Approaching Traditional Cultural Landscapes as Interrelated Dimensions and Intensive Zones of Historical and Cultural Significance

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1 Approaching Traditional Cultural Landscapes as Interrelated Dimensions and Intensive Zones of Historical and Cultural Significance CULTURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION SUMMIT, 2018 Warren King George Muckleshoot Indian Tribe Cassandra Manetas WSDOT Kendall Campbell US Navy (NAVFAC NW) Giorgio H. Curti Cultural Geographics Consulting (CGC)

2 Traditional Cultural Landscapes What is a Traditional Cultural Landscape, or TCL? o Such places could be comprised of natural features such as mountains, caves, plateaus, and outcroppings; water courses and bodies such as rivers, streams, lakes, bays, and inlets; views and view sheds from them, including the overlook or similar locations; vegetation that contributes to its significance; and, [hu]manmade features including archaeological sites; buildings and structures; circulation features such as trails; land use patterns; evidence of cultural traditions, such as petroglyphs and evidence of burial practices; and markers or monuments, such as cairns, sleeping circles, and geoglyphs (emphasis ours; ACHP 2012:4). Are TCLs eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places? o YES with a *. Five property types: object, structure, building, site, historic district. TCLs, like Traditional Cultural Properties, or TCPs, are a form or status of significance (ACHP 2012a:2). Two key implications: o (1) TCLs are required to be identified and considered as part of National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) compliances processes; o (2) Procedures for identification and consideration of TCLs require collaboration with Tribes, who posses special expertise on their own properties of traditional religious and cultural importance (36 CFR 800.4(c)(1)).

3 Traditional Cultural Landscapes Why is it vital to approach TCLs as interrelated dimensions and intensive zones of significance? o Indian tribes combine history and geography so that they have a sacred geography, that is to say, every location within their original homeland has a multitude of stories that recount the migrations, revelations, and particular historical incidents that cumulatively produced the tribe in its current condition (Vine Deloria Jr. 1994:122). Dimensions = all of the ways intangible aspects connect and relate to tangible places; recognition that such connections and relations may be spatially and temporally multiplicitous. Intensive zones = recognition that the ongoing historical and cultural importance, or sacredness, of ancestral geographies is simultaneously holistic and differential.» [L]andscape [is] differentiated; some places are more significant than others, places differ in their uses and meanings (B. Miller 1998:90). Agency Management Concerns? o [T]he size of such properties or the potential challenges in the management of them should not be considerations in the evaluation of their significance (emphasis ours; ACHP 2012a:2).

4 Traditional Cultural Landscapes and Ballast Island Ballast Island is a place of historical and cultural importance and a contributing element to wider landscapes of traditional religious and cultural significance.

5 Traditional Cultural Landscapes Tribal Cultural Resources Federal Cultural Resources Tribal Federal

6 Traditional Cultural Landscapes and Ballast Island The rich diversity of American society needs to be reflected both in the resources recognized as historic and in the active involvement of local communities in making decisions about what is important and worthy of preservation. Minority and ethnic communities that have historically been underrepresented in the national historic preservation program must be more effectively engaged and supported in preserving their own heritage, including the places that tell their part of the American story. This includes relating sometimes difficult [or complex] stories that illustrate [both] the [positive and negative] interactions of different people and institutions over the course of history (ACHP 2017:20; Preservation ).

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8 Traditional Cultural Landscapes and Ballast Island CASSIE PERHAPS YOU AN PROVIDE A LEAD INTO HOW THE BALLAST ISLAND TCP STUDY CAME ABOUT AND WHY, INCLUDING WSDOT SUPPORT FOR THE PROJECT AND THE NECESSITY OF DOING THESE TYPES OF STUDIES? MAYBE 5 MINUTES? WARREN PERHAPS DISCUSS (1) THE VARIOUS FORMS OF SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANCE OF BALLAST ISLAND HISTORICALLY AND GEOGRAPHICALLY FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF MUCKLESHOOT/THE TRIBES and (2) WHY CONSIDERATIONS OF TCPS SUCH AS BALLAST ISLAND MUST BE SPATIALLY CONTEXTUALIZED WITHIN BROADER DIMENSIONS OF SIGNIFICANCE TO PROPERLY CONSIDER TRIBAL PEOPLE-PLACE AND HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS? MAYBE MINUTES? I WILL PROVIDE A LEAD INTO KENDALL S PART. (30-60 SECONDS) KENDALL PERHAPS DISCUSS HOW THE NAVY HAS AND HAS NOT BEEN CONSIDERING TCLS, THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES? MAYBE 5 Minutes? THEN MAYBE 10 MINUTES OF OPEN DISCUSSION/Q&A???