Influence of Selected Fungicides on Efficacy of Clethodim and 2,4-DB

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1 Influence of Selected Fungicides on Efficcy of Clethodim nd 2,4-DB Gurinderir S. Chhl 1, Dvid L. Jordn 1 *, Brr B. Shew 2, Rick L. Brndenurg 3, Jmes D. Burton 4, Dvid Dnehower 5, nd Peter M. Eure 6 ABSTRACT A rnge of fungicides nd hericides cn e pplied to control pests nd optimize penut yield. Experiments were conducted in North Crolin to define iologicl nd physicochemicl interctions when clethodim nd 2,4-DB were pplied lone or with selected fungicides. Pyrclostroin consistently reduced lrge crgrss [Digitri snguinlis (L.) Scop.] control y clethodim. Chlorothlonil nd teuconzole plus trifloxystroin reduced lrge crgrss control y clethodim in two of four experiments while prothioconzole plus teuconzole nd flutrifol did not ffect control. Plmer mrnth [Amrnthus plmeri S. Wts] control y 2,4-DB ws not ffected y these fungicides. Although differences in spry solution ph were noted mong mixtures of clethodim plus crop oil concentrte or 2,4-DB nd fungicides, the rnge of ph ws 4.40 to 4.92 nd 6.72 to 7.20, respectively, cross smpling times of 0, 6, 24, nd 72 h fter solution preprtion. Permnent precipittes were formed when clethodim, crop oil concentrte, nd chlorothlonil were co-pplied t ech smpling intervl. Permnent precipittes were not oserved when clethodim nd crop oil concentrte were included with other fungicides or when 2,4-DB ws mixed with fungicides. Significnt positive correltions were noted for Plmer mrnth control y 2,4-DB nd solution ph ut not for clethodim nd solution ph. Key Words: Pesticide comptiility, precipittes, solution ph. Penut (Archis hypoge L.) is n importnt crop in North Crolin nd the southestern United Sttes (Brown, 2013). The reltively poor 1 Former Grdute Reserch Assistnt nd Professor, respectively, Deprtment of Crop Science, Box 7620, North Crolin Stte University, Rleigh, NC Reserch Assistnt Professor, Deprtment of Plnt Pthology, Box 2510, North Crolin Stte University, Rleigh, NC Willim Nel Reynolds Professor, Deprtment of Entomology, Box 7613, North Crolin Stte University, Rleigh, NC Associte Professor, Deprtment of Horticulturl Sciences, Box 7609, North Crolin Stte University, Rleigh, NC Former Associte Professor, Deprtment of Crop Science, Box 7620, North Crolin Stte University, Rleigh, NC Former Grdute Reserch Assistnt, Deprtment of Crop Science, Box 7620, North Crolin Stte University, Rleigh, NC *Corresponding uthor emil: dvid_jordn@ncsu.edu competitive ility of penut necessittes sesonlong weed control to otin mximize yield (Jordn, 2013; Wilcut et l., 1995). In ddition to dverse effects of weed interference, diseses, insects, nd nemtodes cn lso e deleterious to yield. Mechnized production systems utilize wide rnge of grochemicls to mnge penut growth nd development nd minimize the impct of pests on penut yield nd qulity (Lynch nd Mck, 1995; Sherwood et l., 1995; Wilcut et l., 1995). Monocotyledonous weeds, including nnul nd perennil grsses nd sedges, s well dicotyledonous weeds re prevlent in penut in the United Sttes (Wester, 2009; Wilcut et l., 1995). Comprehensive hericide progrms re employed to mnge weeds nd minimize interference nd prevent yield loss (Wilcut et l., 1995). Hericides re often co-pplied either prior to plnting, immeditely following plnting, or fter penut nd weeds hve emerged to chieve optimum yield (Wilcut