A human atlas of Europe? A continent united in diversity

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1 A human atlas of Europe? A continent united in diversity Dimitris Ballas Department of Economic Geography Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen d.ballas@rug.nl

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8 A country called Europe?

9 Mentimeter words associated with Europe

10 A country called Europe? we must re-create the European family in a regional structure, called, it may be, the United States of Europe (Winston Churchill, Zurich 19 September 1946)

11 A country called Europe? Europe is a thought that needs to become a feeling. When Americans talk about their United States, they get all misty eyed, they get emotional. Hell, when the Irish talk about the United States, we get misty eyed. Do we think that way about Europe? And if not why not? Bono, addressing delegates at the European People s Party Congress in Dublin, 7 March 2014 (RTE, 2014 ; my emphasis)

12 A country called Europe? Eurobarometer, Spring

13 A country called Europe? Eurobarometer, Spring

14 A country called Europe? A new cartography can further develop ideas of Europe as a single mass of people and help our thinking to move further towards a Europe of people instead of nationstates. Through such action we may see a bolstering of European identity to help us think of Europe and its economy, culture, history and both human and physical geography in terms of a single large land and population mass.

15 Mercator (17. Century) Gall/Peters (19. & 20. Century)

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17 I. A changing world II. Changing cartographies III. Planet of people IV. Warped worlds Benjamin D. Hennig One Planet, Many Worlds The Prince's Teaching Institute, London, Worldmapper Land area Earthquake victims Economic activity 2012 Nuclear weapons 2011

18 A new map projection I. A changing world II. Changing cartographies III. Planet of people IV. Warped worlds Benjamin D. Hennig One Planet, Many Worlds The Prince's Teaching Institute, London,

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23 An atlas of a continent united in diversity Thinking about Europe as a continent of regions and cities rather than nation-states and to realise the huge number of ways in which people living in different parts of Europe have so much in common. By transforming the human and physical space of Europe simultaneously, we argue that it is more likely for Europeans to make more sense of both their home area s physical and human geography and to think of Europe as one place.

24 Key data sources Gridded Population of the World (SEDAC/NASA) European Values Survey Eurostat European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions International Labour Organisation The World Bank World Health Organisation Barro-Lee education attainment database

25 Types of maps Country cartograms, using a rainbow colour scheme, with each country resized on the basis of a variable of interest. Country population cartograms with thematic mapping showing the geographical distribution of a variable of interest Gridded population (Hennig) cartograms with thematic mapping

26 Types of maps Country cartograms, using a rainbow colour scheme, with each country resized on the basis of a variable of interest. Country population cartograms with thematic mapping showing the geographical distribution of a variable of interest Gridded population (Hennig) cartograms with thematic mapping

27 MAP NUMBERS OF UNEMPLOYED PEOPLE: INCREASE BETWEEN 2007 AND 2012

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36 Types of maps Country cartograms, using a rainbow colour scheme, with each country resized on the basis of a variable of interest. Country population cartograms with thematic mapping showing the geographical distribution of a variable of interest Gridded population (Hennig) cartograms with thematic mapping

37 INCOME SHARE HELD BY THE LEAST AFFLUENT 20%

38 Types of maps Country cartograms, using a rainbow colour scheme, with each country resized on the basis of a variable of interest. Country population cartograms with thematic mapping showing the geographical distribution of a variable of interest Gridded population (Hennig) cartograms with thematic mapping

39 A gridded-population cartogram of Europe

40 Gross domestic product (% of the EU-28 average, EU-28 = 100) in Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) per inhabitant, Data from Eurostat

41 Gridded population cartogram representation of the topography of Europe

42 Annual precipitation

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44 Article 2 Right to life 1. Everyone has the right to life. 2. No one shall be condemned to the death penalty, or executed. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2007/C 303/01

45 Can the death penalty be justified? Never

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48 ARE YOU AFRAID OF LOSING YOUR NATIONAL IDENTITY/CULTURE? Distribution of people who feel very much afraid of losing their national identity/culture

49 TAKING ALL THINGS TOGETHER, HOW HAPPY ARE YOU? Distribution of Europeans who consider themselves very happy

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51 Human rights in Europe: Do not leave the battlefield The landscape I describe is a bleak one, and those who cherish human rights, who value Europe, cannot remain silent. To all human rights defenders, to all those who protect the most vulnerable, to all those politicians who stand by principles and values even when it is not electorally convenient, I say: do not leave the battlefield. With you, we will overcome this negative period and build a stronger Europe based on human rights for all. Nils Muižnieks, Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, annual activity report for 2015 (my emphasis) report available from: /human-rights-in-europe-do-not-leave-the-battlefield

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54 Is it not the case that without immigrants, the women in your country would grow moustaches, because you would have ended up marrying your first cousins? Bulgarian TV interview question to Nigel Farage, leader of the UK Independence Party, broadcast by Channel 4 (YouTube, 2013)

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56 TOTAL RESERVES (INCLUDING GOLD), 2012 (Current US$)

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65 Around one in seven children leave school or training early and this has an impact on individuals, society and economies... Early leavers from education and training and tertiary educational attainment are headline indicators for the Europe 2020 strategy. European Commission, 2013c

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71 FOREST AREA (KM2), 2011

72 TOTAL RENEWABLE INTERNAL FRESHWATER RESOURCES (BILLION QUBIC METERS)

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76 At 57, the thrice-married mother of-three has long been a ubiquitous presence on the political landscape of Greece, a defining figure who began as the iconic voice of the Polytechnic during the 1973 students revolt against the military dictatorship Damanaki, who would spend seven months in prison after the regime crushed the rebellion, still bears the scars of that time. Memories of days spent in solitary confinement in a darkened cell at Athens s notorious military police headquarters return to haunt her. Smith, 2010, on Maria Damanaki, European Commissioner for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

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81 The continent does not appear so large when it is viewed in the context of this atlas, when all its peoples are given equal prominence. We hope that by viewing these maps the reader will have begun to see a different Europe: a Europe of cities rather than states; a continent of people rather than power; and one of hope rather than decline. After all, where else in the world is there such complexity, coherence and communality?

82 Europe at night