Compact city policies: a comparative assessment

Transcription

1 Compact city policies: a comparative TADASHI MATSUMOTO Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Presentation at the UNECE-OECD seminar September 26, 2012, Geneva

2 Outline of the study 1. To better understand the compact city concept and the implications of today s urban contexts 2. To better understand potential outcomes, particularly in terms of Green Growth 3. To develop indicators to monitor compact cities 4. To examine current compact city practices in OECD 5. To propose key compact city strategies

3 Concept Potential outcomes Indicators Compact City? Not at a city scale, but the metropolitan scale: Dense and proximate development patterns Urban land is intensively utilised Urban agglomerations are contiguous or close together Distinct border between urban and rural land use Public spaces are secured Urban areas linked by public transport systems Effective use of urban land Public transport systems facilitate mobility in urban areas Accessibility to local services and jobs Land use is mixed Most residents have access to local services either on foot or using public transport

4 Concept Potential outcomes Measuring the performance Misconception? Compact urban development as a component of the compact city Size of a compact city A polycentric urban structure in a compact city Building forms and open space in a compact city

5 Urban built-up area (in km²) Concept Potential outcomes Indicators Land is consumed at a faster rate OECD BRICs Rest of the world

6 Annual average total built-up area growth rate ( ) Concept Potential outcomes Indicators than population growth 1.8% 1.6% Ireland 1.4% 1.2% Turkey Luxembourg Israel 1.0% 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0.0% Germany Japan Poland Slovak Republic Hungary Estonia Portugal Greece Italy Slovenia Korea Finland Austria Denmark France Netherlands Czech Republic Belgium United States Mexico Norway Switzerland Chile Spain Sweden United Kingdom Australia Canada New Zealand Iceland -0.2% -0.6% -0.4% -0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% 1.2% 1.4% Annual average total population growth rate ( )

7 Real index for industry and household Concept Potential outcomes Indicators Energy price affects location choice 150 Coal Electricity (kwh) Oil Products Total energy

8 Concept Potential outcomes Indicators More demands for smaller houses Average household size

9 Concept Potential outcomes Indicators and urban living 50% Percentage of one-person households % 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

10 Concept Potential outcomes Indicators Compact city policies can achieve integrated urban sustainability goals Compact city characteristics Shorter intraurban distances Better access to diversity of local services and jobs More efficient public service delivery Environmental Social benefits benefits Fewer CO2 emissions, Higher mobility of lowincome households, due Less pollution from automobiles to lower travel costs - Higher quality of life due to access to local services (shops, hospitals, etc.) - Public service level for social welfare maintained by improved efficiency They can generate synergistic impacts: Source: OECD (2012), Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment Economic benefits How compact city policies can contribute to urban sustainability [excerpt] Higher productivity due to shorter travel time for workers Skilled labour force attracted by high quality of life Greater productivity due to more diversity, vitality, innovation and creativity Lower infrastructure investments and cost of maintenance

11 Concept Potential outcomes Indicators Lower expenditure on public service

12 Dwellings within 500m Concept Potential outcomes Indicators Distance to the nearest medical facilities Walkability to local service 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Nagoya Aichi Gifu Population density (persons/km²)

13 Concept Potential outcomes Indicators Indicators related to compactness Indicators related to the impact of compact city policies Major compact city indicators Category Dense and proximate development patterns Urban areas linked by public transport systems Accessibility to local services and jobs Environmental Social Economic Indicator 1. Population and urban land growth 2. Population density on urban land 3. Retrofitting existing urban land 4. Intensive use of buildings 5. Housing form 6. Trip distance 7. Urban land cover 8. Trips using public transport 9. Proximity to public transport 10. Matching jobs and homes 11. Matching local services and homes 12. Proximity to local services 13. Trips on foot and by bicycle 14. Public space and green areas 15. Transport energy use 16. Residential energy use 17. Affordability 18. Public service

14 Concept Potential outcomes Indicators Visualise urban land cover Athens (3.4 million) Atlanta (4.6 million)

15 Concept Potential outcomes Indicators 3-D density map

16 Concept Potential outcomes Indicators Population density on urban land New York Los Angeles Philadelphia Boston San Francisco Miami Baltimore San Diego Detroit Chicago Sacramento-Roseville Washington Phoenix Denver Dallas Houston Cleveland Portland Seattle Milwaukee Atlanta Minneapolis Orlando San Antonio Cincinnati Saint Louis Columbus Kansas City Density in urban land based on LandScan (pop/ km²) Density in total land based on LandScan (pop/ km²)

17 Vancouver Toyama Concept Potential outcomes Indicators Population living close to transport stations/network Within rail service (800 m) 29.8% Within bus service (400 m) 63.7% Within bus service (800 m) 83.9% Within rapid transit (800 m) 13.8% Within FTN (400 m) 42.2% Within bus service (400 m) 97.7%

18 Median commute distance (km) Concept Potential outcomes Measuring the performance Median commute distance 10 for selected metropolitan areas in Canada, Toronto CMA Calgary CMA Montreal CMA Edmonton CMA Vancouver CMA Victoria CMA Canada

19 Concept Potential outcomes Measuring the performance Matching local services and homes

20 Concept Potential outcomes Measuring the performance The country survey policy practices of 27 OECD countries Policy case studies (Melbourne, Paris, Vancouver, Toyama and Portland) No single, comprehensive compact city model is applicable to all cities and regions, because each must take local circumstances into account.

21 Concept Potential outcomes Measuring the performance Policy practices in use Regulatory / informative Master plan with explicit compact city goals / instruments Urban design guidelines Urban growth boundary / urban containment boundary Greenbelt Urban service boundary Agricultural / natural land reserve Minimum density requirement Mixed-use requirement Restriction on green-field development Restricting location of facilities causing high trip frequency Fiscal Taxation of underdensity Congestion tax / fee / charges Subsidies for densification Tax incentives for promoting development near transit stations Location Efficient Mortgage Split-rate property tax Public investment / partnership Purchasing land for natural reserve Development agreement for dense/mixeduse development Source: OECD compact city survey

22 Concept Potential outcomes Indicators The five key policy strategies 1. Set explicit compact city goals 2. Encourage dense and contiguous development at urban fringes 3. Retrofit existing built-up areas 4. Enhance diversity and quality of life in urban centres 5. Minimise adverse negative effects

23 Concept Potential outcomes Measuring the performance Retrofit existing built-up areas Promote brown-field development Regenerate existing residential areas from NIMBY to BIMBY (built-in-my-backyard) Promote transit-oriented development in built-up areas Encourage intensification of existing urban assets

24 Intermodal connectivity (LRT, Toyama)

25 Concept Potential outcomes Measuring the performance Minimise adverse negative effects Counteract traffic congestion Encourage the provision of affordable housing Promote high-quality urban design lower perceived density Encourage greening of built-up areas

26 Retrofitting built-up areas + housing affordability (Laneway Housing, Vancouver)

27 Storm water + heat island + perceived density (green street, Portland)

28 Concept Potential outcomes Indicators Key governance strategies To achieve compact city outcomes at the functional metropolitan area A vision: region-wide, integrated, long-term Articulate the roles and responsibilities of all key actors and stakeholders in the vision Vertical and horizontal coordination Accountability, transparency and reporting

29 Find out more: OECD (2012), Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment, OECD Green Growth Studies, OECD Publishing. Also visit our website: