Role of Geographical (Spatial) Information System (GIS) in governance

Transcription

1 Role of Geographical (Spatial) Information System (GIS) in governance Abstract By Dr.Saraswatula.VRVL.Prasad Principal Consultant, PriceWaterHouseCoopersPvtLtd Geographic Information System (GIS) plays an important role in all walks of our life and it is said that the geographic information affects about 80% of our decisions. It provides a better understanding of the spatial phenomenon that occurs around us. Such phenomenon however is complex in nature and requires a vast collection of data- the integration of geographic data from different sources therefore is fundamental requirement to analyze and understand the problems that keeps relation with geography in one way or another. This implies that the data that are produced by an agency need to be shared with others, which can be viewed as unlocking of data to its potential users. This paper will present the role of spatial information (GIS data) in governance & it provides a basis for geographic information and its application for users and providers within all levels of the government and the general citizens. Such GIS data & its infrastructure can be in place at different levels: enterprise, local, national, regional and global level. Last few years have witnessed that many national governments around the globe are engaged to develop GIS data & infrastructure at national level & local level. GIS applications are diverse, however E-Governance based applications may include determining the suitability of land for different uses, planning future land uses for different objectives, managing cadastral information for the purpose of property recognition, taxation and regulation, analyzing land and land-cover properties for both resource inventories and scientific studies, and siting industrial or commercial enterprises. Land is a dynamic feature which can be continuously updated using remote sensing images in GIS environment. Satellite images plays major role in GIS to provide up-to-date and reliable information on Earth s resources and cultural features. This information can be regularly updated in a cost-effective manner using temporal satellite images. As a result of the potential of GIS, the Government is now recognizing the needs of GIS scientists and managers at all levels. In India, there is a need to develop a centralized database that could serve information to multiple users across different geographical locations at a low cost without data redundancy. An affordable technology would be required that enables storage, maintenance and updating of a central database with GUI. The GIS technology provides most of the capabilities for generating and updating the database for e-governance. GIS software has been found to be very useful in integrating and overlaying the information in an effective manner and displaying the results useful to planners and administrators. GIS have become indispensable tools for governance, commerce, environmental and social science. The demand for innovative geographic information products, services, and know-how is increasing everyday. Accurate and latest Earth resources and utility information, which play an important role in GIS-based E-Governance, can be derived from satellite images e.g. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) & IKONOS images at various ground resolutions.

2 World Wide Web (WWW) is the enabling technology for much of this new openness and has facilitated the unlocking of information that has been held as far as a secret. With the availability of data on internet and GIS software compatible with internet, internet-gis software are gaining popularity in many application areas, including E-Governance. The spatial data infrastructure (SDI) has for long been developed as a network for GIS data access. As a result GIS data, in distributed and heterogeneous databases, are readily accessible and sharable. Increasingly, traditional spatial data infrastructure fails to fully meet the needs of emerging markets. In order to meet demand for lean enterprises, evolving e-commerce activities and rapid gravitation towards Internet GIS, all compound to motivate the concept of a novel service-centered infrastructure that enables delivery of geo-information and GIS services of varying complexity. The partnership of public and private institutions that are working in the GIS market is emerging now a day as a new business model, to meet GIS market needs. Introduction The role GIS services in the e-government initiatives Electronic Governance (e-governance) is tool by which citizens can communicate with government. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) provides appropriate e- government solutions for citizens with the help of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). User friendly GIS software can play an important role in planning, developing and implementation of government Programmes & Projects. The term E-Government is generally agreed to derive from electronic government. The present paper describes briefly about how the GIS is playing crucial role in delivering the services in sectors like government development programs, land Records, Infrastructure sector, Health Sector, municipalities. E- Government introduces applications to support various dimensions of government and has the following general service areas: The delivery of public services, where there is an online, Internet based, or electronic aspect to the delivery of the services The conduct of government business where the activities of those involved in the process of government itself where some electronic or online aspect is under consideration. E- Government provides many opportunities to improve the quality of services to the citizen (G2C), to business (G2B, B2B) as well as to government institutions (G2G). i. Case Study: Micro level planning and monitoring of development Programmes using GIS Any development Programme to be implemented over a state or region needs a lot of micro level information and planning such as identifying right areas and target people, allocation of funds, monitoring the activity, assessing the results etc. There are many cases in the past and present in our country that many development Programmes, which have faced many difficulties in achieving the objectives. The reasons may be contributed towards lack of awareness, misuse of funds, political influences, lack of awareness in using appropriate technology to design correct plan, lack of input in appropriate format and other factors. Geographical information System (GIS) is one such technology that allows us to develop a spatially connected database of any geographical area, which is very crucial in planning, monitoring and decision-making. The spatial data, once made available up to village level, can provide a tremendous boost to planning and monitoring activities in the development programs. This is a unique micro-level planning and coordination project, which deploys GIS, coupled with satellite imagery and uses digitized data banks for works that cover various aspects of planning in the state. It will provide information on habitation -wise achievements under various Programmes including the Janmabhoomi programme, Neeru-Meeru, Velugu and Prime Minister's Grameena Sadak