et l., 1995). Grsses re especilly troulesome in penut due to the requirement of digging nd inversion ssocited with hrvest ecuse the dense, firous root systems of grsses cn cuse pods to e stripped from the penut vines (Wilcut et l., 1995). Clethodim nd sethoxydim control nnul nd perennil grsses when pplied postemergence to penut (Jordn, 2013). Plmer mrnth nd other rodlef weeds cn e found throughout the mjor penut production regions of the southestern United Sttes (Hork nd Loughin, 2000). Although soil-pplied hericides re effective on Plmer mrnth (Grichr nd Colurn, 1996; Grichr et l., 1999), seson-long control is generlly not dequte with soil-pplied hericides lone (Grichr, 2008). In ddition to other postemergence hericides, 2,4-DB is often pplied severl times during the growing seson to suppress Amrnthus species nd sicklepod [Senn otusifoli (L.) Irwin nd Brney] (Jordn, 2013; Wilcut et l., 1995). Fungicides re pplied routinely to penut to control the folir diseses erly lef spot (cused y Cercospor rchidicol Hori) nd lte lef spot (cused y Cercosporidium persontum Berk. & Curtis) nd the soil-orne diseses stem rot (cused y Sclerotium rolfsii Scc.), rhizoctoni lim rot (cused y Rhizoctoni solni), nd Sclerotini light (cused y Sclerotini minor Jgger) (Brennemn et l., 1994; Culreth et l., 2008; Shew, 2013; Smith et l., 1992). Although vrition is Penut Science (2012) 39:

2 122 PEANUT SCIENCE noted, fungicides re pplied either singly or in comintion eginning pproximtely 45 dys fter penut emergence nd continuing throughout the reminder of the growing seson (Sherwood et l., 1995; Shew, 2013; Smith nd Littrell, 1980). A diversity of pesticide ctive ingredients is ville for use in penut production systems (Brndenurg, 2013; Jordn, 2013; Shew, 2013). Pests often occur simultneously during the penut growing seson, nd timing of ppliction for mny grochemicls overlp (Brndenurg, 2013; Jordn, 2013; Shew, 2013). Therefore, there is often possiility to co-pply hericides nd fungicides in penut production systems. This pproch is preferle if penut is not injured, pest control is not compromised, nd physicochemicl comptiility exits. Reserch hs een conducted to define interctions etween hericides (Burke et l., 2004; Culpepper et l., 1998; Wehtje et l., 1992) nd hericides nd fungicides (Jordn et l., 2003; Lncster et l., 2005, 2005, 2008). Although interctions descried in the literture hve een defined for some hericide-fungicide mixtures (Lncster et l., 2008), reports on the interctions of hericides nd prothioconzole plus teuconzole, teuconzole plus trifloxystroin, nd flutrifol with clethodim or 2,4-DB hve not een reported. Defining interctions mong grochemicls is importnt in ssisting growers nd their dvisors in mking decisions on co-ppliction of these products. Therefore, the ojectives of this study were to define interctions when clethodim nd 2,4-DB re pplied lone or in comintion with fungicides not previously reported in the literture nd to determine if chnges in physicochemicl chrcteristics of spry solutions occur tht could influence efficcy. Mterils nd Methods Interctions of hericides with fungicides in the field. Reserch ws conducted in North Crolin during 2008 nd 2009 t the Upper Costl Plin Reserch Sttion locted ner Rocky Mount. Soil ws Goldsoro fine sndy lom (fine-lomy, siliceous, suctive, thermic Aquic Pleudults). Efficcy of clethodim nd 2,4-DB ws evluted in seprte experiments in non-crop