Commission of the European Communities Questionnaire on Hazard Mapping. Sweden s Response Coordinated by the Swedish Rescue Service Agency

Transcription

1 Please contact Åsa Kyrk, Project Commission's communication on building a common approach to natural and technological risks: Questionnaire on Hazard Mapping Your 0 date Your reference Christian Faure Catherine Day European Commission ENVIRONMENT Directorate-General 1 (17) Commission of the European Communities Questionnaire on Hazard Mapping Sweden s Response Coordinated by the Swedish Rescue Service Agency The background to this questionnaire is that the Director-Generals agreed about what would be beneficial for the Commission in order to gain a better picture about the existing work done by the Member States on risks, based on the Commission s work regarding the communication 1. The Swedish Rescue Services Agency welcomes the initiative 2, given the facts that a more extensive discussion on risk management in general terms is held at a European level. We think it is important that the Commission shows a clear direction on this issue, and as Catherine Day said at the Director-Generals meeting - work out the general principles and give the member states support and supplement their work in this area. The Member State s answers to the questionnaire will, of course, give the Commission a good picture about their work with hazards maps, but more importantly the Member State s work with their risk management on how to eliminate accidents. 1 Commission's communication on building a common approach to natural and technological risks 2 Commission's communication on building a common approach to natural and technological risks SRV-25.9 Postal address Swedish Rescue Services Agency S Karlstad SWEDEN Address Norra Klaragatan 18 Telephone VAT No srv@srv.se Telefax Internet

2 2 1. General Questions 1.1 What hazard maps have been developed in your country? Risk mapping balancing risk management and information vulnerability Risk mapping is an excellent tool for risk management. It can help in the process of land use planning and increase awareness and preparedness for accidents. But it can also expose sensitive information that, when released, can make the municipality vulnerable. It is the Swedish view that the principle of subsidiary is the balancing factor between the gain and the hazard for the society from risk mapping. The gain is at the local level because risks increase with size of the geographical area mapped. Sweden therefore definitely acknowledges risk mapping for the local municipalities but finds it advisable to abstain from detailed nationwide risk maps. Swedish risk management the municipalities overall responsibility In Sweden government agencies cooperate on all matters concerning risks. This includes accident prevention, emergency preparedness and emergency response. Swedish risk management programs are lead at local level. Sweden has chosen the bottom up approach to insure that all risks are addressed on the basis of the resources that are available. Risk assessment has to be dealt with locally due to the fact that accident and hazards occur locally every accident/hazard has a geographic position but the effects of the accident/hazard may be of local, regional, national or international character. Therefore, the subsidiary principle is the key factor in Sweden s risk management policies. Sweden s new law regarding civil protection is built on the principle that the local municipalities have an overall responsibility for both identifying all their risks and taking preventive actions together with producing emergency plans for the municipality area. The society s safety related to technological installations belongs in a high grade to company s risk management and the permission and supervision authorities. For example, the permission process for hazardous installations and establishments that can affect the environment include environmental and safety examinations. In these examinations the location and land use around the site are important. Different methods are used depending on the type of risks that are to be analyzed. The combined risk picture is unique for every municipality. Since this is the case, the development on risks is going from detailed legislations towards a result-oriented approach on risks. That includes legislations that are more flexible and allows the municipalities to build their own specific accident prevention program. They are in turn responsible for reducing the number and severity of accidents. It is up to the municipalities to identify the risks and how accidents can be avoided. This means that standardizing methods are of less importance compared to the results of all the processes

3 3 (se part 3) that are of much more importance. The primary goal is to compare the results and develop reliable risk assessments. As this is the approach, Sweden does not find it necessary to in detail execute supervision of the risk management work that goes on at the municipal level. Instead the Swedish national agencies are providing the tools, planning bases and guidance for the municipalities to take the necessary initiatives regarding accident prevention. The plan of action derived from the new legislation includes problem identification, setting priorities safety targets, decision making, as well as undertaking and implementing preventative actions. The results are measured and a follow-up program is specified that will result in improved risk management. A plan of action is based on the resources available and the knowledge of local risks. The success of this model is due to the fact that it is based on the local conditions. Therefore, an optimal risk management program can be undertaken. This can results in effective land use planning and a safer municipality. In matters of risk mapping the national offices provide guidelines for risk management, describe the process and provide examples showing different state-of-the-art methods. They even finance research programs in risk mapping that results in data to the local municipalities. Hazard maps produced nationwide in Sweden: FLOODS SEVESO ESTABLISHMENTS EARTHQUAKES NUCLEAR LANDSLIDES TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS STORMS CONTAMINATED LAND FOREST FIRES OTHER INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS(specify) MULTI-HAZARD PLEASE LIST MULTI-HAZARD NATECH* PLEASE LIST NATECH TYPE. Natural hazard triggering technological disasters National actors for natural hazard risk management The Swedish Rescue Services Agency, SRSA, is one of several agencies dealing with prevention for natural disasters. SRSA s function is to support rescue services with knowledge. The agency also subsidises preventive measures in built-up areas that may be at risk of flooding and landslides. The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SMHI has the responsibility to send warnings to the public during periods with storms and floods. The Swedish Geotechnical Institute is a government agency dealing with geotechnical research, information and consultancy. The purpose of the

