Prevention Tsunami wall 10m high (breached by the tsunami due to land level falling by 3m)

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1 Plate margin Plates Causes Sendai, Japan Convergent plate margin Pacific and Eurasian Plates Convergent plate margin Sima (Pacific plate) moves towards the sial (Eurasian plate) Sima (Pacific plate) is subducted as it is more dense Pressure builds due to friction between the two plates Eventually pressure is released in a sudden jolt - 11/03/ Richter scale 2:46pm, Depth of focus 32km, Very long lasted 5 minutes, 130km from Sendai, 200 years of pressure released. Sial flicks upwards causing a tsunami with 10 metre high waves. Effects Local residents 10,000 deaths, 20,000 missing, 2,400 injured, 4.4m households without electricity, 1.5m without water, 11 hospitals destroyed, Soil liquefaction near Tokyo damaged over 1000 buildings Tsunami travelled 10km inland -10m high waves. Fukushima Nuclear power plant reactor overheated resulting in a level 7 radioactive leak contaminating a 120km radius Infrastructure - The tsunami blocked roads with debris and washed away bridges leaving the 900 residents of Miyagi island isolated. Land movement -Coast sunk by 1m, moved 4m into the Pacific Ocean Responses of people and organisations Prevention Tsunami wall 10m high (breached by the tsunami due to land level falling by 3m) Prediction Japanese Meteorological Agency predict EQs Warning systems send automatic messages to the media after P waves to warn of S waves Community preparedness EQ drills in large buildings every month 1919 Buildings Regulations Act requires buildings to be life-safe 1982 review of building regulations required new buildings to have shock absorbers Response to hazard US military 2,100 tonnes food 59 expert search and rescue teams US charities raised $49m over 6 days Japanese government predict that rebuilding will take up to 5 years.

2 Sendai Tsunami, Japan

3 4444 Background and causes people prevention Japan Tsunami effects environment responses

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5 Pacific Plate Eurasian Plate

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10 Sendai tsunami, 2011 The Pacific plate is under the Eurasian plate. Gradually built up for 200 years. When the earthquake occurred on the 11 th March 2011 at 2:46pm, the focus was very, 32km below the earth s surface, resulting in a magnitude 9 earthquake. The earthquake caused the plate to flick upwards displacing the Ocean causing a tsunami to spread outwards in all. It took just a few to reach the city of Sendai. As it approached the coastline the wave shortened and the wave height due to friction from the shallow sea bed nearer the coastline. When it got to Sendai the was 10m tall. Pressure deep Eurasian subducted tsunami directions Pacific length increased minutes

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22 4444 Background and causes people prevention Japan Tsunami effects environment responses

23 Point Evidence (sp) Explanation 2 connectives So As a result This means that Because Also Death Nuclear Power Station overheated 10,000 people were killed by the tsunami Fukushima Nuclear power plant reactor overheated resulting in a level 7 radioactive leak contaminating a 120km radius. This means that whole communities may have been killed. As a result recovery from the tsunami will be severely affected due to the lack of skilled workers e.g. architects, builders and council planners. This means that local residents had to be evacuated from the surrounding areas. Also Blocked roads and washed away bridges The 900 residents of Miyagi island were left isolated. Land sunk Coast sunk by 1m, moved 4m into the Pacific Ocean

24 Point Evidence (sp) Explanation 2 connectives So As a result This means that Because Also Food provided for victims of the earthquake Trapped people searched for on the wreckage US military 2,100 tonnes food 59 expert search and rescue teams Due to the tsunami local food supplies in supermarkets were destroyed and transporting food to the areas affected was difficult. The aid means that communities affected by the earthquake are provided with food in evacuation centres. This means that people have a better chance of being rescued or dead bodies being found and identified. As a result Money raised to help victims US charities raised $49m over 6 days Government develop rebuilding plans Japanese government predict that rebuilding will take up to 5 years.

25 Plate margin Plates Causes Sendai, Japan Convergent plate margin Pacific and Eurasian Plates Convergent plate margin Sima (Pacific plate) moves towards the sial (Eurasian plate) Sima (Pacific plate) is subducted as it is more dense Pressure builds due to friction between the two plates Eventually pressure is released in a sudden jolt - 11/03/ Richter scale 2:46pm, Depth of focus 32km, Very long lasted 5 minutes, 130km from Sendai, 200 years of pressure released. Sial flicks upwards causing a tsunami with 10 metre high waves. Effects Local residents 10,000 deaths, 20,000 missing, 2,400 injured, 4.4m households without electricity, 1.5m without water, 11 hospitals destroyed, Soil liquefaction near Tokyo damaged over 1000 buildings Tsunami travelled 10km inland -10m high waves. Fukushima Nuclear power plant reactor overheated resulting in a level 7 radioactive leak contaminating a 120km radius Infrastructure - The tsunami blocked roads with debris and washed away bridges leaving the 900 residents of Miyagi island isolated. Land movement -Coast sunk by 1m, moved 4m into the Pacific Ocean Responses of people and organisations Prevention Tsunami wall 10m high (breached by the tsunami due to land level falling by 3m) Prediction Japanese Meteorological Agency predict EQs Warning systems send automatic messages to the media after P waves to warn of S waves Community preparedness EQ drills in large buildings every month 1919 Buildings Regulations Act requires buildings to be life-safe 1982 review of building regulations required new buildings to have shock absorbers Response to hazard US military 2,100 tonnes food 59 expert search and rescue teams US charities raised $49m over 6 days Japanese government predict that rebuilding will take up to 5 years.

26 Sendai Quiz 1. When did the earthquake occur? 11 th March :46pm 2. Which plate was subducted under the Eurasian plate? 3. How deep was the focus? 32km 4. How high was the tsunami? 10m 5. How many people died? 10, What was the name of the nuclear power plant that had a radiation leak? Fukushima 7. How many people were stranded on Miyagi island? How much did the coast sink by? 1m 9. How many tonnes of food were donated by the US? 2, How many rescue teams were sent to search for people? 11.How many years will it take to rebuild? 5 years 12.How long had the plates been stuck? 200 Pacific 59