res. Plot size ws 2.4 y 5m. Tretments consisted of clethodim (Select Mx, Vlent Corp., Wlnut Creek, CA) t 140 g i/h pplied lone or in comintion with chlorothlonil (Brvo Wether Stik, Syngent Crop Protection, Inc., Greensoro, NC) t 840 g i/h, flutrifol (Topgurd fungicide, Cheminov Inc., Reserch Tringle Prk, NC) t 64 g i/h, pyrclostroin (Hedline, BASF Corp., Reserch Tringle Prk, NC) t 170 g i/h, prothioconzole plus teuconzole (Provost, Byer CropScience LP, Reserch Tringle Prk, NC) t g i/h, nd teuconzole plus trifloxystroin (Asolute, Byer CropScience LP, Reserch Tringle Prk, NC) t g i/h. Clethodim lone or with fungicides ws pplied with crop oil concentrte (Agri-Dex, Helen Chemicl Compny, Collierville, TN) t 1.0% (v/v). Plmer mrnth control y 2,4-DB (Butyrc 200, Alugh Inc., Ankeny, IA) t 280 g i/h pplied lone or with these fungicides ws lso evluted. Adjuvnt ws not included. Pesticides were pplied with CO 2 -pressurized ckpck spryer clirted to deliver 140 L/h using flt-fn nozzles (TeeJet TP8002 flt-fn spry nozzles, Sprying Systems Co., Wheton, IL) t 275 kp. Lrge crgrss control y clethodim ws evluted in two seprte fields t Rocky Mount during 2008 nd in one field during 2009 when plnts were of 15 to 20 cm in height. Plmer mrnth control y 2,4-DB ws evluted t Rocky Mount in two seprte fields during oth 2008 nd Plmer mrnth ws 25 to 30 cm in height t timing of ppliction. Visul estimtes of percent weed control were recorded 21 dys fter tretment using scle of 0 to 100% where 0 5 no weed control nd complete weed control (Frns et l., 1986). Folir chlorosis, necrosis, nd plnt stunting were considered when mking the visul estimtes. Physicochemicl comptiility of hericides with other grochemicls. Lortory experiments were conducted to compre physicochemicl comptiility of the hericide comintions t rtes nd spry volume descried in the field experiments. In contrst to field experiments where municipl wter source ws used, deionized wter t ph 6.3 ws used in the lortory experiments. Agrochemicls were mixed in the following order: flowles (chlorothlonil, flutrifol, prothioconzole plus teuconzole, nd teuconzole plus trifloxystroin), emulsifile concentrtes (clethodim nd pyrclostroin), nd solule liquids (crop oil concentrte 2,4-DB). Hericide solutions were prepred in finl volume of 80 ml in sterilized plstic specimen cups (Specimen cup120 ml-53 ST ORG CAP, Fisher Scientific, Firlwn, NJ) of 120 ml cpcity. After mixing different grochemicls, solution ws vortexed (Vortex Genie 2, Fisher Scientific, Firlwn, NJ) immeditely nd exmined for precipittes followed y determining ph using portle ph meter (Okton portle ph meter, Fisher Scientific, Firlwn, NJ). Solutions

3 INTERACTIONS OF FUNGICIDES WITH CLETHODIM AND 2,4-DB 123 Tle 1. Control of lrge crgrss 21 dys fter the ppliction when clethodim ws pplied lone or in comintion with selected fungicides., 2008 Fungicides Field 1 Field % None Chlorothlonil 91 c Flutrifol 90 c Prothioconzole plus teuconzole 90 c Pyrclostroin 88 c d Teuconzole plus trifloxystroin c Mens within loction followed y the sme letter re not significntly different ccording to Fisher s Protected LSD test t p # Chlorothlonil, clethodim, flutrifol, prothioconzole plus teuconzole, pyrclostroin, nd teuconzole plus trifloxystroin pplied t 840, 140, 64, , 170, nd g/h, respectively. Crop oil concentrte t 1.0% (v/v) ws pplied with clethodim lone or with fungicides. were llowed to sit for 6 h fter the