Contents Introduction 1-23

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2 Contents Introduction 1-23 Concept and significance of the study Objectives Database Methodology Hypotheses Study area: Aligarh city Chapter scheme

3 In the past research orientation was strongly influenced by the idea of unicentered city. But current research has deviated from this standpoint as cities are expanding beyond their municipal limits at a considerable distance from the city centre. Various types of changes are occurring in the outer periphery of the built up area which is day by day becoming a hub of activities. As a matter of fact the changes at the edge of the city are occurring as a reaction to the city congestion, crowding and deteriorating city environment. People are moving to the periphery of the city in attraction to the lure of open air and spaciousness of the countryside. The migrants from nearby areas are also attracted to settle in the periphery due to availability of land at cheap prices. In addition, many changes associated with transfer of land from rural to urban usage takes place at the periphery. Various forms of urban development are taking shape on the green fields which is within the commuting range of the city. Another important factor which has aroused the curiosity and attention of the researchers, planners and administrators to the city suburbs is that this is the land to which the city will find its extension and on which it will find its expansion. It should acquire a particular planning status and its future use should be specified in development plans. The growth of cities will be the single largest influence on development in the 21 st century, these were the opening words of UNFPA s (United Nations Fund for Population Activities, 1996) State of World Population Report (Angel et al., 2005). The statement is proving more accurate by the day. In the coming decades, the world s rapid urbanization will be one of the greatest challenges to ensuring human welfare and a vital global environment. According to current estimates, cities occupy 2 per cent or less of world s land surface, yet they are home to almost half of the global population. UN estimates that virtually all net global population and economic growth over the next thirty years will occur in cities, leading to doubling of current population and expansion of cities area. Most of this growth will be in developing countries. Asia and Africa and Asia will account for a hefty 86 per cent of all increases in world s urban population in the next four decades and cities will continue to expand (UN, 2011). The unprecedented rise will pose new challenges. India will face an unprecedented scale of urbanization. About 350 million Indians will move to cities by 2030 and it is likely to double to 700 million by 2050, it is 2.5 times the size of the US s present population and will be the largest urban movement in the world which implies that every minute during the next 20 years, 30 1

4 Indians will leave rural areas for settling in urban areas. For this situation, India needs to create 500 new cities to accommodate and provide a better quality of life to its migrating people (Kant, 2011). Indian cities have witnessed highest growth for any urban cluster in the world with Delhi and Mumbai topping the list. India s population rose to 1.21 billion in 2011 in a decade with 35 per cent of them are living in cities, meaning fastest urbanization in past five decades (Census of India, 2011). At the launch of 2011, Revision of the World Urbanization Prospect (7 th April 2012) it was announced that, India will add a projected 497 million to cities (UN, 2011). The data indicates that the Indian cities are growing at a much faster rate than the planners are expecting. The cities are overloaded and under planned. The medium sized cities also face similar problems as those of mega cities (overcrowding, congestion, expansion, environmental, degradation etc.) they have significantly lower resources to devote to the complex infrastructural, social and environmental issues associated with rapid urbanization i.e. growth and expansion (Chauhan, 2011). Urban expansion in India will pose the most profound challenges to the government and planners. Essentially the problem is one of urban infrastructure (urban basic services (housing, water supply, sanitation etc.) and public utility services (educational, health, commercial, recreational etc.)) being unable to develop to keep pace with urban growth and expansion. Cities, for centuries, have struggled to find ways of controlling and mapping growth to ensure that strains on the infrastructure and public services do not overwhelm them. For this a formal planning is required to map out broad strategies and provide a livable environment in the residential suburbs. First of all an attempt has been made to define suburbs, trace its origin and examine the occurrence of suburbs around Indian cities. Defining suburbs Suburbs are commonly defined as residential areas which surrounds the central area of the town or a city. The word is derived from Old French subburbe and ultimately from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub, meaning under and urb meaning city. In Rome important people tended to live within the city wall on one of the seven Roman hills while the lower classes often lived outside of the walls 2

5 and at the foot of the hills. Under in later usage sometimes referred variously to lesser wealth, political power, population or population density. The first recorded usage, comes from Wycliffe in 1380, where the form subarbis is used (Oxford English Dictionary, 2010). In the United States, Canada and most of Western Europe the word suburb usually refers to residential neighbourhoods outside the city centre. In Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalized as geographic subdivisions of a city. In Australia the terms inner and outer suburbs are used to differentiate between higher density suburbs lying in close proximity to the city center and the lower density suburbs lying farther away on the outskirts of the urban area. The suburbs can be defined as the outer areas of a city which are linked to the city by their lying within the commuter zone of an urban area. They usually form a continuous built up area. Suburbs usually refers to predominantly residential landscapes built up around the urban core as a city has expanded outwards. Suburbanization of a resident of cities is essentially a twentieth century process closely associated with development of transport technology: the trolley buses, the trains and cars respectively. The suburb has become the landscape of the middle class and the skilled working class (Hall, 2006). The term suburb, as currently used in India, implies merely a location near the periphery of a city. Very often suburbs develop as residential colonies within the villages in the periphery. These colonies often have high sounding modern names. These places do not have separate administrative identity but merely from part of a traditionally named revenue village. These suburbs, however, do not receive the benefits of any of the city services, nor do they pay taxes to the city. People living in these suburbs commute to the city for work and are in fact dependent upon the city for services. Few suburbs, where large and medium scale industries are located provide employment locally and housing for their employees. Conceptually, satellite towns differ from suburbs. Suburbs are an integral part of the rural-urban fringe zone they are located near to the city while satellite towns are located outside the rural-urban fringe farther away (Ramachandran, 2001). Suburbs often seems formless. They are characterized as (i) peripheral locations in relation to a dominant urban centre, (ii) a partly (or wholly) residential character, (iii) low densities, often associated with decentralized patterns of settlement and high levels of owner-occupation, (iv) a distinctive culture, or way of life and (v) 3

6 separate community identities, often embodied in local governments (Harris and Larkham, 2004). There are different types of suburbs according to their functions like residential, industrial, transportation, cultural and resort suburbs but the most common suburbs are residential and industrial suburbs (Manonmani et al., 2011). Origin of suburbs The growth of suburbs was initially facilitated by the development of zoning laws and better transportation systems. In the older cities of the northeast U.S., suburbs originally developed along train or trolley lines that could shuttle workers into and out of city centers where the jobs were located. This practice gave rise to the term bedroom community or dormitory, meaning that most daytime business activity took place in the city, with the working population leaving the city at night for the purpose of going home to sleep. The growth in the use of automobiles and highway construction increased the ease with which workers could have a job in the city while commuting in from the suburbs. In the United Kingdom railways stimulated the first mass exodus to the suburbs, which were described as Metroland around London, and were mostly characterized by semi-detached houses. As car ownership rose and wider roads were built, the commuting trend accelerated as in North America. This trend towards living away from towns and cities has been termed the urban exodus. Zoning laws also contributed to the location of residential areas outside of the city center by creating wide areas or zones where only residential buildings were permitted. Manufacturing and commercial buildings were segregated in other areas of the city. Increasingly, due to the congestion and pollution experienced in many city centers (accentuated by the commuters vehicles), more people moved out to the suburbs. Along with the population, many companies also located their offices and other facilities in the outer areas of the cities. This has resulted in increased density in older suburbs and, often, the growth of lower density suburbs even further from city centers. An alternative strategy is the deliberate design of new towns and the protection of green belts around cities. Some social reformers attempted to combine the best of both concepts in the Garden City movement. The development of the skyscraper and the sharp inflation of downtown real estate prices also lead to downtowns being more fully dedicated to businesses pushing residents outside the city centre. By 4

7 1980 this was often perceived as undesirable, extending travel times and adding to people s sense of isolation and fear in central areas outside trading hours. While suburbs had originated far earlier, the suburban population in North America exploded after the Second World War. Returning veterans wishing to start a settled life moved en masse to the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1956 the resident population of all US suburbs increased by 46 per cent (Wikipedia, 2012). Suburbs around Indian cities The occurrence of suburbs around Indian cities is a rather recent phenomenon. It has been aserted that the suburbs were non-existent even around the largest metropolitan cities in India before The main reason for the absence of the suburbs was the very slow growth of cities in that period. Any small increase in the population of a city is generally absorbed within the existing residential areas. It is only with the flow of new migrants into the city, that the city s residential areas are no longer able to absorb the growth, and the city begins to expand physically, first through the development of vacant land within the city itself and later by the slow encroachment on land in areas lying outside the city limits. Sometimes the new migrants particularly the poorer sections, stay in the villages around the city and commute to the city for work. So both the city core and suburbs of Indian cities are inhabited by the rich and poor sections of population and it creates a double standard of lifestyle in these areas. The new suburban residents consist of the people from core areas and from various parts of the city. Here two-step migration was noticeable. In the first stage, inmigration of people from different parts of the state and countryside takes place to the various parts of the city. In the second stage, most of these people along with some people from the core city migrate to suburbs by building their own houses or getting house at cheaper rent. In short, the process of suburbanization is not direct, people change their residence a couple of times before they settle down in the suburbs. During the British period, a number of villages around existing towns and cities were totally relocated or in some cases dislocated in order to obtain space for the construction of new cantonments and Civil Lines. This process continued throughout the 19th century and in some cases even up to the period of the Second World War. During the 19 th century there was no real need for the physical expansion of towns and cities, given a stagnant or even declining urban population, and in the 5