4 4 Institute is to achieve better techniques, safety and economy by the correct application of geotechnical knowledge in the building process. Other organisations dealing with prevention against natural disasters are: Svenska Kraftnät that owns and operates the national electricity grid, comprising the country's 400 and 220 kv power lines, as well as stations, international inter-connectors and IT systems. Svenska Kraftnät is chair of the Swedish Committee for Dam Safety. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency is the central environmental authority under the Swedish Government and is responsible for general water protection as part of national environmental objectives. National Food Administration is responsible for good quality drinking water. Floods Almost yearly some part of Sweden suffers from floods that cause major damages. However, through preparedness and effective operations during serious floods, damage can be limited. General Flood Risk Maps are an aid in this work and highlight the areas that are under threat from floods during periods with high water levels and discharges. Municipalities in Sweden are responsible for carrying out risk inventories within their own borders, for taking preventive measures, establishing emergency plans, and taking measures in flood events. This applies to all kinds of accidents including natural disasters. However, a large proportion of buildings were been constructed before careful consideration of natural risks were taken into consideration. Landslides After the gigantic landslide in Tuve 1977, where 65 houses where ruined, 500 persons became homeless and nine persons died. Politicians and decision-makers began to worry about how many other areas like Tuve could there be. Areas, which have been build-up without enough geotechnical investigations made. Knowledge about these questions are complicated and may not always be available in the municipalities. After the landslide in Tuve, the government decided that municipalities should be mapped generally regarding stability in build-up areas.. The government also decided to introduce governmental grants from which municipalities could apply for subsidies to take preventive measures against landslides and floods in build-up areas. The purpose of general mapping of stability conditions is to make a general map of the ground stability in developed areas. The map shall be used as a support for the County Administrative Boards and the municipalities to indicate where there are areas at risk of landslides. The municipalities work systematically with the areas pointed out in the general stability map. They make detailed investigations to define how big the problem is. When the problem is defined and preventive measures are suggested the municipality can apply for subsidy to take the preventive measures. The SRSA administrates these subsidies with help from The

5 5 Swedish Geotechnical Institute who take part of the technical investigation of the application for subsidy. There are lot of preventive measures taken in build-up areas every year because of the mapping and the possibility to apply for subsidies. Forest Fires A fire risk handbook for forest and other landscapes in Sweden guides municipalities through a computerised decision support system. This system with its tables and maps is design to provide a fire risk prognosis. Multi-hazard, Accident Statistics Every year SRSA analyses accident statistics reported by all the fire and rescue departments in Sweden. The statistics are grouped according to the type of accident, the cause, the type of building where it occurred. The statistics are published in an annual report. Several thematic maps are created using GIS software and have been an important part of the annual report the past few years. Most of these maps show the number of accidents of a specific type, for example fires in buildings or outdoor fires per 1000 inhabitants. Fire and rescue departments report accidents on a regular basis. This accounts for the availability of statistics for the nearly 300 municipalities in Sweden. Summaries of these statistics are also available electronically in the SRSA s information bank. The information is distributed by CD-ROM to all customers who subscribe to RIB, as the information bank is called. Queries can easily be processed and displayed. The SRSA has created a report on the Collective survey and analysis of incident and accident development and of safety promotion work in Sweden. The report is a collection of statistics of different frequently occurring accidents. The statistics are presented with the help of tables, diagrams and maps showing the occurrence of different types of frequently occurring accidents on county level. The report is intended to support goaloriented safety promotion work in the municipalities and the private sector. There is also an atlas if injuries among the elderly produced. It is intended to present various types of injury, the diagnosis hip fracture and geograohical similarities and differences in the levels of injury to the elderly as a result of accidents, self-inflicted injury ad violence. This information is presented in the same way, with the help of maps, tables and diagrams Multi-hazard, Risk Management at the Municipal Level SRSA has developed a mini-gis system, called RISK-ERA, designed for use by any of the municipalities in Sweden for the purpose of risk management. The system has been developed hand-in-hand with representatives from the municipalities so that their requirements would be incorporated. With Risk-Era municipalities can complete and revise an inventory of various types of risks. They can also generate accident scenarios for on-site risk sources. Risk analysis implies setting the level for probability and consequence and weighing all risks against each other in order to prioritize accident prevention work.

6 6 Municipalities also have the option of using other computer programs on the market for hazard mapping. They may choose to use their own applications developed with popular GIS software such as ESRI s ArcView or MapInfo Corporations MapInfo. The important factor is that municipalities generate a good overview of the risks that are found in their jurisdiction so that the can be discussed by several experts. Decisions are then made about the accident prevention measures to be taken. Multi-hazard, Risk Management at County Level Considerable risk mapping is accomplished at the county level. The counties themselves are responsible for minimizing risks within their jurisdiction. Professionals at the County Administrative Board develop programs that will increase the type and quality of risk data. The use of GIS began early on at the county level. Personnel with GIS-competence are common at County Administrative Boards throughout the country. They often work with environmental mapping but risk management has taken on a larger profile in the past several years. Risk mapping applications are currently being developed the desktop mapping as well as GIS web technology. Some examples of risk analysis at the county level can include the following: Identifying the roadways where dangerous goods are transported. Localising appropriate parking places for trucks transporting dangerous goods Creating response time zones for the fire and rescue departments. Identifying especially sensitive areas where special prevention measures are needed to avoid accidents. Identifying natural hazards found within the county particularly flood risk and risk for landslides. Risk analysis reports for risk-filled sites within the county. Crisis information system as a regional support tool for use during emergency operations. It provides an overview of the situation that facilitates cooperation between the various agencies and municipalities involved. Seveso establishments Hazard maps are not being developed for Seveso establishments at the national level. The Swedish view is that mapping on national scale can expose sensitive information that, when released, can make the community vulnerable. Nuclear Hazards Hazard mapping is in progress for nuclear power installations.