time of mixing, exmined visully with the nked eye for precipittes, vortexed, nd re-exmined for precipittes followed y ph determintion. Similrly, mixtures were llowed to sit for 24 nd 72 h fter the initil solution preprtion using the sme procedure. Presence or sence of precipittes were determined visully nd descried s yes or no, respectively. Any visul depositions on the ottom of the specimen cup or the presence of suspended solids in the solution were considered s precipittes. Two types of precipittes, temporry nd permnent, were noticed when hericides were mixed with other grochemicls. Temporry precipittes went ck into solution on vortexing while permnent precipittes did not go into solution fter vortexing. Sttisticl nlysis. The experimentl design ws rndomized complete lock with tretments replicted four times in the experiments evluting lrge crgrss nd Plmer mrnth control. The experimentl design in the lortory experiment ws completely rndomized design with two replictions nd the experiment ws repeted once. Dt for visul estimtes of percent weed control nd solution ph were sujected to ANOVA using the PROC GLM procedure of SAS (Sttisticl Anlysis Systems, version 9.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cry, NC) using expected men squres to test fixed nd rndom effects. Mens of significnt min effects nd interctions were seprted using Fisher s Protected LSD test t p # F-sttistic nd Person correltion coefficients etween pooled weed control for ech hericide nd solution ph determined t four time intervls were clculted using the PROC CORR procedure in SAS. Results nd Discussion Interctions of hericides with fungicides in the field. The interction of experiment (yer nd loction comintions) nd tretments ws significnt for lrge crgrss control y clethodim, therefore, dt re presented for ech experiment. When compred to clethodim lone, ppliction of clethodim with pyrclostroin reduced lrge crgrss control in ll three experiments y 6 to 48 percentge points (Tle 1). The reduction in control ws greter in 2009 thn 2008 nd this my e due to higher rinfll during the 2008 growing seson which resulted in plnts undergoing less stress fter comintions of clethodim nd fungicides were pplied. Reduction in grss control y grminicides cused y other pesticides is often excerted when plnts re under wter stress (Burke et l., 2004; Wnmrt nd Penner, 1989). Although control ws not ffected during 2008, pplying chlorothlonil with clethodim decresed control from 84% to 69% compred with clethodim lone in 2009 (Tle 1). Lncster et l. (2005) reported tht lrge crgrss control ws reduced when clethodim ws pplied with chlorothlonil nd pyrclostroin. Applying clethodim with teuconzole plus trifloxystroin reduced lrge crgrss in 2009 ut did not ffect control during 2008 compred with clethodim lone (Tle 1). Control with clethodim ws not ffected y prothioconzole plus teuconzole or flutrifol. Teuconzole often does not reduce control with clethodim (Jordn et l., 2003; Lncster et l., 2005). The influence of prothioconzole plus teuconzole or teuconzole plus trifloxystroin s well s flutrifol on efficcy of clethodim hs not een reported previously. The interction of experiment y tretment ws significnt for Plmer mrnth control with 2,4-DB;