8 first half of the 20 th century the increase in urban population was still marginal, and found adequate room within civil lines and cantonment areas, which had a very low density of population to begin with. City and town expansion throughout the British period was invariably confined to the development of New Cantonments and Civil Lines. Otherwise, the towns and cities during this period showed no evidence of growth and all remained within the city limits. The native towns within the city area were often overcrowded, but were not allowed to expand beyond the city limits. The post-independence period has witnessed a radical transformation of the urban scene. In particular, during this period, the million and less than million cities began to grow rapidly; in many cases the population of these cities increased by more than fifty per cent in a decade. This rapid rate of growth of cities could not be entirely accommodated within the limits of the existing cities. Rapid growth of residential and other urban landuses occurred in a haphazard manner, for neither did the municipal administrations anticipate, nor were they in any way prepared to cope with this problem. Private land developers interested in making quick profits, industrial entrepreneurs and businessmen played a key role in bringing about the physical expansion of the city. The villages in the periphery of the city, which had hardly any administrative or political clout, were an easy target for the manipulative tactics of the new urbanites, both rich and poor. The majority of rural people in India are totally helpless against the money power of the new industrial and commercial elite. In fact, they often voluntarily succumb to monetary inducements. The net result is the conspicuous presence of urban landuses within the rural areas surrounding the rapidly growing cities. The physical expansion of the city inevitably brings in concomitant changes in the social aspects of life in the fringe villages. The growth of industry, commerce, administration, and institutions of learning, arts and health generate jobs for the rural population. Jobs, even if of an unskilled nature with low salaries, are invariably welcomed by the rural community who in the past have had to depend on an uncertain and precarious living by farming. For those who want to continue with farming, the rapidly growing city provides an expanding market for vegetables, fruits, milk, and so on. These market forces produce significant changes in rural landuses and even in the attitudes and values of the traditional rural people. In effect, the rural people change their lifestyle imperceptibly but significantly over a period of time and adopt a quasiurban way of life. Thus, we have the emergence of a semi-urban society a 6

9 transitional phase between the rural and urban societies. So the peripheral areas around Indian cities show remarkable changes in physical and morphological, economic and cultural terms (Ramachandran, 2001). The problems prevailing in the residential suburbs of India s medium sized cities has become so massive and vital that it has attracted the attention of researchers, planners, administrators etc. It presents the most profound challenges to the national and local authorities. How can the capacity of local governments especially the Municipal Corporation be enhanced to stimulate the investment required to provide the urban basic services, public utility services and other infrastructure and social support necessary to sustain a livable environment in the suburbs? Meeting the challenges posed by the residential suburbs is the need of the hour because the city population will keep on growing, migration from rural areas cannot be stopped and the expansion of city is inevitable. Keeping these aspects in mind this study was undertaken. Objectives The focus of this thesis entitled, Planning for Urban Basic Services in the Residential Suburbs of Aligarh City is to plan for providing a livable environment in the residential suburbs by planning for the provision of urban basic services and development of public utility services. Earlier work has been done on the suburbs of metropolitan and large cities of India (Singh, 1967; Ganguly, 1967; Jadav and Kulkarni, 1967; Alam and Khan, 1972; Ramachandran and Srivastava, 1974; Deshpande, 1975; Nangia, 1976; Gopi, 1976, 1979; Bora et al., 1977, 1979; Husain and Siddiqui, 1979; Desai, 1980; Sinha, 1980; Kumar, 1980; Phadke and Sita, 1982; Kabra, 1980, 1982; Wadhava, 1982; Lal, 1987; Sethi and Pandey, 1987; Sita et al., 1988; Sengupta, 1988; Mitra, 1993; Mujtaba, 1994; Sharma and Sharma, 1994; Siddiqui, 2000; Fazal, 2009; Ramachandran, 1972, 2001; Nanda, 2003; Yadav, 2007; Desai and Sengupta, 2007; Shrivastava, 2007, Farooq and Ahmad, 2008; Manonmani et al., 2011) but little attention was focused on small/medium sized cities. The problems of residential suburbs of medium sized cities of India have become very massive and vital because fastest rate of urban growth over the next twenty five years will be in the medium sized cities of 1 5 million and that most people will live in 7