7 7 Transport of Dangerous Goods TransAPELL Sweden was among the leading nations who produced material for the UNEP Technical Report Nr. 35 called TransAPELL, Guidance for Dangerous Goods Transport, Emergency Planning in a Local Community. The report was designed as a guidebook for community risk mapping with emphasis on transport of dangerous goods. TransAPELL is a procedure for assisting communities in hazard identification and evaluation. This process begins by collecting information about the amounts of dangerous goods, according to their UN classes, transported through the community. The purpose of this endeavour is twofold. Collecting information for hazard assessment in order to improve decisions regarding emergency planning priorities. Collecting information for emergency response in order to develop emergency response plans. Community preparedness training is specific to the products transported through the community. Hazard evaluation enables the community to pinpoint likely accident locations and scenarios together with the objects they threaten, for example, residential areas, schools, hospitals, freshwater reservoirs, etc. Transport of Dangerous Goods on Roads and Railways Two research projects have been undertaken by The Swedish Rescue Services Agency that involved the collection of data about the flow of dangerous goods on roads and railways. The first project focused on transport of dangerous goods along roads and the second along railways. This data is updated every fourth year by means of a survey sent to all companies who transport dangerous goods. Contaminated Land An inventory is made at the county level for contaminated lands. These inventories include the geographic position of the centre point of each area. Because the and Y coordinates are available, the sites can be mapped in a GIS system. 1.2 How far are you in the process of hazard mapping? Have maps been developed for all relevant hazards and for the whole territory? Floods On commission of the Swedish government, the Swedish Rescue Services Agency (SRSA) is responsible for General Flood Risk Maps of parts of Sweden s waterways. The mapping began in 1998 with the goal of mapping approximately 10,000 km (approx.10%) of Sweden s waterways. The

8 8 general maps are intended for the overall planning of fire and rescue service work and as information for land-use planning. The flood mapping covers natural floods in both governed and ungoverned waterways, but not floods that occur, for example, as a result of a dam break or an ice-dam. Landslides Sweden comprises many different natural geographic regions. Therefore there are different methods and different ways of doing the general stability map. The map shows areas where there is need for detailed stability investigations or where a review of earlier investigations and measures ought to be made, as they are not in accordance with the recommendations from the Commission on Slope Stability. The result of the mapping is given to the County Administration and to the municipalities as part of ordinary risk management. The survey covers the whole country, but is carried out at a municipal level and only in developed areas. The survey began in 1978 in the most vulnerable municipalities. Currently, the municipalities that were surveyed first are being re-surveyed because the methods for surveying have changed over the years. The new survey is mainly done because of changes in guidelines regarding what is stable ground and what ground is unstable. The Swedish Commission on Slope Stability issued its instructions, new guidelines were issued. About municipalities are being mapped per year.

9 9 The map shows all municipalities in Sweden. Those municipalities that are coloured have been mapped. The colour depends on which method of mapping is used. Forest Fires Pilot studies have been done in special areas for forest fires, but no national mapping has been done. The system primary supports the local organization (fire and rescue services) and includes meteorological data, the extent of grass fires season and forest fire risk. Ground moisture levels are calculated. An updated weather prognosis is incorporated as well as warnings, lightning strikes, wind, and humidity. The strength of the fire prognosis model lies in the numerous variables that are calculated. Multi-hazard, Accident Statistics In 2003 SRSA began a research project aimed towards clarifying the social structure in different geographical areas of a municipality. A first study resulted in social, economic, and demographic data for all Swedish municipalities. This data was analysed for fire in dwellings and arson fires. Thematic maps have been created showing municipalities exhibiting high risk based on the frequency of specified accidents. There will be further analyses of other types of accidents in coming reports. In a second study statistics for the municipalities of Malmö and Jönköping will be analysed according to established mini-districts. Social, economic and demographic data will be collected and analysed according to selected variables. Fires in dwellings, with and without injuries, will be analysed as well as arson fires. Multi- hazard, Risk Management at the Municipal Level Each community is responsible for creating and maintaining their own risk database. This is a cooperative effort whereby several of the municipality s departments contribute relevant types of data. Sweden s new legislation regarding accident prevention goes into effect on January 1, It requires all communities to inventory and analyze their risks and describe a program for reducing these risks and minimizing consequences if accidents occur. The Swedish Rescue Services Agency has developed a computer program with its own symbols for different types of sites. It also has a library of risk sources and allows the user to define their exact geographic location. Such a computer program can be used by communities to meet the requirements of the new legislation. Multi-hazard, Risk Management at County Level Whenever digital risk maps are prepared at the country level, the aim is always to map the entire geographical area. In many cases risk mapping is accomplished on a theme-by-theme basis, for example mapping of all dams or mapping the transport of dangerous goods.

10 10 Seveso establishments Risk mapping is an excellent tool for risk management. It can help in the process of land use planning and increase awareness and preparedness for accidents. But it can also expose sensitive information that, when released, can make the community vulnerable. It is the Swedish view that the principle of subsidiary is the balancing factor between the gain and the hazard for the society from risk mapping. The gain is at the local level because risks increasing with size of the geographical area mapped. Sweden will therefore definitely acknowledge risk mapping for the local communities but finds it advisable to abstain from nationwide risk maps or centralised, community common risk maps or data bases. For this reason GIS maps have not been created for Seveso establishments. Nevertheless one research project has been undertaken in association with risk communication. It involved an attempt to present information about a probable accident scenario and its consequences to the surrounding population. Nuclear No specific needs are foreseen apart from further development of existing products. Ongoing research in the area of predicting bio- and geosphere distribution of radionuclides that follow nuclear fallout. Transport of Dangerous Goods The maps for both projects summarize the transport of dangerous gods along major roads. Those roads include the European network as well as all major national roads. TransAPELL The maps used in TransAPELL are fictive. They describe a community called Hazardville that could be located anywhere in the world. The overview map pinpoints the locations of roads and the railway, the harbour, chemical storage tanks, the hospital and the fire station. Another map shows Hazardville s road transport of dangerous gods specifying where dangerous goods can be transported and where they are not permitted. An environmental risk map is included with depicts the relative risk index (high, moderate, and low) for accidental pollution of fresh water resources. The final map describes an accident scenario at Hazardville s marshalling yard. It shows the chemical dispersion plume, the affected residential area as well as the number of residents to be evacuated, the nearest fire station and hospital. Contaminated Land The inventory of contaminated lands began in As early as 1995 the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency listed the types of lands that could be classified as polluted. At this time an inventory was made of mines, landfills and industries using certain chemicals. Since 1999 inventories have been conducted according to a national accepted method