3 Yojana a people's participatory initiative, relating to different sectors and departments. The following are the benefits of the AP Development Monitoring System. Figure 1: State with District Boundaries Figure 2: District with Mandal Boundaries Figure 3: District with Road network Figure 4: Mandal with Village Boundaries Figure 5: Map showing Village wise Ground Water Zones Benefits The system shall display of the geographic boundaries on 1:50,000 scale for all villages in the state and has key GIS layers like Roads in the mandal and villages, Settlements in the mandal, Habitations, Revenue Villages, Forest zones, etc. The Figures 1 to 5 shows

4 state with district boundary, district with mandal boundaries, District with Road Network, Mandal with Village boundaries and Village wise ground water zones. Helps in monitoring of Habitation-wise and gram-panchayat-wise performances under different indictors Helps in monitoring developments of social infrastructure projects namely, water supply projects, health, school, higher education, roads, telecommunications, ground water zones, etc ii. Case Study: - The Role of Location-based Services in the E-Government. Implementation of Integrated Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) with GIS in Andhra Pradesh Industrial & Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC), Government of AP, India A large state government organization like Andhra Pradesh Industrial & Infrastructure Corporation, involved in promotion of industrial activity, has a vision to provide efficient and quality services to the entrepreneurs. Its activities include acquisition, development and allotment of land/plots to entrepreneurs. GIS will help the organization to implement its vision of providing one-stop source of information for its prospective/existing clients and at the same time provide speedy quality services. The current project is Implementation of Oracle E-business suite 12 integrated with Autodesk Map Guide Enterprise 2009 is exceptionally flexible, comprehensive and performance one. Autodesk Map Guide Enterprise 2009 for application development and porting the application on the APIIC intranet/internet and AutoCAD Map 3D 2009 for GIS Data Publishing. As part of total system Oracle Property Manager, Oracle Projects, Oracle Sourcing, Document Management System (DMS), Autodesk GIS (GIS) are using for development of key modules like Real Estate management & Engineering and Project Management. The figure 6 shows Industrial Estate allottee details with location which was defined as property/estate in Oracle Property manager integrated with GIS. Also the related sale deed and other documents about a particular property shall be viewed in DMS. Figure 6: Allottee Details with Location in an Industrial Estate Benefits from the System:

5 A prospective entrepreneur could get layout information in all the industrial estates, identifying the plot of his choice and get online allotment. Improves internal efficiency of the organization as the zonal offices and head office would have access to information about the industrial estate there by enhancing citizen satisfactory levels. Identification of Land - Oracle Property Manager will be used for capturing of all site data district-wise, mandal-wise data on land use patterns, type of land and ownership particulars on potential sites Industrial Parks information Extent of land, sites sold, and sites available etc Layout preparation & approval. Capturing layout drawings and site plans System is capable of Providing Land requisitions and land acquisition information including survey numbers village, numbers, and district details. iii. Case Study: BHU BHARATI, Government of Andhra Pradesh- On-delivery of cadastre service. Electronic conveyance via electronic official seal and signature implemented to replace the paper documents and bridging the process of registration and conveyance. Modern GIS and ICT technologies offer the opportunity to computerized records like land records, base maps, land registers plans, deeds, index map etc. Further, Web technologies found its way in the cadastre business and several initiatives took place in many countries to improve the delivery of cadastre services over the Internet such as BHU BHARATI also called Integrated Land Information System (ILIS) undertaken by Department of Survey settlement & Land records (SSLR), Government of Andhra Pradesh, India. The fundamental change envisaged in this system would be the shift from the department centric approach to the service-centric approach. The department SSLR performs field survey operations, GIS operations, the management and provision of spatial data for topographic features and cadastre parcels, the storage of mutation forms for all parcels, the provision of information about of ownership and land use type, the provision of information about mortgages on land, etc. The system shall deliver the services to its users through a unified interface. Currently BHU BHARATI pilot is undergoing in Nizamabad District in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Subsequently the department wishes to rollout in phases in entire state of AP through an established sustainable operating model. ILIS provides security of title to the owners by way of issue of conclusive title, eliminates the land litigations, in turn reducing the burden on judiciary. The continuous Updation of land records results in assured supply of capital that would boost the confidence of farming community and help them make investments on higher crop yielding varieties etc. In urban areas, this will bring transparency and predictability to the Property tax values. Entire record will be computerized and maintained in digital form. The data will be maintained in central servers and all other service delivery centers will be networked. Each service delivery centre will deliver the following services: Title search: Transaction history, Map search, Building, Layout plan, Land use, Market valuation and Activity advisory. Document issue service: Adangal certificate, Valuation certificate, Map layout plan, Archive document and information extract. Transaction services: Transfer of title, Creation Release of charge and approval of subdivision. Other services: Sale of information, Licensing of service providers, Grievance redressel, Dispute resolution etc. For example, if a given property owner intends to sell property; he or she will approach ILIS for getting the land sub-divided and payment of registration fees. ILIS Project will verify his legal owner ship, gets the land subdivided, collects registration fee and then only registers the