10 smaller (< 1 million) and medium sized cities (UNCHS, 2002; Cohen, 2004; UN, 2011). The medium sized cities which also face the similar problems have remain neglected. Keeping these aspects in mind this study has been undertaken and the residential suburbs of Aligarh city has been selected as the study area (figures 1 and 2). The present study has certain specific research objectives: (1) To give an overview of urbanization of Aligarh city. (2) To examine the expansion of Aligarh city (from 1951 to 1971, 1991, 2000 and 2009) and development of suburbs. (3) To analyze the suburban landuse changes (4) To analyze the development of residential colonies in the residential suburbs and to examine the general and socio-economic status of the sampled inhabitants living in the residential suburbs. (5) To assess the provision of urban basic services (housing, water supply, sanitation conditions) in the residential colonies located in the suburbs. (6) To assess the development of public utilities services (educational, health, commercial, social and recreational, industrial units and roads etc.) in the residential suburbs. (7) To assess the problems of residential suburbs and examine the perception of the suburban residents. (8) To demarcate and map the residential suburbs according to the different levels of provision of urban basic services and public utility services for future planning. (9) Finally to demarcate and map the different Planning Zones on the basis of overall provision of services and to suggest suitable measures for providing a livable environment in the residential suburbs. Database The study is mainly based on primary sources of data which have been collected through, (i) Surveys of the residential suburbs. (ii) Indepth survey of sampled residential colonies, suburban villages and households. 8

11 Source: Based on Survey of India map, The Oxford School Atlas, 2001 Fig. 1 9

12 Aligarh City: Location Map (In India, Uttar Pradesh and in Aligarh District) Aligarh City G.T. Road to Delhi To Delhi To Bareilly 4 N 4 Old City New City 3 Ramghat Road Khair Road Gonda Road 2 1 G.T. Road To Kolkata Morphology of the city Aligarh City Mathura Road Municipal Boundary Road Railway Line Agra Road 4 To Kolkata 1 Achal Tal area Old City 2 Upper Kot area 3 4 Civil lines area New City Peripheral ring area Mtrs. Source: Municipal Corporation, Aligarh City, 2001 Fig. 2 10

13 (iii) Questionnaire (Appendix I) interviews with the sampled respondents from the sampled households living in the residential colonies in the residential suburbs and suburban villages. (iv) Discussion with the residents living in the residential suburbs, suburban villagers, government officials, Village Pradhan s etc. Field work was conducted during the years 2008 and From every sampled household, in most of the cases a senior male member was selected as respondent because they knew more about their land, landuse changes and other development taking place in the suburbs, status of urban basic services and public utility services etc. For getting accurate information suburban areas and sampled households were visited frequently. Data from secondary sources have been collected from various Government Bulletins, Offices and libraries, 1. Aligarh Nagar Nigam (Aligarh Municipal Corporation), Sewa Bhavan, Aligarh city. 2. Aligarh Development Authority (ADA), Vikas Bhawan, Aligarh city. 3. Aligarh Jal Nigam (Aligarh Water works), Malviya Market, Railway road, Aligarh city. 4. District Urban Development Authority (DUDA), Sewa Bhavan, Aligarh city. 5. National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Balanagar, Hyderabad. 6. Census of India, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, New Delhi, India. 7. Village and Town Directory of District Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. 8. District Census Handbook of Aligarh published by Directorate of Census operation, Lucknow, U. P. 9. Sankhiyaki Patrika (Statistical Bulletin) published by District Statistical Office, Yojana Bhawan, Aligarh. 10. Village Revenue Records, Koil Tehsil, Aligarh. 11. Seminar libraries of the Department of Geography and Maulana Azad library of Aligarh Muslim University; libraries of Jawahar Lal Nehru University, Delhi University, Jamia Milia Islamia University. 11

14 Methodology To achieve the objectives, the following methodology was adopted for the study, 1. For mapping of the expansion of Aligarh city from The expansion of Aligarh city from 1951 to 1971, 1991 has been mapped with the help of, (i) Census of India data/maps of 1951, 1971, (ii) Survey of India topographic sheets no 54I/1, 54E/13 for (iii)village Revenue Records of Change detection was performed by using satellite data in GIS environment for mapping the city expansion. The expansion of Aligarh city for 2000, 2007 and 2009 was mapped with the help of (i) Survey of India Topographic map on 1:50,000, (ii) IRS- 1D Satellite imagery on 1:125,000 scale acquired in (iii) IRS- P6 Satellite imagery on 1:94,000 scale acquired in (iv) Google Earth Satellite imagery of Two satellite data sets were used (i) IRS 1D LISS III MSS data of 2000, band 2 green ( µm), band 3 red ( µm), band 4 near infrared NIR ( µm) and band 5 short wave infrared (SWIR, µm); (ii) IRS-P6 (Resourcesat-1) LISS-IV MSS of 2007, band 2 green ( µm), band 3 red ( µm), band 4 near infrared NIR ( µm), Digital classification technique was used on these data sets for preparation of landuse/landcover map of 2000 and 2007, the images were geo-referenced with the help of Survey of India toposheets at a scale of 1:5,000, using Universal Traverse Mercator (UTM) projection/coordinate system, zone 44. 1RS ID satellite data was re-sampled to 6 spatial resolutions using nearest neighborhood re-sampling technique in Erdas Imagine software to make it comparable to IRS P6 data which has 6 m cell size, the supervised classification was performed using maximum likelihood algorithm (MLC) on the two satellite data sets of 2000 and 2007, the classified data was recorded to remove the spectral mixing and it was validated using Google Earth image for about 35 locations covering the whole study area, where there were doubts 12

