Brief Table of Contents

Transcription

1 Brief Table of Contents Introduction World Regional Geography 1 Chapter 1 Europe 42 Chapter 2 Russia 102 Chapter 3 North America 142 Chapter 4 Middle America 194 Chapter 5 South America 230 Chapter 6 Subsaharan Africa 274 Chapter 7 North Africa/Southwest Asia 324 Chapter 8 South Asia 378 Chapter 9 East Asia 424 Chapter 10 Southeast Asia 492 Chapter 11 The Austral Realm 538 Chapter 12 The Pacific Realm 560 Appendices A. Using the Maps A1 B. Opportunities in Geography A4 C. Pronunciation Guide A11 References and Further Readings R1 Glossary G1 Index I-1 List of Maps and Figures Back Endpapers

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3 Contents Introduction WORLD REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES 1 Geographic Perspectives 2 Realms and Regions 2 The Criteria for Realms 3 The Criteria for Regions 5 Realms and Regions on the Map 7 The Physical Setting 7 Continents and Plates 9 Climate 10 Regions and Cultures 16 Cultural Landscapes 16 Culture and Ethnicity 17 Realms of Population 18 Major Population Clusters 19 Realms, Regions, and States 21 Patterns of Development 23 Symptoms of Underdevelopment 26 The Specter of Debt 26 Globalization 27 The Regional Framework 29 Europe (1) 29 Russia (2) 29 North America (3) 30 Middle America (4) 30 South America (5) 30 Subsaharan Africa (6) 31 North Africa/Southwest Asia (7) 31 South Asia (8) 31 East Asia (9) 32 Southeast Asia (10) 32 Austral Realm (11) 32 Pacific Realm (12) 32 The Perspective of Geography 32 Chapter 1 EUROPE 42 Defining the Realm 44 Landscapes and Opportunities 46 Historical Geography 48 The Revolutions of Modernizing Europe 48 The Agrarian Revolution 48 The Industrial Revolution 49 Political Revolutions 52 Contemporary Europe 52 Spatial Interaction 53 An Urbanized Realm 55 A Changing Population 56 Europe s Modern Transformation 59 European Unification 59 New Money 61 Momentous Expansion 62 Regional Issue 63 Centrifugal Forces 64 From Coast to Coast? 64 Regions of the Realm 66 Western Europe 68 Dominant Germany 68 France 70 Benelux 74 The Alpine States 75 The British Isles 75 The United Kingdom 77 Republic of Ireland 79 Northern (Nordic) Europe 80 Mediterranean Europe 82 Italy 84 Iberia 86 Greece and Cyprus 89

4 xxvi CONTENTS Eastern Europe 91 The Geographic Framework 92 Countries Facing the Baltic Sea 92 The Landlocked Center 94 Countries Facing the Black Sea 96 Countries Facing the Adriatic Sea 98 Chapter 2 RUSSIA 102 Defining the Realm 105 Roots of the Russian Realm 106 Russia s Physical Environments 107 Physiographic Regions 110 Evolution of the Russian State 111 The Mongol Invasion 111 Grand Duchy of Muscovy 111 The Cossacks 111 Czar Peter the Great 111 Czarina Catherine the Great 113 A Russian Empire 113 The Colonial Legacy 114 An Imperial, Multinational State 114 The Soviet Legacy 115 The Political Framework 116 The Soviet Economic Framework 118 Russia s Changing Political Geography 118 The Federal Framework of Russia 119 Regional Issue 124 Changing Social Geographies 126 Russia s Prospects 127 Russia, Europe, and the World 127 Regions of the Realm 128 Russian Core and Peripheries 128 Central Industrial Region 128 Povolzhye: The Volga Region 131 The Internal Southern Periphery 132 The External Southern Periphery 135 The Urals Region 136 The Eastern Frontier 137 The Kuznetsk Basin (Kuzbas) 137 The Lake Baykal Area (Baykaliya) 137 Siberia 137 The Russian Far East 138 Chapter 3 NORTH AMERICA 142 Defining the Realm 143 North America s Physical Geography 145 Physiography 146 Climate 148 Hydrography (Surface Water) 149 Indigenous North America 149 The United States 151 Population in Time and Space 151 Cultural Geography 159 The Changing Geography of Economic Activity 161 Regional Issue 162 Canada 168 Population in Time and Space 170 Cultural/Political Geography 171 Economic Geography 172 Regions of the Realm 175 The North American Core 175 The Maritime Northeast 177 French Canada 180 The Continental Interior 181 The South 183 The Southwest 185 The Western Frontier 186 The Northern Frontier 188 The Pacific Hinge 189 Chapter 4 MIDDLE AMERICA 194 Defining the Realm 198 Physiography 198 Island Chains 199 Legacy of Mesoamerica 199 The Lowland Maya 199 The Highland Aztecs 200 Collision of Cultures 200 Effects of the Conquest 201 Mainland and Rimland 202 The Hacienda 203 The Plantation 203 Political Differentiation 205 Regions of the Realm 205 Mexico 205 Physiography 206 Population Patterns 206 Revolution and Its Aftermath 207 Regions of Mexico 210 The Changing Geography of Economic Activity 210 NAFTA and Continuing Challenges 213 The Central American Republics 214 Altitudinal Zonation of Environments 214

5 CONTENTS xxvii Population Patterns 215 Emergence from a Turbulent Era 216 The Seven Republics 216 The Caribbean Basin 221 Economic and Social Patterns 222 The Greater Antilles 223 Regional Issue 224 The Lesser Antilles 228 Chapter 5 SOUTH AMERICA 230 Defining the Realm 232 The Human Sequence 232 The Inca Empire 232 The Iberian Invaders 234 The Africans 235 Longstanding Isolation 235 Independence 236 Cultural Fragmentation 237 Economic Integration 238 Urbanization 239 The Latin American City Model 241 Regions of the Realm 243 The North: Facing the Caribbean 243 Colombia 243 Venezuela 248 The West: The Andean, Amerindian Region 250 Peru 250 Ecuador 253 Bolivia 254 Paraguay 255 The South: Mid-Latitude South America 255 Argentina 257 Chile 259 Regional Issue 260 Uruguay 263 Brazil: Giant of South America 263 The Realm s Giant 263 Population Patterns 263 African Heritage 265 Social Problems 265 Development Prospects 265 Brazil s Subregions 267 Chapter 6 SUBSAHARAN AFRICA 274 Defining the Realm 276 Africa s Physiography 277 Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics 277 Natural Environments 277 Environment and Health 280 Land and Farming 281 Africa s Historical Geography 284 African Genesis 284 The Colonial Transformation 287 Cultural Patterns 292 African Languages 292 Religion in Africa 293 Modern Map and Traditional Society 294 Population and Urbanization 294 Economic Problems 295 Regions of the Realm 295 Southern Africa 297 South Africa 298 The Middle Tier 303 The Northern Tier 304 East Africa 306 Kenya 306 Tanzania 308 Uganda 309 Rwanda and Burundi 309 Highland Ethiopia 310 Equatorial Africa 311 The Congo 311 Across the River 311 Regional Issue 313 West Africa 314 Nigeria: West Africa s Cornerstone 316 Coast and Interior 318 The African Transition Zone 320 Chapter 7 NORTH AFRICA/ SOUTHWEST ASIA 324 Defining the Realm 326 An Arab World? 326 An Islamic World? 327 Middle East? 327 Hearths of Culture 327 Mesopotamia and the Nile 328 Decline and Decay 330 Stage for Islam 331 The Arab-Islamic Empire 331 Islam Divided 334 Religious Revivalism in the Realm 335 Regional Issue 336 Islam and Other Religions 337 The Ottoman Aftermath 337