11 11 (MIFO). This process is described on the agency s Internet home page under the topics relating to technique, environment, and remediation. The national goal is to identify all polluted or contaminated areas in the Sweden by the year The work has progressed steadily and should be completed by It is possible that the areas that have the highest degree of contamination, this is to say, risk class 1 with 1,300 sites, will even be mapped and archived by Several of the twenty-one Swedish County Administrative Boards have already completed registered and Y coordinates for all their contaminated lands. After mapping the centre of all contaminated lands, there will be a report compiled at the national level summarizing the findings. 1.3 Who are the key players, authority, body/entity, responsible for the development and updating of hazard maps? Floods The SRSA has the responsibility of producing General Flood Risk Maps in Sweden. The maps are produced by hydrological consultants who are commissioned by the SRSA. The General Flood Risk Maps are given to the County Administrative Boards and the municipalities along the waterways as basic information for land-use planning. For the time being there is no plan for updating the general maps due to the fact that there is a long list of rivers that ought to be mapped. There are ongoing discussions within the country. The County Administrative Boards and the municipalities must take into consideration that the databases are general and that they should put more detailed information to the general maps when there are more detailed and local information available. Landslides The Swedish Rescue Services Agency has the task of producing general stability maps. The maps are made by geo-technical consultants who are commissioned by the SRSA. The generally stability maps are given to the County Administration and to the municipalities as part of the ordinary risk management program. When changes are made, i.e. detailed investigations or strengthening measures, it is the municipality s responsibility to update its maps. If a detailed investigation shows on bad stability, the municipality may apply for a subsidy to take preventive measures. Forest Fires On the basis of orders from the Swedish Rescue Services Agency (SRSA) the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) has developed HBV and FWI models for fire risk in forests and other open or

12 12 undeveloped areas. They are used by the local fire and rescue staff or in order to assist provinces and municipalities with prevention and response endeavors. Multi- hazard, Accident Statistics The key players for multi-risk accident statistics are SRSA, the Swedish Statistics Bureau, the fire and rescue departments and the municipal hospitals (emergency room statistics). Multi- hazard, Risk Management at the Municipal Level The key contributors to data collected for Risk-Era are community personnel working with risk management and the Swedish Rescue Services Agency. Multi- hazard, Risk Management at County Level The key players at the county level are specialist at the County Board. They in turn work closely with specialists from several departments at the municipal level, those that are located within the county s boundaries. The Swedish Land Survey Office is also a key contact for the County Administrative Board. This office provides digital maps by way of a contract. Through this contract the maps are renewed each year and the latest digital information made available. SRSA is involved in some of the hazard mapping projects, primarily in terms of financing and consulting. Seveso establishments By choice no agency in Sweden is mapping Seveso establishments. Such maps for the whole country could expose sensitive information that, when released, would make the community vulnerable. On the local level however, risk mapping might be a good tool helping in the risk management. The municipalities can make use of hazard mapping methods when assessing risks to the life and health of inhabitants in the area, potential environmental damage, and property damage. Nuclear The key authority for mapping nuclear hazards is the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority, SSI. Transport of Dangerous Goods TransAPELL TransApell was an interagency and international project sponsored by the United National Environmental Program, UNEP. Transport of Dangerous Goods on Roads and Railways The key players have been the Swedish Rescue Services Agency, SRSA, the State Railways, SJ; and the National Rail Administration.

13 13 Contaminated Land The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency has defined methods to be used for the inventory process and is in the process of creating a national database. This agency finances all the inventories at the county level but it is the County Administrative Board that collects the information. All of the municipalities within the county have access to the information for such purposes as city planning. 1.4 In what format, i.e. electronic or paper copy, are the hazard maps available? What is the scale (e. g. 1:25.000) and projection (e.g. UTM)? Are some maps available on the Internet, if so, which ones? Floods The General Flood Risk Maps are presented partly as a report with printed maps (e.g. 1:50,000) and partly as GIS-layers on a CD ROM for further work by users in the municipalities and County Administrative Boards. The idea is that the flood risk map overlays that show where floods can occur, can be combined with other map layers for risk analysis within the effected area together with information about e.g. roads, railway lines, bridges and buildings. Landslides Together with the maps, SRSA provides a written description of how to interpret the results and also how they could and should be used. This is always presented as paper copies. Since 2001 they are also delivered in digital form as pdf-documents. These landslide maps are also presented in digital layers for GIS-applications. The maps are presented in scale 1:5,000. Forest Fires The forest fire prediction models are operated on the Internet. In this way all municipalities have access to the local data and the resulting maps with the best resolution as 22 x 22 km. Multi-hazard, Accident Statistics The multi-risk accident statistics maps show the entire country and are compiled at the scale of 1:4,000,000. Depending on how the reports are distributed the maps in the reports are available in paperform or on the internet. Multi-hazard, Risk Management at the Municipal Level Digital maps used in Risk-Era are generally digitised at a scale of 1:20, 000. There are, however, some communities who have mapped large areas of their more densely populated centres at a scale of 1: 5,000 in order to accurately represent such features as buildings, roads, and trails. Risk objects and objects requiring special protection are registered in Risk-Era. Objects can also be created as points, lines or polygons on the map. All objects are classified and the appropriate symbol given. This makes it easy