15 about the classification and thereafter, confusion matrix was generated for accuracy assessment for the classified landuse/land cover map of both 2000 and For assessing landuse changes in the suburbs Landuse changes were assessed with the help of Satellite Imageries (i) IRS-1D Satellite Imagery on 1:125,000 scale acquired in (ii) IRS-P6 Satellite Imagery on 1:94,000 scale acquired in Digital classification technique was also used on these data sets for preparation of landuse/landcover map of 2000 and Landuse changes were assessed with the help of village/household surveys, Fig. 3: Design for village survey for selecting villages for assessing landuse changes in the suburbs of Aligarh city ( ) Selection of 147 villages lying in the suburbs within 12 km radius from Aligarh city centre 43 villages were selected from Inner Suburbs 104 villages were selected from Outer Suburbs Fig. 4: Design for survey for selecting villages/households for assessing landuse changes in the suburbs of Aligarh city ( ) Selection of 49 villages (from 147 already selected villages) lying in the suburbs within 12 km radius from Aligarh city centre Selection of 22 villages (from 43) lying in the Inner Suburbs Selection of 27 villages (from 104) lying in the Outer Suburbs From each of selected village (49) 30 households were sampled. Total sample size = 1,470 households (i) 147 villages (43 villages located in the inner and 104 located in outer suburbs) (Appendix II) located in the suburbs within 12 km radius from the city centre were selected for assessing landuse changes (fig. 3). Maps were prepared with the help of GIS Arc view 3.1. (ii) Data regarding the landuse was also collected from the Village and Town Directory of District Aligarh, District Census Handbook and Village Revenue Records (from 1981 to 2001). (iii) For indepth investigation of landuse changes, 49 villages (from the already selected 147 villages), 22 villages (from 43) from the inner 13

16 and 27 villages (from 104) from outer suburbs were selected and from each (49) villages 30 households were sampled for collecting information regarding landuse changes. The total sample size consisted of 1,470 households from the 49 villages (fig. 4). 3. For identification of residential colonies The suburban residential colonies were identified with the help of the (i) Satellite Imagery IRS-P6 on 1:94,000 scale acquired in March (ii) Extensive field surveys. About 94 residential colonies were identified, of which, 66 were developed (where 5 and > 5 households were living) and 28 were undeveloped (no household was living). 4. Sampling procedure The process through which the sampled households/respondents were selected has been outlined in fig. 5. Fig. 5: Design for survey for the selection of developed residential colonies and households/respondents for sampling in the residential suburbs of Aligarh city ( ) Aligarh City Residential Suburbs Identification of 66 developed residential colonies (where 5 and > 5 households were living) Selection of 35 (from 66) developed residential colonies (where 10 and > 10 households were living) for sampling 30 households living in each developed colony were sampled for collecting indepth information with the help of questionnaire (Appendix I) interviews Total sample size consisted of 996 households living in the 35 developed colonies in the residential suburbs For the purpose of selecting the sample for the assessment of urban basic services in the developed residential colonies, multistage stratified random sampling design was adopted (tables 1, 2 and fig. 6). (i) The first stage consisted of selection of the residential colonies in the residential suburbs. Of the total 66 developed residential colonies, 35 colonies (where 10 or > 10 households were living) located along the main roads and bypasses were selected for sampling. 14

