Portable Attribute storage Advanced Point/Line/Poly Screen Navigation Submeter accuracy possible w/ differential correction WAAS differential capable Disadvantages Expensive Weight Limited map memory Screen brightness No portable replacement batteries Pathfinder Pro XR Advantages Handheld keyboard Reliable/trustworthy firmware/software Attribute storage Advanced Point/Line/Poly Screen Navigation Submeter accuracy possible w/ differential correction Disadvantages Expensive Limited map memory Not portable

11 Mobile GPS/GIS Pocket PC with GPS Advantages Flexible and powerful Powerful attribution capabilities High storage cap. (5GIG cards) Works with native SHP files Forms and data dictionaries Disadvantages Not field rugged Complex connection to GPS Can be expensive Best used with real-time differential To make the Pocket PC computers more field rugged there are durable cover boxes available Sources of Map Errors Age of Data Map Scale Digitizing Errors Georeferencing errors Map projections Mapsource data is 1:100,000 scale Age of DATA: An interpretation of a Topo map in relation to your GPS data may reveal the datedness of the map. Map Scale: The ability to show detail in a map is determined by its scale Scale restricts type, quantity, and quality of data (Star and Estes 1990). Enlarging a broad scale map does not increase its level of accuracy or detail. Fine scale maps contain more detail and have higher spatial accuracy. For example a map of the scale 1:24,000 contains more detail with higher spatial accuracy compared to a map of the scale 1:100,000. Digitizing Error: Maps are created by humans - or at least human input/qc. Errors can include digitizing a line, the process of generalization or booboos. Georeferencing errors: Data that lack map coordinates can be matched to coincide with referenced data this process is called georeferencing. Errors during the georeferencing process will result in spatial errors on the map. Map projections: All geographically referenced data are associated with a coordinate system. Data layers in different native coordinate systems can be overlayed in the same map but may not coincide perfectly with each other. Conversions between projections can introduce errors in the final map. The two red points in this map have the same UTM coordinates but where collected using different Datums, in this case one was collected in NAD27 and the other in NAD83. When collecting GPS data it is important to notice the datum setting of the GPS unit. Differences in datum can lead to errors of several hundred meters.

12 Tips for Managing GPS Error Use an external antenna Select a unit with more receiving channels If possible, pre-plan you GPS collection and select times when satellites are available Avoid GPS data collection in a closed canopy move to an opening if possible Choose the right GPS unit for the job! Differentially correct your data if possible Summary GIS is a tool that provides cohesion in a complex mapping environment Use the GIS software that you are most familiar with in ICS mapping Use familiar equipment, do not experiment while on a active incident Most important tasks are situation maps, Briefing maps, and progression maps In Summary, This lesson we have spent working with the accepted GPS receiver type and GPS communication program wrapped into a GIS framework. Today we recognized that many consumer marketed mapping programs are great tools and very efficient at handling GPS data on top of Topo or DRG (digital raster graphics), but also are a black box when it comes to sharing and dealing with data from various sources. The ability to analyze, query and provide ICS data in a constantly changing environment calls for a set of tools that are included in the acronym of a GIS. ArcView s huge support base and open structure has allowed various agencies to develop highly targeted tools to assist in the integration of GPS data. Minnesota DNR Garmin written for the ArcView environment has provided the link between GPS and GIS. End of Presentation Well, this is the end of this presentation Today, I hope you can use some of this information in fire management or research. What geospatial tools are used in fire management and mapping How important Datums and Projections are! Finally a message on how you can best beat the odds and manage the common sources of GPS error in the field.