6 sale transaction duly deleting the portion of property sold from the owner s account and creating or adding this to the buyers account. Thus, transaction and Updation of record will be simultaneous. Any citizen will have to approach only BHU BHARATI office for any change or transaction on his/her immoveable property. iv. Case Study: Governance of Health Services in Rural India using GIS The world is facing the serious challenge from new emerging diseases such as SARS, Bird Flu, Dengue, and also the old ones such as AIDS, malaria, and many others. Medicines are not the answers to combat them. A strategy to prevent their emergence is the key to ensure safety from these deadly diseases. These diseases emerge due to various spatial factors such as infrastructure facilities, climate, environment, water quality and management, education, air pollution, natural disasters, social and many others. There is a need to understand the spatial relationship and impact of these factors on the human health. This case study discusses the key areas involve in delivery of health care in rural India which describes GIS based Health Information System (HIS) for India. The main governance issues related to health sector in India are mobilization of physical infrastructure, access which in turn leads to decision making. The issues like Inadequate planning, management and monitoring of services/facilities, displaying insensitivity to local/community needs, resulting in under-utilization of Primary Health Centers (PHC), over-utilization of hospital services, duplication of services and cost-ineffective provision of services, inadequate systems to enforce accountability and assure quality are key in health delivery system. There are many states where GIS based Decision Support System (DSS) were implemented for micro level planning & monitoring. GIS data pertaining to the health infrastructure are Administrative boundaries like District, Taluk and Village Settlements,Road Network, PHC Jurisdiction,PHC location, Sub-centre Jurisdiction, Hospital and the attribute date like Demographic data at Village level, and data on Health Infrastructure developed in these systems. The following are few GIS based implementations namely, The GIS based DSS system at district and Taluk level in Department of Medical Health & Family Welfare; Uttar Pradesh, India was envisaged for grass root level planning. The highlight Villages as shown in the figure 7are not being catered to by any Sub-Center. GIS based Health information system was implemented for Karnataka Health Systems Development Project (KHSDP), Health and Family Welfare Department, Karnataka, India. GIS for Reproductive & Child Health (RCH), Department of Health, and Tamilnadu, India. The Project involves implementation of GIS for entire Tamilnadu District Health Offices, to support decision making in terms of strengthening the infrastructure, for finding health infrastructure, anomalies, patient catchment analysis, in addition to it the system would be able to address health infrastructure accessibility The Tuberculosis Research Centre (TRC), Chennai is a research institute of Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), implemented GIS for their Model Directly Observed Treatment- Short course (DOTS) project area in Thiruvallur District of Tamil Nadu, India.

7 Figure 7: GIS based Health Information System in UP Therefore GIS based Health services has the following advantages. The Problem like A public health organization needed an efficient way to serve health data and emergency information to the public can be resolved At each level, data would be viewed geospatially, which would help to take rationale decisions and hence better health care. Instantaneous information that helps save lives Health problems can now be studied below county-level boundaries without expending a large amount of time and manual labor. Public health data and emergency information is accessible over the Internet to those who need it. v. Case Study: Enterprise GIS in Municipal Corporation For efficient, economical and meaningful municipal administration, including the tax administration, a comprehensive and integrated municipal Information system integrated with GIS has become essential. To achieve the goal of e-administration of all the components of the municipality, large scale and detailed base maps with data requirements are required. The GIS based municipal information system shall address namely Bill Collector Beat Map, Property Assessment & Reassessment, Tax Collection Status, Property Tax Zone Map, and Public Grievance Redressal for Utilities. Enterprise GIS in Municipal Corporation Property Tax Module integrated with GIS: Properties could be searched based specific information to check its status of Tax dues Figure 8: Enterprise GIS in Municipal Corporation

8 The Enterprise GIS system developed using Miner & Miner ArcFM solution on ESRI GIS platform implemented at Municipal Corporation in Mumbai, India as shown in figure 8. The GIS based Property Assessment and Reassessment module help the municipality in assessing the taxes of a building / plot based on its plinth area or by addition of area due to restructuring, or conversion of single house into a multiple floor building. In this once the Bill Collector / Revenue Inspectors feed the Plot number, the data pertaining to that plot will get automatically get listed in the tax calculation sheet as it is directly linked to the GIS data. The Property tax of a house / plot is generally assessed using Plinth area of occupancy supplemented by its presence in zone viz. residential, commercial, Industrial. Once the zone is demarcated in a GIS system, it will actually help in eliminating any miscalculation arising due to human errors as this will be linked directly to the GIS. The Complaint Redressal system integrated with GIS will give us the reports showing specific types of complaints from a selected ward and also location of each complaint is viewable on map. The Conclusions: Unleash Geographical Information/Spatial data Empower governance! Keywords: Government Development Programs, Land Records, Infrastructure Sector, Health Sector, municipal Information System, GIS, SDI, DSS, HIS The References GIS for Health Care Today and Tomorrow, ArcUser Online Author Details: Dr.Saraswatula.VRVL.Prasad Principal Consultant PricewaterhouseCoopers Mail Id:saraswatula.vrvl.prasad@in.pwc.com Mobile: