2011/11/27 APNARI. Shinjiro MINAMI. Postdoctoral Fellow at Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization Ritsumeikan University, Japan

Transcription

1 2011/11/27 APNARI Asbestos Disaster and Its Countermeasure in Earthquake Shinjiro MINAMI Postdoctoral Fellow at Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization Ritsumeikan University, Japan 1

2 1. Asbestos Disaster in Natural Disaster A use of asbestos is almost construction materials(in Japan, about 70~80%). Most of consumed asbestos until now is stocked in building, factory, ship, power plant, chemical plant, and others. Japan is the many occurrence area of earthquake. There is high risk of asbestos dust exposure for collapsed buildings by the earthquake. This pattern of asbestos disaster is broken out not only earthquake but also other natural disaster (storm, flood, tsunami, etc.). Impossibility of Asbestos Control Use. It is important that we prepare for an emergency on asbestos disaster in peacetime. This presentation focuses in the case of earthquake in Japan. 2

3 Three outbreak factors of disaster * at asbestos disaster of earthquake. Causative factor Essential factor Expand factor Earthquake (natural phenomenon) Existence of used asbestos for building and other materials in the past Condition of asbestos dustproof measure completeness. Behavior of residents, restoration workers, and the government at the earthquake stricken areas. Key points are Essential factor and Expand factor. *Sato, T., et al., Disaster(rebinding version), Keiso shobo(in Japanese),

4 2. Asbestos Construction Materials in Japan Asbestos consumption for construction materials is related to Essential factor. Experience of asbestos construction production and consumption in Japan. Asbestos was used a large amount from 1950s to 1990s. Background: high economic growth, heavy industrialization and urbanization. Asbestos construction materials was related to radical urbanization. <for reference> In 1970s, it is similar situation in Korea by Saemaeul Movement (New Community Movement).

5 400,000 Asbestos volume of imports (ton) 350, , , , , ,000 50, Year Figure.1 Transition of Asbestos volume of import in Japan Source: drawing up by the Ministry of Finance, Statistics of Importing and exporting, etc. 5

6 High economic growth and urbanization in Japan. Primary industry proceeded to secondary and/or tertiary. The place of living and working concentrated into the city. Structure of city contain a large amount of asbestos construction materials (building, water supply). Rapidly urbanization at Japan after Industry in city proceeded to heavy industrialization, hightech, computerization, and service industrialization. Cities were enlarged and population was drained to city. 6

7 Table.1 Shipment amount of asbestos cement goods between 1970 and 1995 in Japan unit: 1,000 piece year Asbestos cement board Corrugated Asbestos Slate ,919 74, ,454 46, ,340 56, ,788 34, ,378 31, ,302 19,139 Source: Research and Statistics Department Minister's Secretariat Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Census of Manufactures, Report by Commodities, each years. 7

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9 3. Case Study of Earthquake in the Past 17 January, 1995 : Great Hanshin earthquake At that time, asbestos use was permitted and asbestos toxicity was not recognized in almost people. *Ban crocidolite and amosite was 1995, and chrysotile for construction was 2004 in Japan. This earthquake stricken main area was center of Kobe city, Kobe is one of the big cities in Japan. It had a large population and many steel-frame buildings. Asbestos dust exposure was occurred every area in Kobe.

10 Damaged buildings were demolished and removed immediately without dustproof measure. Asbestos pollution research in Great Hanshin earthquake 1 On 18 February, 1995, research by Dr. Shigeharu NAKACHI. The site of building (used splay crocidolite) demolition. Air measurement results (two spots): 160 fiber/l and 250 fiber/l Dustproof measure (ex. water sprinkling, dust musk use ) was not carried out. 2Air environment monitoring by Ministry of the Environment. Asbestos dust level was high by July, Especially, highest measure point recorded 19.9 fiber/ L for May and June. 10

11 loutbreak of asbestos injury by Great Hanshin earthquake. Some victims of malignant mesothelioma was recognized since March, lthe incubation period of asbestos disease from dust exposure is thirty or forty years. We estimate asbestos disaster of this earthquake that outbreak peak is in future. 11

12 4. Asbestos Measure for Earthquake in Peacetime Necessity of Measure for earthquake in peacetime was demanded by Great Hanshin earthquake. (1) Asbestos removal from buildings <The present situation in Japan> As to splayed asbestos, most public building and large private building (over 1,000 square meters) was managed. But it is not perfect. As to asbestos board and slate, these asbestos materials were neglected in asbestos measure of construction. 12

13 (2)Recognition survey of used asbestos in city buildings Case of Kobe City Drawing up an asbestos risk hazard map. Asbestos risk assessment of buildings by information (built year, construction type, total floor space, operation of asbestos remove or containment in the past ). However, there are few local governments that grapple with this measure. 13

14 (3)Asbestos measure by Ministry of the Environment Making and distribution of manual. Treatment Manual as to Asbestos Dust Prevention on Natural Disaster Outbreak(in Japanese), August Contents: 1) Preparations on Peacetime 2) Emergency Measure on Disaster Outbreak 3) Research, Scheme, and Notification about Collapsed Building 4) Announcement to Neighborhood about Asbestos 5) Asbestos Dust Prevention on Building Demolition site 6) Collection and Transportation of Asbestos Contaminated Debris 7) Temporary Charge by Local Government 8) Intermediate Treatment and Final Disposal This is comprehensive and effective manual, if it is utilized. 14

15 5. Case Study of the Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March, 2011: Great East Japan Earthquake The serious earthquake stricken regions are the coastal areas of three prefectures, Iwata, Miyagi, and Fukushima. Large quantities of damaged buildings and debris are in these areas. 15

16 18 April, Otsuchi Town, Iwate Prefecture.

17 18 April, Otsuchi Town, Iwate Prefecture.

18 19 April, Akahama primary school, Otsuchi Town, Iwate Prefecture.

19 19 April, Akahama primary school, Otsuchi Town, Iwate Prefecture.

20 20 April, Rikuzentakada City, Iwate Prefecture.

21 20 April, City hall of Rikuzentakada City, Iwate Prefecture.

22 8 May, City hall of Rikuzentakada City, Iwate Prefecture.

23 20 April, Gymnasium of Rikuzentakada City, Iwate Prefecture.

24 24 April, Shiogama City, Miyagi Prefecture.

25 24 April, Onagawa Town, Miyagi Prefecture.

26 24 April, Onagawa Town, Miyagi Prefecture.

27 5.1 Asbestos Measure by Government for Earthquake Stricken Areas (1) Ministry of the Environment 19 March, 2011, Circular notice As to Asbestos Contaminated waste at the Great East Japan Earthquake Attentional information in urgent. Asbestos cement board/slate is to be hoped that is treated as fragile and dust spread asbestos waste. Redistribution of manual. 16 May, 2011, Master Plan of Waste Treatment at the Great East Japan Earthquake This manual treat generally waste. Asbestos is treated as one of the Special Control Waste. Asbestos is divided on a temporary storage site and managed by professional service. 27

28 (2) Local governments 1) Miyagi Prefecture 28 March, 2011, Basic Guideline of Waste Treatment for the Great East Japan Earthquake 30 May, 2011, Plan of Waste Treatment for the Great East Japan Earthquake 2) Iwate Prefecture 20 June, 2011, Plan of Waste Treatment for the Great East Japan Earthquake in Iwate Prefecture Asbestos waste of this earthquake will be treated in waste management plans by Ministry of the Environment and local government. We must consider effectiveness of these measures and the real condition in the earthquake stricken areas. 28

29 5.2 Examination as to Asbestos Contaminated Waste Management System of asbestos waste measure in Japan Manual of Asbestos Contaminated Waste Management Ministry of the Environment, March <Management flow> 1) Survey of asbestos existence by check of inspector and a design drawing of building. 2) Collection and transportation of asbestos waste with dustproof measure. 3) Dust spread asbestos waste (ex. Sprayed asbestos, insulating material ) is filled in strict controlled dumping site or more made harmless (meltdown processing). Asbestos cement slate/board is admitted to be filled in non-controlled dumping site, but it is the terms that not be crushed. 29

30 Problems of asbestos waste on this earthquake. (1) A large amount of asbestos contaminated waste occurrence. Asbestos cement board/slate was crushed by earthquake and tsunami. Furthermore it is transformed into dust spread asbestos waste and pollute the whole of construction debris. (2)Separate asbestos collection is difficult than peacetime. It is important that the education curriculum of worker and inspector for asbestos treatment. In earthquake, recognition method of asbestos in debris is only check of human eye. 30

31 (3) The risk of debris recycling with asbestos. In the plan of Ministry of the Environment, the debris of cement/concrete in this earthquake will be recycled for reconstruction materials. However, cement/concrete goods are similar to asbestos cement goods. Cement/concrete recycling materials are often contaminated by asbestos cement goods even on peacetime. (4)The necessity for harmless treatment plant and dumping site for asbestos waste. A large amount of asbestos contaminated waste was happened. Good treatment methods for this waste are made harmless (meltdown processing) and/or reserves in strict controlled dumping site. However these plants and dumping lands are limited. <the permission company of asbestos treatment and dumping (dust spread type) by Ministry of the Environment > Made harmless (meltdown processing): 9 companies Dumping site: 43 companies *On March, 2010, publication by Ministry of the Environment. 31

32 5.3 The Situation of Asbestos Risk in Earthquake Stricken Areas Air pollution of asbestos at the earthquake stricken areas. (1)Asbestos dust concentration survey by Ministry of the Environment ( announcement at 27 April, 2011) All 15 measuring spots are no different from asbestos air concentration in general. (2) Asbestos dust concentration and construction material survey by us* (announcement at 1 July, 2011) There are 12 spots that we detected asbestos fibers of all 47 measure spots. However, these 12 spots results are under the regulatory standard value (10f/L) by Air Pollution Control Act of Japan. * Tokyo Occupational Safety and Health Center, Mesothelioma - Pneumoconiosis - Asbestos Center (in Tokyo), Ritsumeikan Asbestos Research Project, et al. 32

33 We had recognized that asbestos risky spots were few as results of the fieldwork. But it is by no means that the earthquake stricken areas is safe as to asbestos. We must consider a characteristic of tsunami damage accompanying this earthquake. Most of construction material debris was carried away and became damp by tsunami. Dump asbestos is hard to be suspended dust. For serious disaster, demolition of damaged buildings and removal of debris were postponed for several months from outbreak earthquake. It is necessary to confirm the wishes of owner of buildings and/or debris (ex. Broken car), too. Naturally, demolition of asbestos construction materials without dustproof measure causes high-level asbestos exposure. 33

34 As to sprayed asbestos. Construction materials of splayed asbestos are few in the earthquake stricken areas. As this background, there are advance of countermeasures that asbestos use regulation and removal of splayed asbestos, and rebuilding than at the point of time of Great Hanshin earthquake (1995). However, we found two samples of splayed asbestos in damaged buildings by our field survey. As to asbestos cement board/slate. Asbestos cement materials are in everywhere in the earthquake stricken areas. There are asbestos exposure risks to workers and residents. As to dustproof measure situation. Workers and volunteers were not always that they use dust musk. We observed that some demolition sites were not taken any dustproof measure (ex. water sprinkling). 34

35 7 May Construction demolition site of Higashimatsusima City, Miyagi Prefecture.

36 7 May A temporary storage site of Ishinomaki City, Miyagi Prefecture.

37 9 May Splayed asbestos (Crocidolite) on dameged building in Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture.

38 31 July packing asbestos waste in a temporary storage site in Sendai City. 38

39 3 August The signboard for visitor of temporary storage site. 39

40 3 August crushed cement material in a temporary storage site. 40

41 3 August crushed asbestos cement material in a temporary storage site. 41

42 5 August cement/concrete fragment gathering in Natori city, Miyagi Prefecture. 42

43 5 August cement/concrete fragment gathering in Natori city, Miyagi Prefecture. 43

44 23 October crushed corrugated asbestos slate in a temporary storage site. 44

45 6. Concluding remarks Tasks of asbestos damage prevention in the earthquake stricken areas. (1)Development of unified administration system, inspection, and leadership by the government. (2)Check and countermeasure as to asbestos-contaminated damaged buildings and debris. (3)Registration and medical examination for workers, volunteers, and residents as asbestos risk holder. The estimation amount of all debris by Ministry of the Environment is 22,726,000 tons (publication at 4 October, 2011). Debris disposal is continues for several years. Countermeasure of asbestos disaster must be annexed to this disposal and reconstruction policy. 45

46 Thank you for your attention! 46