4 124 PEANUT SCIENCE Tle 2. Control of Plmer mrnth 21 dys fter ppliction of 2,4-DB pplied lone or in comintion with selected fungicides., Fungicides Field 1 Field 2 Field 1 Field % None Chlorothlonil Flutrifol Prothioconzole plus teuconzole Pyrclostroin Teuconzole plus trifloxystroin Mens within loction followed y the sme letter re not significntly different ccording to Fisher s Protected LSD test t p # Chlorothlonil, flutrifol, prothioconzole plus teuconzole, pyrclostroin, teuconzole plus trifloxystroin, nd 2,4-DB pplied t 840, 64, , 170, , nd 280 g/h, respectively. Adjuvnt ws not pplied with 2,4-DB lone or with fungicides. therefore, dt re presented for ech experiment. In one experiment in 2009, control with 2,4-DB incresed when pyrclostroin ws included compred with 2,4-DB lone (Tle 2). Plmer mrnth control y 2,4-DB ws not ffected y chlorothlonil, flutrifol, prothioconzole plus teuconzole, or teuconzole plus trifloxystroin. Lncster et l. (2005) reported tht co-ppliction of pyrclostroin with 2,4-DB reduced entirelef morningglory (Ipomoe hederce vr. integriuscul Gry) control compred with 2,4-DB lone. Physicochemicl comptiility of hericides with other grochemicls. Interctions of smpling time y tretments were noted for solution ph for clethodim nd 2,4-DB comintions, therefore, dt re presented for ech smpling time. The verge ph of solution with clethodim plus crop oil concentrte ws 4.42, 4.49, 4.61, nd 4.53 t 0, 6, 24, nd 72 h smpling intervls, respectively (Tle 3). When compred with initil ph of the queous solution (ph ), clethodim plus crop oil concentrte reduced solution ph regrdless of fungicide cross ll smpling intervls. Including chlorothlonil, flutrifol, nd prothioconzole plus teuconzole with clethodim plus crop oil concentrte incresed solution ph t 0, 6, nd 24 h smpling times compred to clethodim plus crop oil concentrte. When compred to solution with clethodim plus crop oil concentrte, the ddition of pyrclostroin nd teuconzole plus trifloxy- Tle 3. Solution ph determined when clethodim nd 2,4-DB were pplied lone or in comintion with selected fungicides t four smpling intervls.,,c Hours fter mixing Fungicide ph Clethodim None 4.42 e 4.49 e 4.61 c 4.53 Chlorothlonil Flutrifol 4.64 c 4.64 c Prothioconzole plus teuconzole Pyrclostroin 4.59 d 4.59 d 4.57 c 4.51 Teuconzole plus trifloxystroin 4.63 c 4.60 cd 4.59 c 4.40 c 2,4-DB None 6.99 c 6.95 c 6.84 d 6.78 c Chlorothlonil 6.78 f 6.77 e 6.75 e 6.70 e Flutrifol Prothioconzole plus teuconzole 6.84 e 6.84 d 6.83 d 6.72 d Pyrclostroin Teuconzole plus trifloxystroin 6.96 d 6.94 c 6.87 c 6.79 c Mens within time intervl nd hericide followed y the sme letter re not significntly different ccording to Fisher s Protected LSD test t p # Dt re pooled over experiments. Clethodim lone or with fungicides included crop oil concentrte t 1.0% (v/v). c Chlorothlonil, clethodim, flutrifol, prothioconzole plus teuconzole, pyrclostroin, teuconzole plus trifloxystroin, nd 2,4-DB pplied t 840, 140, 64, , 170, , nd 280 g/h, respectively.

5 INTERACTIONS OF FUNGICIDES WITH CLETHODIM AND 2,4-DB 125 Tle 4. Presence or sence of precipittes on mixing of clethodim nd 2,4-DB with other selected fungicides t four smpling intervls.,,c Hours fter mixing Fungicide precipittes Clethodim None N N N N Chlorothlonil Y^ Y^ Y^ Y^ Flutrifol Y* Y* Y* Y* Prothioconzole plus teuconzole Y* Y* Y* Y* Pyrclostroin Y* Y* Y* Y* Teuconzole plus trifloxystroin N N Y* Y* 2,4-DB None N N N N Chlorothlonil Y* Y* Y* Y* Flutrifol Y* Y* Y* Y* Prothioconzole plus teuconzole Y* Y* Y* Y* Pyrclostroin Y* Y* Y* Y* Teuconzole plus trifloxystroin Y* Y* Y* Y* Dt