17 Table 1: Selection of residential colonies and households (numbers) from the residential suburbs of Aligarh city ( ) Name of the roads/bypasses Total DC Sampled colonies Profile of the sampled households where sampled colonies colony Total Total sampled Total sampled located No Name households households population 1. Anupshahar road Sagar Housing Complex (1). Anupshahar road to Bihari Ramghat road bypass 5. Nishat Bagh Raja Nagar Ramghat road Harizan Basti Mukund Vihar Lucky Compound 14. Railway Shankar Vihar Chaudhary Vihar 19. Raj Vihar (2). Ramghat road to GT road Engineer s (Kanpur) bypass 26. Kuldeep Vihar Brij Vihar GT road (Kanpur) Basant Vihar Prabhat Nagar Keshav Vihar Vishnu Dham Shiva Vidyut Nagar Agra road Neem Karoli Damodar Apartment (3). Mathura road to Khair road Shadbhavana bypass Nagar 5. Khair road Nada Bajitpur Nayaabadi 47. Singh Vihar Shiv Dham (4). Khair road to GT road Ashok Vihar (Delhi) bypass 53. Baghel Bank GT road (Delhi) Nai Guru Ramdas Nagar (5). GT road (Delhi) to Ganesh Nagar Anupshahar road bypass 61. Dev Nagar Riyaz Islam Nagar Mathura road Total sampled colonies = * 35-3, (28%)** 5,852 Total developed colonies = 66 3,956-23,453 Note: DC Developed colony *Rest are undeveloped colonies **Per cent of sampled households to the total households (3586) in the sampled colonies (35) Source: Based on field survey, (ii) To collect indepth information about the provision of urban basic services in the selected residential colonies (35), 30 households from each colony were sampled. The total sample size consisted of 996 households. But there were some residential colonies in which 10 and > 10 but < 30 households were living, in such cases each and every household was sampled (table 1). 15

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19 Table 2: List of developed colonies, number of households and population in the residential suburbs of Aligarh city ( ) Name of the roads and bypasses along which colonies have developed Name of the developed and sampled colonies Total households (no.) Total population (no.) 1. Anupshahar road 1. Gulistan Apartment Sagar Housing Complex (1). Anupshahar to 3. Ikra Ramghat road bypass 4. Bihari Nishat Bagh Taj Bagh Firoz Bagh Raja Nagar 350 2, Ramghat road 9. Harizan Basti Green Park Suryadev Nagar Mukund Vihar Lucky Compound Railway Shankar Vihar Vinay Nagar Chaudhary Vihar Ramseni Raj Vihar Sarvadya Anand Vihar 5 32 (2). Ramghat road to GT 22. Chitrabaghel Vihar Road (Kanpur) bypass 23. Anand Vihar Engineer s Mandakini Kuldeep Vihar Brij Vihar GT road (Kanpur) 28. Basant Vihar Prem Nagar Baghel Nagar Prabhat Nagar 200 1, Keshav Vihar Vishnu Dham Natrajpuram Jadhan Compound Shiva Baba Vidyut Nagar Agra road 39. Shantipuram Neem Karoli Damodar Apartment Shri Haridham (3). Mathura road to Khair road bypass 43. Shadbhavana Nagar Shri Ram Khair road 45. Adhyapuri Nada Bajitpur Nayaabadi Singh Vihar Shiv Dham Shiv Shakti 9 55 (4). Khair road to GT road (Delhi) 50. Ashok Vihar bypass 51. Kanchan Nagar Navin Nagar Baghel Jawalipuram Bank GT road (Delhi) 56. Nai Bhaiji Nagar Sai Vihar Guru Ramdas Nagar 485 2,119 (5). GT road (Delhi) to Anupshahar 60. Ganesh Nagar road bypass 61. Dev Nagar Fourt Enclave Riyaz 500 3, Wahid Nagar Kulsoom Enclave Islam Nagar Mathura road Total 66 developed colonies Note: Numbers and names in dark are the sampled colonies Source: Based on field survey,

20 5. Interview schedule The data was collected by interviewing the respondents from the sampled households by using interview schedule. The questions were developed with the help of questionnaires used in similar studies (MaGranahan, 1993; Mitra, 1993; Desai and Smita, 1993; Sharma and Sharma, 1994; Rahman, 1998; Singh and Rahman, 1998, Siddique, 2000; Singh and Fazal, 2002; Singh and Fazal, 2003; Khan, 2005; Singh and Siddiqui, 2008), consulting relevant literatures and discussion with local residents, developers, villagers, government officials, Village Pradhans etc. Keeping in mind the objectives of the study a draft schedule was then prepared. The first part focused on the general observation of the residential suburbs, the second part sought information about the respondents/households profile, third part focuses on the provision of urban basic services in the residential colonies located in the residential suburbs while the last part sought information about the development of public utility services in the residential suburbs of Aligarh city. 6. Collection of data Data was collected through personal interviews with the help of the questionnaire (Appendix I) interviews. The researcher visited the sampled households and on the basis of schedule, the respondents were personally interviewed. The households were visited atleast twice to check the information provided. First the respondents were put at ease and then they gradually opened up and gave all the relevant information about their land, landuse changes, provision of urban basic services in their houses and development of public utility services. Nearly more than one year time was spent for data collection. The data collected was then tabulated and entered in spreadsheets. Later analysis was done. 7. For categorization of urban basic services into different levels The data collected regarding the urban basic services has been categorized into 3 service levels (standards) level 1 (basic), level 2 (intermediate) and level 3 (higher). The choice of the level of a particular service is influenced by affordability as well as needs. The cost of service decreases from level 3 to Statistical techniques applied For a more comprehensive study on a number of variables, the Standard Score Additive Model has been used to arrive at a Composite Standard Index. The Standard Index Method has been used to transform the raw data for each 18