14 14 to see the whole communities risk profile in a geographic perspective. Any map projection can be used in Risk-Era provided that it consists not less than five digits and not more than seven. Multi- hazard, Risk Management at County Level Counties use the standard map projection that is used by the municipalities within its jurisdiction. The scale of maps can be 1:10, 000, 1: 20, 000, or 1:50, 000. Seveso establishments No digital maps have been produced as a result of any research associated with Seveso establishments. Such maps are regarded as a potential threat to kingdom security, since they contain sensitive information that, when released, would make the community vulnerable. Nuclear Nuclear hazardmaps are available as hard copies in the scale 1:10,000 to 1:. They are also available to some extent on the internet via IMS. Certain products are only available for the national N(R)-emergency response organization. Projections are generally made using the Swedish RT-90 (Cartesian) that is a standard for Sweden. However, in the coming years, the government-produced maps will be changing to a more universal projection. Transport of Dangerous Goods The map scale for transport of goods along roads is 1:800,000 or 1:500,000. These are analogue maps that were printed in the report as a map series. The maps displaying the transport of goods on railways were produced as a map book with the largest scale at 1: 2,000,000. Summary maps for the country as a whole were developed using the scale of 1:5,400,000. The smallest scale maps showing the entire country are published on SRSA s website. There has been considerable interest in these maps. Contaminated Land At the present those sites that are mapped can be presented on what is called an overview map. These maps are produced at a scale of 1: The information is not available on the Internet. 1.5 Has your country developed any cross-border co-operation for developing common hazard mapping methodologies or guidelines? Do cross-border hazard maps exist? Sweden has ratified the UN/ECE Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents. Presently, however, no industrial establishments with the potential of trans boundary effects exist in Sweden.

15 15 Flood risk Cross-border hazard maps doesn't exist. The Swedish rivers with the exception of only two, contain the entire watershed from its source to its outlet within the country s boundaries. In these two rivers there is a crossborder cooperation between the countries within the existing river groups. Landslides There is no cross-border mapping at this time. Forest Fires No cross-border cooperation has been established regarding hazard mapping of forest fires. Studies of the Finish forest and grass fire system have been done. Multi-hazard, Accident Statistics At the present there is no cross-border mapping using accident statistics collected by SRSA. Multi-hazard, Risk Management at the Municipal Level Two municipalities might share the work of registering risk data. However, cross-border cooperation has not occurred as yet. Multi-hazard, Risk Management at County Level In some cases an individual county takes the initiative to develop a riskmapping program. Well-established programs are often spread to other counties. In such cases extensive information is available on the Internet and training courses are offered. Seveso establishments No cross-border communication has been established for the use of GIS related to Seveso sites. This is partly due to the lack of Seveso sites with any potential for trans boundary effects in case of an accident, and partly due to the increased risk of community vulnerability from such information. Nuclear Yes, particularly regarding nuclear fallout prediction maps. Transport of Dangerous Goods TransAPELL No cross-border work has been undertaken for the presentation of transport statistics in the form of maps. However TransAPELL has been of interest in several countries, mostly outside of Europe. Contaminated Land During the development of the methods of inventory, methods from other countries were studied.

16 Who can access the information and to what level? Floods The reports of the General Flood Risk Maps are published on The SRSA s webpage where anyone can access to the information. The CD-records with the geographic databases are given to the County Administrative Boards and the municipalities as basic information for land-use planning. Landslides Anyone who wishes to obtain a copy of the mapping can gain access to the information. The documents are official and therefore available to the public. The mapping is made out from recommendations written by the Commission on Slope Stability Forest Fires The system is designed for the local fire and rescue staff. The regional level also uses it. Multi-hazard, Accident Statistics Accident statistics are available from the Swedish Statistical Bureau and the SRSA. Summaries of the statistics can also be access by using RIB, the Swedish Rescue Service s information bank. The general public can request a copy of the annual report for accident statistics from the Swedish Rescue Servicess publication service. Multi-hazard, Risk Management at the Municipal Level Only the municipalities themselves have access to risk data in Risk-Era. It is unfinished working material that will take months or perhaps over a year to finalize because it encompasses so many types of risks. Multi-hazard, Risk Management at County Level Specialist at the County Board has access to digital risk maps via the Internet. Passwords are used so that those who work with the data can easily gain access to it. Special training programs are available and at times consultants are hired to do the risk mapping. Seveso establishments One research project has been undertaken in association with risk communication. It involved an attempt to present information about a probable accident scenario and its consequences to the surrounding population. The information produced as a result of the research is not published in its digital form. The resultants were instead printed in an SRSA research report that describes the technique used. Nuclear See above. Specific copyright limitations imposed with regard to the spreading of geographic information.

17 17 Transport of Dangerous Goods Fire and rescue stations are primarily interested so that they will be able to plan for emergencies. Companies who transport dangerous goods are interested as well as consulting firms who write risk analysis reports. Contaminated Land After the information about contaminated lands has been collected and discussed with the involved parties, it becomes official and is available to all who request it. Much of the material is not complete. Therefore, it is considered a working document. The question of whether or not working material can be released, is discussed on a case-by-case basis. However, the Agency is not obliged to release it. 1.7 In your country, what are the hazard maps used for? - COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC - IINFRASTRUCTURE OWNERS AND MANAGERS ((TRANSPORT,, ENERGY )) - TARGETED INFORMATION COMMUNICATION AMONGST DECISION--MAKERS - LAND USE//SPATIAL PLANNING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS - TARGETED ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES FOR PREVENTION - VISUALISATION OF INFORMATION ONLY - OTHER((S)),, PLEASE SPECIFY Floods The General Flood Risk Maps can be used for many purposes but due to the resolution in scale 1: the maps are considered as important within following areas. LAND USE/SPATIAL PLANNING EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS TARGETED ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES FOR PREVENTION OTHER: RISK ASSESSMENT Landslides OTHER: RISK ASSESSMENT Forest Fires The maps are used to predict fire risk and fire behaviour as well as for allocating resources for fire fighting. The fire prognosis maps can also assist in determining if campfires should be forbidden and forest fire lookouts should be manned during a certain timeframe. COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS VISUALISATION OF INFORMATION ONLY OTHER(S), PLEASE SPECIFY : FIRE FIGHTING RESPONSE