re pooled over experiments. *Indictes temporry precipittes. ˆIndictes permnent precipittes. Y mens presence of precipittes. N mens no precipittes were oserved. Clethodim lone or with fungicides included crop oil concentrte t 1.0% (v/v). c Chlorothlonil, clethodim, flutrifol, prothioconzole plus teuconzole, pyrclostroin, teuconzole plus trifloxystroin, nd 2,4-DB pplied t 840, 140, 64, , 170, , nd 280 g/h, respectively. stroin incresed solution ph t 0 nd 6 h smpling times. The verge solution ph vlue of 2,4-DB lone ws 6.99, 6.93, 6.84, nd 6.78 t 0, 6, 24, nd 72 h smpling times, respectively (Tle 3). When compred with 2,4-DB lone, solution ph ws slightly incresed cross smpling times when flutrifol nd pyrclostroin were included in the mixture. In contrst, chlorothlonil decresed solution ph compred with 2,4-DB lone t ll smpling times. Also, solution ph slightly decresed t 0, 6, nd 72 h smpling intervls when prothioconzole plus teuconzole ws dded to solution with 2,4-DB. When compred with 2,4-DB lone, teuconzole plus trifloxystroin decresed solution ph t 0 h smpling time only. Comintions of clethodim with flutrifol, prothioconzole plus teuconzole, nd pyrclostroin formed temporry precipittes; however, inclusion of chlorothlonil produced permnent precipittes cross ll smpling intervls (Tle 4). Precipittes were formed with ll 2,4-DB comintions with fungicides ut solutions were reestlished fter vortexing t ech smpling intervl (Tle 4). No precipittes were formed in solution with 2,4-DB lone cross smpling intervls. Correltions for lrge crgrss control y clethodim, pooled over experiments, nd solution ph cross smpling times, were not significnt (pvlues rnging from to , dt not shown in tles). However, significnt positive correltions were noted for pooled Plmer mrnth control y 2,4-DB comintions nd solution ph determined t four smpling times (p-vlues rnging from to with coefficients rnging from 0.81 to 0.88, dt not shown in tles). In summry, field experiments demonstrted tht pyrclostroin consistently reduced lrge crgrss control y clethodim. In mny instnces, comintions of clethodim plus crop oil concentrte with chlorothlonil nd teuconzole plus trifloxystroin reduced lrge crgrss control y clethodim lone. The fungicides flutrifol nd prothioconzole plus teuconzole hd the lest ffect on clethodim efficcy. Fungicides did not reduce Plmer mrnth control y 2,4-DB. Although severl comintions of clethodim or 2,4-DB with fungicides formed temporry precipittes t different time intervls, the only permnent precipittes were formed when chlorothlonil, clethodim, nd crop oil concentrte were mixed. Lrge crgrss control y clethodim ws not correlted with solution ph lthough significnt correltions of Plmer mrnth control y 2,4-DB nd solution ph were noted. Acknowledgements This reserch ws supported finncilly y the North Crolin Penut Growers Assocition nd USAID Penut CRSP grnt LAG-G Gry Little nd stff t the Upper Costl Plin Reserch Sttion provided technicl ssistnce.

6 126 PEANUT SCIENCE Literture Cited Brndenurg, R.L Penut insect mngement. Pges in 2013 Penut Informtion. North Crolin Coop. Ext. Ser. Puliction AG-331. Brennemn, T.B., H.R. Sumner, L.R. Chndler, J.M. Hmmond, nd A.K. Culreth Effect of ppliction techniques on performnce of propiconzole for penut disese control. Penut Sci. 21: Brown, A.B Virgini type penuts: Sitution nd outlook. Pge 4 in 2013 Penut Informtion. North Crolin Stte University Coop. Ext. Ser. Puliction AG-331. Burke, I.C., A.J. Price, J.W. Wilcut, D.L. Jordn, A.S. Culpepper, nd J.T. Ducr Annul grss control in penut (Archis hypoge) with clethodim nd imzpic. Weed Technol. 18: Culreth, A.K., R.C. Kemerit Jr., nd T.B. Brennemn Mngement of lef spot diseses of penut with prothioconzole pplied lone or in comintion with teuconzole or trifloxystroin. Penut Sci. 35: Culpepper, A.S., A.C. York, K.M. Jennings, nd R.B. Btts Interction of romoxynil nd postemergence grminicides on lrge crgrss (Digitri snguinlis). Weed Technol. 12: Frns, R.E., R. Tlert, D. Mrx, nd H. Crowley Experimentl design nd techniques for mesuring nd nlyzing plnt responses to weed control prctices. In N.D. Cmper (ed.) Reserch Methods in Weed Science. South. Weed Sci. Soc., Chmpign, IL. pp Grichr, W.J. nd A.E. Colurn Flumioxzin for weed control in Texs penuts (Archis hypoge L.). Penut Sci. 23: Grichr, W.J., P.A. Dotry, nd D.C. Sestk Diclosulm for weed control in Texs penut. Penut Sci. 26: Grichr, W.J Hericide systems for control of horse purslne (Trinthem portulcstrum L.), smellmelon (Cucumis melo L.), nd Plmer mrnth (Amrnthus plmeri S. Wts) in penut. Penut Sci. 35: Hork, M.J. nd T.M. Loughin Growth nlysis of four Amrnthus species. Weed Sci. 48: Jordn, D.L Penut weed mngement. Pges in 2013 Penut Informtion. North Crolin Coop. Ext. Ser. Puliction AG-331. Jordn, D.L., A.S. Culpepper, W.J. Grichr, J.T. Ducr, B.J. Brecke, nd A.C. York Weed control with comintions of selected fungicides nd hericides pplied postemergence to penut (Archis hypoge L.). Penut Sci. 30:1-7. Lncster, S.H., D.L. Jordn, A.C. York, I.C. Burke, F.T. Corin, Y.S. Sheldon, J.W. Wilcut, nd D.W. Monks Influence of selected fungicides on efficcy of clethodim nd sethoxydim. Weed Technol. 19: Lncster, S.H., D.L. Jordn, A.C. York, J.W. Wilcut, R.L. Brndenurg, nd D.W. Monks Interction of lte-seson morningglory (Ipomoe spp.) mngement prctices in penut (Archis hypoge L.). Weed Technol. 19: Lncster, S.H., D.L. Jordn, nd P.D. Johnson Influence of grminicide formultion on comptiility with other pesticides. Weed Technol. 22: Lynch, R.E. nd T.P. Mck Biologicl nd iotechnicl dvnces for insect mngement in penut. In H.E. Pttee nd H.T. Stlker, eds. Advnces in Penut Science Stillwter: Am. Penut Res. nd Educ. Soc. pp Sherwood, J.L., M.K. Beute, D.W. Dickson, V.J. Elliot, R.S. Nelson, C.H. Oppermn, nd B.B. Shew Biologicl nd iotechnicl control in Archis diseses. In H.E. Pttee nd H.T. Stlker, eds. Advnces in Penut Science Rleigh: Am. Penut Res. nd Educ. Soc. pp Shew, B.B Penut disese mngement. Pges in 2013 Penut Informtion. North Crolin Coop. Ext. Ser. Puliction AG-331. Smith, F.D., P.M. Phipps, nd R.J. Stipes Fluzinm: A new fungicide for control of Sclerotini light nd other soilorne pthogens of penut. Penut Sci. 19: Smith, D.H. nd R.H. Littrell Mngement of penut folir diseses with fungicides. Plnt Dis. 64: Wnmrt, G. nd D. Penner Identifiction of efficcious djuvnts for sethoxydim nd entzon. Weed Technol. 3: Wester, T.M Weed survey- southern sttes. Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc. 62: Wehtje, G., J.W. Wilcut, nd J.A. McGuire Prqut ehvior s influenced y 2,4-DB in penut (Archis hypoge L.) nd selected weeds. Penut Sci. 19: Wilcut, J.W., A.C. York, W.J. Grichr, nd G.R. Wehtje The iology nd mngement of weeds in penut (Archis hypoge). In H.E. Pttee nd H.T. Stlker, eds. Advnces in Penut Science. Stillwter: Am. Penut Res. nd Educ. Soc. pp