21 variable into standard scores or in other word it is the linear transformation of the original data (Smith, 1973; Bishnoi and Aneja, 2008, Hussain, 2011). Standard scores have been used to develop a composite score availability of urban basic services in the developed colonies and development of public utility services in the residential suburbs. The standard scores measures the departure of individual observation from the maximum and minimum values of all observation in a comparable form. Si = (Xi Min) / (Max Min) where, Si = standard index of i th variable, Xi = original value of the individual observation Min = minimum value of the variable Max = maximum value of the variable The values of standard scores are added and their average is taken to obtain the Composite Mean Standard Index and algebraically expressed as CMSI = Si / N where, CMSI = Composite Mean Standard Index Si = sum of standard index of variable j in observation i N = number of variables The transformation of the set of variables in this way results in the equalization of two important parameters of this distribution and the units of measurement are eliminated, thus enabling scores on different variables to be combined by simple addition and divided by number. 9. For demarcation and mapping of planning zones For demarcation and mapping of different levels of provision of urban basic services in the residential colonies for the purpose of planning, a total of 14 indicators under 3 subheads were taken into consideration, (i) housing condition (6 indicators availability of pucca houses, houses used only for residential purposes, > 2000 sq. ft built up area of the house, > 5 rooms in the house, separate kitchen in the house, electricity facility inside the house), (ii) water supply condition (2 indicators availability of submersible/tubewells inside the premises, good quality of water supply), 19

22 (iii) sanitation condition (6 indicators flush latrines inside the house, disposal of excreta from flush latrine into soak pits, pucca nali in the premises, disposal of waste water/waterlogging in open plots/fields, disposal of household/commercial/industrial waste in collection points, frequency of garbage collection by private agency twice a week). The average value of CMSI of housing, water supply and sanitation were calculated and further categorized into four levels for the purpose of planning high, moderate, low and very low level with the help of mean and standard deviation methods (Standard Grading System) and were mapped with the help of GIS Arc view 3.1. For the purpose of uniform distribution of public utility services in the suburbs CMSI values were calculated and categorized into four levels for the purpose of planning high, moderate, low and very low level of development with the help of mean and standard deviation methods (Standard Grading System) and were mapped with the help of GIS Arc view 3.1. For the purpose of demarcation of planning zones in the residential suburbs on the basis of overall levels of development of services, CMSI of overall services were calculated and categorized into four planning zones I, II, III and IV on the basis of their requirements with the help of mean and standard deviation methods (Standard Grading System) and were mapped with the help of GIS Arc view 3.1. Hypothesis The present study shall make an attempt to test the hypothesis that, 1. Urban expansion especially in medium sized cities is posing most profound challenges to the administrators and planners. 2. Uncontrolled and unplanned expansion of cities causes a lot of different types of problems but essentially the problem of urban infrastructure is most challenging because it is unable to keep pace with the urban growth and expansion. 3. Cities built up area has expanded in haphazard/unplanned manner, having patchwork of different types of urban development. 20