18 18 Multi-hazard, Accident Statistics COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC TARGETED INFORMATION COMMUNICATION AMONGST DECISION-MAKERS EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS TARGETED ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES FOR PREVENTION DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION ABOUT HIGH RISK AREAS Multi-hazard, Risk Management at the Municipal Level When municipality experts work with city planning, there are often discussions regarding how risk information best can be conveyed to the public. Infrastructure owners and managers are used by municipality experts from several departments and by companies that maintain the infrastructure. Land use and spatial planning is often the most important use of hazard maps. LAND USE//SPATIAL PLANNING TARGETED INFORMATION COMMUNICATION AMONGST DECISION-MAKERS EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS TARGETED ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES FOR PREVENTION OTHER(S), PLEASE SPECIFY : RISK INVENTORY AND RISK ANALYSIS Multi-hazard, Risk Management at County Level LAND USE//SPATIAL PLANNING COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC TARGETED INFORMATION COMMUNICATION AMONGST DECISION-MAKERS EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS TARGETED ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES FOR PREVENTION DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION ABOUT HIGH RISK AREAS OTHER: RISK ASSESSMENT Seveso establishments One research project has been undertaken in association with risk communication. The research was designed to determine what information about potential risks would be appropriate for inhabitants living around the industrial site. Whether or not use risk mapping for the presentation of information to the public is however up to each local community. COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC

19 19 Nuclear COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE OWNERS AND MANAGERS (TRANSPORT, ENERGY ) TARGETED INFORMATION COMMUNICATION AMONGST DECISION-MAKERS EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS Transport of Dangerous Goods LAND USE//SPATIAL PLANNING TARGETED INFORMATION COMMUNICATION AMONGST DECISION-MAKERS EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS TARGETED ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES FOR PREVENTION Contaminated Land COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC LAND USE/SPATIAL PLANNING OTHER(S), PLEASE SPECIFY : PLANNING AND SELECTING SITES FOR REMEDIATION

20 20 2. Questions on hazard mapping methodology For each of the hazards listed in 1.1, how many different levels are defined, and to what do they correspond? Flood risk Waterway maps highlight the areas that are at risk from flooding during two known high water discharges. The 100-year flood, returns every 100 years. The second flood, called the highest estimated flood, is calculated in accordance with the Swedish Flood Committee s guidelines for the dimensioning of dams (dams in risk class I). The calculation is made on a systematic combination of all the critical factors (rain, melting of snow, high ground moisture, and the filling of basins in governed waterways) that contribute to a flood. Flood risk zones in Sweden Highest calculated water discharges according to Swedish Flood Committé 100-year flood risk zone

21 21 Landslides The mapping is made in two steps. Step 1a includes mapping of soil type and topographic conditions. Step 1b includes assessment of stability for existing conditions. The purpose of step 1a is to, from the basis of soil and topographic conditions is to identify sites that: are unstable and may result in a landslide are stable, but where landslides are unlikely The purpose of step 1b is to, from the basis of investigations, rough calculations and assessments within areas that have conditions for landslides: sites that, with this general method, can not be classified as satisfactorily stable or areas that are insufficiently investigated. The recommendation within these areas is to make a detailed geotechnical investigation. sites where a detailed geo-technical investigation is especially important. sites that have been classified earlier as satisfactorily stable or areas where strengthening measures have been taken but the recommendations from the Commission on Slope Stability have not been followed. The recommendation within these areas is to make a review of earlier investigations and measures. sites where review of earlier investigations and strengthening measures is estimated to be especially important. sites where this general method can be classified as stable. Investigation of, for example, the stability of roads and railways or the effect of strengthening quays is not a part of this mapping assignment. Forest Fires Each fire prognosis map is derived from a set of specific variables. A handbook is available to all municipalities. The handbook describes how the user can assess the many maps that can be generated on the computer screen that will provide a more accurate picture of fire risk on a particular day and at a specified time. The system is made for local use but cover the national area. Multi-hazard, Accident Statistics The accident levels depicted in the maps vary from map to map depending on the theme. The levels are determined by statistical methods. Multi-hazard, Risk Management at the Municipal Level Risk-Era defines risk levels as a combination of the assigned value for probability and three values for consequence; one for life and health, one for

22 22 the environment, and the final one for property. These risk levels are presented in three risk matrixes. There are assigned levels (high, moderate, and low) for each square within the matrix. The colours that represent each level are the same colours used for the corresponding risk area on the GIS map. A petroleum station is registered in Risk-Era with its associated petroleum tank. An accident scenario is described and a risk zone identified. The program calculates all objects that need special protection and lie within the risk zone. In this example it is a school. Multi-hazard, Risk management at County Level Each risk map is calculated in a different way according to the risk type and the data available. All of the risk maps have a legend that describes the different risk levels. For projects involving all the county boards, a standard risk level for the maps has been derived. Seveso establishments SRSA has developed a mini-gis system designed for use by any of the municipalities in Sweden for the purpose of risk management on the local level. Zones showing the comparative degree or level of risk have not been used. However, this GIS application shows zones of relative chemical concentration that could be released according to a particular accident scenario. The research project was designed, developed, and published by the SRSA to show the advantages and effectiveness of GIS when used at the local level.