6 xxviii CONTENTS The Power and Peril of Oil 338 Location and Dimensions of Known Reserves 338 A Foreign Invasion 340 Local Reaction, Global Impact 343 Regions of the Realm 343 Egypt and the Lower Nile Basin 346 Egypt s Regional Geography 349 Divided Sudan 349 The Maghreb and Its Neighbors 350 The Countries 351 The Middle East 352 Iraq 353 Syria 356 Jordan 357 Lebanon 357 Israel and the Palestinian Territories 357 The Arabian Peninsula 362 Saudi Arabia 362 On the Periphery 363 The Empire States 365 Turkey 365 Iran 369 Turkestan 370 The Five States of Former Soviet Central Asia 370 Afghanistan 374 Chapter 8 SOUTH ASIA 378 Defining the Realm 379 South Asia and the War on Terror 380 A Realm of Poverty 382 Physiographic Regions of South Asia 382 Northern Mountains 383 River Lowlands 384 Southern Plateaus 384 The Human Sequence 384 Aśoka s Mauryan Empire 385 The Power of Islam 386 The European Intrusion 387 Twenty-First-Century Regional Flashpoints 389 South Asia s Population Dilemma 390 Dynamics of Population Growth 391 Geography of Demography 392 Regions of the Realm 393 Pakistan: On South Asia s Western Flank 393 Gift of the Indus 394 Subregions 395 Livelihoods 398 Emerging Regional Power 399 India: Giant of the Realm 399 Regional Issue 400 States and Peoples 401 India s Changing Map 404 Centrifugal Forces: From India to Hindustan? 406 Centripetal Forces 407 Urbanization 408 Economic Geography 409 India East and West 416 Bangladesh: Changes Old and New 417 The Mountainous North 418 The Southern Islands 420 Sri Lanka: South Asian Tragedy 420 Chapter 9 EAST ASIA 424 Defining the Realm 426 Natural Environments 428 Historical Geography 430 Early Cultural Geography 430 Regions of the Realm 434 China Proper 435 Relative Location 436 Extent and Environment 436 Evolving China 437 A Century of Convulsion 438 A (Lost) War on Drugs 440 A New China Rises 440 Nationalists and Communists 442 Japan in China 442 Communist China Arises 443 China s Human Geography 443 Political and Administrative Divisions 444 Population Issues 445 The Minorities 446 People and Places of China Proper 447 Northeast China Plain 448 North China Plain 449 Basins of the Chang/Yangzi 453 Basins of the Xi (West) and Pearl River 457 Xizang (Tibet) 459 Xinjiang 460 China s Pacific Rim: Emerging Region 462 Geography of Development 462 Transforming the Economic Map 463 China s Pacific Rim Today 464 Guangdong Province and the Pearl River Estuary 464 Hong Kong 466 The Other SEZs 468

7 CONTENTS xxix China: Global Superpower? 468 Mongolia 469 The Jakota Triangle Region 470 Japan 470 Spatial Limitations 471 Early Directions 473 A Japanese Colonial Empire 475 Modernization 476 Relative Location 476 Japan s Spatial Organization 477 Areal Functional Organization 477 Leading Economic Regions 478 East and West, North and South 480 Food and Population 480 Japan s Pacific Rim Prospects 482 Korea 484 Taiwan 488 Regional Issue 490 Chapter 10 SOUTHEAST ASIA 492 Defining the Realm 494 Land and Sea Borders 495 Physical Geography 496 Population Geography 497 People and Land 497 The Ethnic Mosaic 497 How the Political Map Evolved 499 The Colonial Imprint 499 Cultural-Geographic Legacies 501 Regional Issue 504 Southeast Asia s Political Geography 505 The Boundaries 505 State Territorial Morphology 507 Regions of the Realm 509 Mainland Southeast Asia 509 Elongated Vietnam 509 Vietnam Today 511 Compact Cambodia 513 Landlocked Laos 515 Protruded Thailand 515 Extended Myanmar 519 Insular Southeast Asia 520 Mainland-Island Malaysia 520 Singapore 523 Indonesia s Archipelago 524 Diversity in Unity 527 Transmigration and the Outer Islands 528 The Major Islands 530 East Timor 532 Fragmented Philippines 534 Chapter 11 THE AUSTRAL REALM 538 Defining the Realm 540 Land and Environment 540 Biogeography 541 Regions of the Realm 543 Australia 543 Distance 544 Core and Periphery 544 A Federal State 546 An Urban Culture 547 Economic Geography 548 Australia s Future 550 Regional Issue 553 New Zealand 555 Human Spatial Organization 556 The Maori Factor and New Zealand s Future 557 Chapter 12 THE PACIFIC REALM 560 Defining the Realm 561 The Pacific Realm and Its Marine Geography 562 The UNCLOS Convention 563 Regional Issue 566 Regions of the Realm 567 Melanesia 567 Micronesia 572 Polynesia 573 A Final Caveat: Pacific and Antarctic 574 Appendix A USING THE MAPS Appendix B OPPORTUNITIES IN GEOGRAPHY Appendix C PRONUNCIATION GUIDE A1 A4 A11 References and Further Readings R1 Glossary G1 Index I-1 List of Maps and Figures Back Endpapers