23 Study area: Aligarh city Aligarh ( N latitudes and E longitudes), a class I (having > 100,000 population) city of medium size located in the fertile tract of Ganga-Ymuna doab in the western part of the state of Uttar Pradesh in North India was selected as the study area. It is situated along the Delhi- Kolkata railway line about 130 km away from the country s capital, New Delhi and 1,408 km from Kolkata (figures1 and 2). It is the administrative headquarter of Aligarh District. Topographically the district represents a shallow trough saucepan shape like appearance with the rivers Ganga (north- east) and Yamuna (north- west) forming the highland peripheries. A broad low lying belt is found in the centre of the district with the city lying in the centre of this low lying belt. The old part of the city is located on a mound. The drainage system of the city is defective. The city gets its rain from summer monsoon (June to September) which is erratic and scanty, ranging from 65 to 75 cm per year. The city experiences tropical monsoon type of climate. Temperature during the summer seasons is very high and sometimes reaches up to 46 0 C while in winter it may fall up to 4 0 C. The city covers an area of sq. km. of which only per cent is developed. Nearly half is used for residential purposes and rest for commercial, industrial, transport, public utility, administrative, recreational and parks and open spaces. The city is sub-divided into 70 wards, spread over 427 mohallas and has 102,004 households (Aligarh Municipal Corporation, 2006). The Delhi-Kolkata railway line divides the city into 2 parts, the old (western side) and new (eastern side) part of city. The population of Aligarh city was 669,087 in 2001 and 872,500 in 2011 (Census of India, 2001, 2011; Aligarh Nagar Nigam, 2011). The decadal growth rate of population during 1971 to 1981 was about 27 per cent, during 1981 to 1991 it was nearly 50 per cent and during 1991 to 2001 it was nearly 39 per cent. City population projection for 2021 was calculated with the help of geometric extrapolation technique. Projection shows that population of Aligarh city will reach to be 1,209,464 by 2021 with the growth rate of about 37 per cent (Aligarh Development Authority, Aligarh Master Plan, ). So city has high rate of population growth nearly 4 per cent annually of which 1.8 per cent is natural growth and 2.2 per cent migratory. The density of population also varies. Core area of the city (15 wards from old and 4 from new part) has high density of population (> 46,665 persons per sq. km). About 19 wards (13 from old and 6 from new part) has moderate density (46,665-20,245 21

24 persons per sq. km), while 32 wards (15 wards from old and 17 wards from new part) has low density (<20,245 persons per sq. km) (Aligarh Nagar Nigam, 2009). Most of the high density wards lie in the old part of the city. There is no land available in the city centre, which is characterized by overcrowding and congestion and high land prices. People like to settle in the suburban areas which have open space and low land prices. The total area of the city was estimated to be sq. km (Census of India, 2001). The decadal growth rate of area during 1951 to 1961 was about per cent, the area increased from sq. km (1951) to 22.0 sq. km (1961). During 1961 to 1971 the growth rate was 52 per cent, in 1971 to 1981 it was 1.79 per cent, in 1981 to 1991 it was 7.78 per cent, and during 1991 to 2001 it was about per cent. Calculation by geometric extrapolation method shows that the city area will increase to sq. km by 2011 with the growth rate of per cent. The Aligarh development authority reports that sq. km area will be developed by 2021 (Aligarh Development Authority, Aligarh Master Plan, ). So the city experienced rapid increase in area over the outer periphery. Population size and density provides an essential background to this study. It plays a significant role with respect to city the growth and expansion of the city. Chapter scheme The thesis starts with an introduction (concept and significance of the study, objectives, database, methodology, hypothesis, study area and chapter scheme). It is divided into three parts and spreads over five chapters. Part one is devoted an overview of urbanization and expansion of Aligarh city. This part comprises of one chapter. In this chapter an attempt has been made to examine the process of urbanization and expansion of Aligarh city. This chapter is divided into two parts, in the first part an overview of urbanization (history of urbanization and morphology of the city), the growth of city population and city area (from 1951 to 2011) and the urban landuse of Aligarh city has been examined. In the second part an attempt has been made to analyze the expansion of the Aligarh city (expansion beyond its municipal boundary from 1951 to 2009) with the help of Satellite Imageries and field surveys and to examine its causes. 22

25 Part two is devoted to assess the development of suburbs and provision of urban basic services in the residential suburbs of Aligarh city. This part comprises of three chapters. In the second chapter an attempt has been made to examine the development of residential suburbs of Aligarh city. This chapter has been divided into three parts, in the first part an attempt has been made to assess the landuse changes at the edge of the city with the help of satellite imageries and field/household surveys, second part gives an overview of the development of residential suburbs the distribution of residential colonies (road-wise, year-wise and area-wise) and the third part examines the socio-economic profile of the sampled respondents living in the residential suburbs. In the third chapter an attempt has been made to assess the provision of urban basic services (i.e. housing conditions, water supply conditions and sanitation conditions) in the residential colonies in the suburbs of Aligarh city. In the fourth chapter an attempt has been made to examine the status of public utilities (educational services, health services, commercial services, other social and recreational services, industrial units and road connectivity etc.) in the residential suburbs of Aligarh city. In part three an attempt has been made to demarcate the Planning Zones on the basis of urban basic services and public utility services to provide a livable environment in the residential suburbs of Aligarh city. This part comprises of only one chapter which has been divided into three parts; in the first part an attempt has been made to assess the problems of residential suburbs; the second part examines the perception of suburban residents regarding the present status of services; in the third part an attempt has been made to demarcate and map planning zones for the residential suburbs on the basis of provision of urban basic services and public utility services for future planning of the residential suburbs. Finally a brief conclusion based on the results has been given. 23