23 23 An accident scenario involving the release of a toxic chemical is shown at a Seveso site. Chemical concentrations are shown in parts per million. The blue hexagons represent a section of the local population. Statistics are calculated for each of these areas. Nuclear The quantitative levels that are defined vary to a large degree depending on the analysis in question. Transport of Dangerous Goods The key for the maps for the transport of dangerous gods shows intervals representing the total tons of dangerous goods. There are usually six classes, the first of which is no transport. The amount represented in the key is determined on a class-by-class basis. The United Nations ADR-class or RID-class with the largest amount of goods transported will show, for example, tons during a 3 month period as the maximum level. There is also a map showing the total of all classes. Contaminated Land: Contaminated areas are divided into four risk classes 1= very high risk, 2 = high risk, 3 = moderate risk, 4= low risk. 2.2 For each of the hazards listed in 1.1, what is the methodology used? Floods Flood risk mapping is achieved in a geographical information system (GIS). The water level along the whole waterway is interpolated and with the aid of a Digital Elevation Model, DEM-database, the area that will be flooded, can be calculated.

24 24 Landslides In Step 1a, inventory areas are divided into different stability zones based on the parameters soil and topographic conditions and also distance to water. The zones are presented on map 1a. The zone classification in stability zones I, II and III can be considered as static, i.e. will not be affected because of changes in loads and strength. The map is applicable as long as no major changes in the topography are made. Step 1b: The stability conditions are assessed by rough calculations made in specially selected sections. The conditions can be changed by time, for example by erosion. Map 1b shows the assessment of stability by the time the map was made. Map 1b shows areas where recommendation of detailed investigation ought to be done, where previous investigations or previous strengthening measures ought to be reconsidered. More detailed information on these general maps can be gained by contacting the project leader noted below. Forest Fires The HBV and FWI models have been designed with the help of a statistical method called MESAN. It is an operations system that can handle several types of weather parameters. Sweden is divided into 22 x 22 kilometre squares to provide for regional weather variations. Data is derived from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SMHI,and the Swedish Road Administration weather stations. The FWI model uses the following variables in order to calculate fire risk. Rainfall Relative humidity Wind Speed Temperature Rainfall Relative humidity Temperature Rainfall Temperature Fine fuel Moisture code Duff Moisture code Drought code Wind Speed Initial Spread Index Buildup Index Fire Weather Index

25 25 HBV is a hydrological model developed by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute with a focus on drainage. Its prognosis and warning service has been critical for monitoring potential forest fires. Having been in operation for over 20 years, the model was improved in 2002, allowing for calculations of ground water levels. FWI Model- Fire Weather Index. The FWI was developed by Canadians and is used in many countries. The above map shows the fire weather index values of all zones in Sweden on June 20, 2003 at 1400 hours. The model takes into account any precipitation until 2000 hours on the same day. The higher the number in the legend is, the higher the fire risk.

26 26 Multi-hazard, Accident Statistics In the last few years the number and complexity of statistical analysis has drastically increased. Geographic information technology is used in many of the statistical calculations. The accident levels depicted in the maps vary from map to map depending on the theme. The levels are determined by statistical methods. The socio-economic variables that were used for the latest research project are population density, demography including the number of children, women and permanent residents. The social situation is described as single mothers, couples living together, and the country of birth. Education level, employment, and income were also used in this statistical analysis. Because there are so many statistical variables, a method called principal axis factoring was used. When doing factor analysis, social-economic variables are described in a new way, particularly with the help of some hypothetical factors. Those variables that are related and are dependent upon each other are included in the same hypothetical factor, for example, education, profession, and wage. A total of six factors were used in the analysis. To describe the socio-economic structure in different areas investigated. The next step was to create groups with similar socioeconomic structure. Municipalities were placed in clusters based on this grouping. Here is an example. Instead of showing the values for all 289 municipalities, only one of the clusters is presented here.

27 27 The thematic map presents the high-risk municipalities with regard to fires set in homes. It shows the total yearly fire and rescue responses that are made per 1000 inhabitants. In this example the municipalities in "cluster group 4 are shown. More information on the methodology can be obtained from the contact person listed below. Multi-hazard, Risk Management at the Municipal Level Users of Risk-Era are intended to follow an established risk management process that includes inventory, analysis, preventative measures, and emergency planning. It also promotes communication to decision-makers as well as those who might be affected by an accident.

28 28 Multi-hazard, County Level Methods specific to the various risk mapping endeavours at the country level are described in a few publications available from the Swedish Rescue Services Agency or the county boards. The County Administrative Boards have GIS/IT working groups. Their members discuss GIS related questions as well as computer applications. They county experts work closely with experts at the Swedish Emergency Management Agency, KBM. Seveso establishments One research project has been undertaken in association with risk communication. It involved an attempt to present information about a probable accident scenario and its consequences to the surrounding population. For the research project, involving two Seveso sites, CAMEO s dispersion model ALOHA was used. A scenario was described for a potential chemical discharge. An accident site was selected and the result of the calculations was presented in ArcView. This risk zone or affected area was represented in the form of a plume on a digital map. Population statistics were incorporated into the model so that the number of inhabitants within the risk zone could be derived. The result was a statistical profile of the individuals living in the risk zone. These people would be the target group for receiving information about the consequences of a potential accident at the Seveso site. Nuclear Nuclear hazardmaps include fallout maps based on source term estimations, weather conditions, and release parameters. For nuclear weapons fallout, a number of additional terms are incorporated. Contaminated land maps are based on measurements including airborne substances, ground-based substances and in-situ. Transport of Dangerous Goods For the mapping of the flow of dangerous goods along railways, data was collected from the National Railway Authority regarding the amount expressed in tons of all chemicals transported. The data was classified according to the United Nations nine hazard classes, for example explosive products, gases, flammable liquids, self-igniting substances, oxidizing substances etc. A geographic database includes not only all the road segments, but the sites where dangerous goods are loaded or unloaded. The road and railway networks have been divided in sections. The flow of dangerous goods away from and towards these loading sites has been calculated. A mathematical model was used for determine probability that an accident would occur in which a truck loaded with dangerous goods would be involved. Researchers at Sweden s Road and Transportation Research Institute, VTI, developed the model. The variables used in the equation were the following: the total police reported accidents per road segment per year,

29 29 the amount of single car accidents per segment, and the amount of transports by trucks loaded with dangerous goods. Contaminated Land A model entitled MIFO, which stands for Methods for Inventories of Contaminated Sites is used. The method consist of two phases. The first phase is a preliminary survey, which begins with the identification of relevant objects, followed by data-collection from maps and archives, together with on-site inspections and interviews. The preliminary inventory concludes with descriptions, evaluations and a final report. The second phase is a preliminary site investigation that begins with an onsite inspection and the drawing up of a geological profile and a sampling plan. Samples are than taken at strategically selected locations and analysed to quantify the relevant parameters. The preliminary site investigation concludes with descriptions, evaluations and a final report. 2.3 Are the hazard maps static or dynamic? Flood risk The digital flood risk maps are both static and dynamic. The local knowledge about a terrain and other conditions and probability of occurrences shall be used to enhance the general information. They can be combined with other thematic map layers to provide new information. In case of emergency the hydrological and hydraulic models can be provided with current information about the weather conditions so that new discharges and waterlevels can be calculated for the current situation. The new information shall be provided to the Rescue Services during the emergency response action. Landslides One part of this general mapping contains maps, map 1a and map 1b. Map 1a shows the classification in stability zones. Map 1a is static. Map 1b shows a general assessment of stability conditions within stability zone I (the less stable zone of the three). Map 1b is valid for the conditions at the time it is mapped. If changes is made in topography or loads on the ground the conditions could be changed. Forest Fires The forest fires maps are static (historical maps for data on weather, fire risk, index etc) and dynamic, therefore, change according to the weather data, soil conditions, moisture level in the vegetation etc. When the variables are changed, the new map is presented on the computer screen. Each map has a colour-coded key that describes the current thematic map.

30 30 Multi-hazards, Accident Statistics - Multi-hazards, Risk Management at the Municipal Level Both accident statistics maps and risk inventory created in Risk-Era are static maps. Multi-hazards, Risk Management at the County Level The risk maps at the county level are static. Seveso establishments One research project has been undertaken in association with risk communication. It involved an attempt to present information about a probable accident scenario and its consequences to the surrounding population. The experimental GIS applications for selected Seveso sites are static digital maps. Nuclear Hazards Nuclear hazard maps are semi-static with regard to contaminated land maps (for example, Chernobyl fallout maps and radon hazard maps). Dynamic maps following a nuclear accident are updated every 6th hour. Dynamic nuclear fallout maps following the use of nuclear weapons is also dynamic. Contaminated Land Risk maps for contaminated lands are static. Nevertheless, the risk classes can be changed in the case where new information is available or remediation has occurred.

31 31 3. Initiatives do be undertaken at European level. A plan of action for prevention of risks and a safer environment for our citizens in Sweden A plan of action derived from the new legislation in Sweden includes problem identification, setting priorities, safety targets, decision-making, as well as undertaking and implementing preventative actions. The main thing with this is the process itself. The results are measured and a program for follow-up is specified that will result in improved risk management. A plan of action is based on the resources available and the knowledge of local risks. The success of this model is due to the fact that it is based on the local conditions. Therefore, an optimal risk management program can be undertaken. This can result in an effective land use planning and a safer community. Sweden believes that this process that are focusing on preventive measures are the most important way to succeed in reducing hazards and saving peoples lives. Identification of risks is of course relevant, but it doesn t eliminate either the risks or the accidents. The preventive measures should be addressed at the local level where the risks are. Given this, a bottom-up perspective is very important as the recourses, circumstances, etc are very different and even more so in different parts of the EU. To address this challenge of a bottomup perspective, Sweden are now preparing for a new legislation on civil protection and a new approach on risks that we would like to share with the Commission. The development in Sweden for this area has gone from detailed legislations towards a result-oriented approach that gives the local level the main responsibility for their risk-prevention. Sweden s new approach on civil protection and risk-prevention is planed to enter in to force January 1 st Its main tool is a method (plan of action) for the municipalities to use in their risk-prevention work (which can of course be used at any level for the same purpose). The big advantage and strength of this method is its ability to take in to account different needs, prerequisite, recourses etc to manage and address preventive actions. Given this, this could be a good model (plan of action) for the member states to base their risk management on.

32 32 If this model (plan of action) is aggregated up to EU and national level, we believe that this could be a very useful tool for risk-prevention that clearly consider: the subsidiary principle, the member states different recourses, the member states different cultures, the member states different prerequisite, the member states different risks and hazards etc. Plan of action Uppföljning Follow up Improvement Förbättring Pre-study Förstudie Nulägesanalys Analysis Problem Priorities Safety Säkerhetsmål targets Resultat Genomförande Implement Prestationsmål Perform targets Undertaking Åtagande Decision Beslut Medborgarens behov Politiker formulerar mål Politiker fördelar resurser Verksamheter genomför Uppföljning Förbättringar Other good examples Floods An effective cooperation, called River Groups, between the communities, counties, water regulation enterprises and other interested parties has been established. Adequate information for all the parties involved along a river system, increases knowledge about responsibility, function and capacity of the concerned parties. This knowledge develops a better understanding between the concerned organizations and contributes a tangible base and support for decision making and thus reducing the risk of flooding. The cooperation of the concerned parties is also advantageous in accident preventive works. A well-coordinated operation reduces the problems of late forewarnings of high flows of water and increases the possibilities of timely planning and setting appropriate preparatory measures.