Chemical Bonding. There are 3 ways atoms come together to form larger, more complex structures. That is to say, there are 3 bond types:
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1 Chemical Bonding
2 Chemical Bonding There are 3 ways atoms come together to form larger, more complex structures. That is to say, there are 3 bond types: Ionic Covalent Metallic But why would atoms even WANT to go through the effort of bonding?
3 Chemical Bonding But why would atoms even WANT to go through the effort of bonding? Because. lonely atoms are generally sad and unfulfilled in life but full-octet atoms are happy about ALL the things!
4 Chemical Bonding What makes an atom happy versus sad? It s all about having enough
5 Chemical Bonding Remember that all* elements need 8 electrons in their valence shell to be happy *except for Hydrogen because he s always the problem child. THIS IS WHAT DRIVES ALL BONDING: THE DESIRE TO HAVE A FULL OCTET
6 Chemical Bonding The three bond types represent the different ways atoms find that happiness/full octet Ionic Covalent Metallic transfer electrons share electrons delocalize & pool electrons
7 Ionic Bonding Ionic Bond: a transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another
8 Ionic Bonding another illustration of an Ionic Bond Cation = smaller
9 Ionic Bonding Ionic Bond: a transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another It s not just one ion being attracted to one neighbor. Ions build a NETWORK of ionic bonds to the surrounding crystal.
10 Ionic Bonding Ionic Bond: a transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another Whoa - not just in a sheet, but in 3-dimensions!
11 Ionic Bonding Ionic Bond: a transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another We call this structure an ionic crystal, NOT a molecule Ionic crystals are held together by ionic bonds
12 Ionic Bonding Ionic Bond: a transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another We call this structure an ionic crystal, NOT a molecule Empirical Formula Simplest formula: the smallest whole number ratio of the atoms present in a compound.
13 Ionic Bonding Empirical Formula Example: NaCl Is the formula for this compound, even though the compound itself has more than one of each ion. The smallest particle of an ionic crystal is called a formula unit
14 Ionic Bonding Empirical Formula Example Copper(II) sulfate CuSO4 Remember: the smallest particle of an ionic crystal is called a formula unit
15
16 Covalent Bonding Covalent Bond: sharing of electrons between atoms (electrons are shared in pairs) What element is this? How many valence electrons does it have? How many more does it need to be happy?
17 Covalent Bonding Covalent Bond: sharing of electrons between atoms (electrons are shared in pairs) Look! Sharing! The shared pair is a covalent bond.
18 Covalent Bonding Covalent Bond: sharing of electrons between atoms (electrons are shared in pairs) Covalent bonding results in MOLECULES (which means everything we drew Lewis structures for were covalent compounds)
19 Covalent Bonding Covalent Bond: sharing of electrons between atoms (electrons are shared in pairs) Molecules are the smallest particle that can result from covalent bonding
20 Covalent Bonding Covalent Bond: sharing of electrons between atoms (electrons are shared in pairs) When a bunch of molecules come together they form a molecular compound
21 Covalent Bonding Covalent Bond: sharing of electrons between atoms (electrons are shared in pairs) Remember last unit? Yeah, it s still true. Molecular compounds are held together by IMFs
22 Covalent Bonding Covalent Bond: sharing of electrons between atoms (electrons are shared in pairs) Molecular compounds have molecular formulas So even though there are more than a mole of Oxygen atoms, and more than 2 moles of Hydrogen atoms in this glass, we still call the molecular compound: H20
23 Covalent Bonding Two types of Covalent Bonding NP Covalent Polar Covalent electrons shared evenly electrons shared unevenly
24 HOLD UP let s have a moment of truth
25 Chemical Bonding We ve been telling you how to categorize these bonds based on metal/nonmetal designation But that s not entirely true. What actually determines what kind of bond will be formed is the difference in electronegativity.
26 Chemical Bonding We have a bonding SPECTRUM difference in electronegativity between atoms A & B
27 Chemical Bonding
28 Chemical Bonding The three bond types represent the different ways atoms find happiness / a full octet Ionic Covalent Metallic transfer electrons share electrons delocalize & pool electrons
29 Metallic Bonding In metals, instead of sharing electrons with a neighbor (covalent) or transferring electrons (ionic) The atoms come together and dump their electrons into a communal pool (or sea ) When the valence electrons are released they create a pool of negative charge called an ELECTRON SEA.
30 Metallic Bonding The electrons in the sea are shared by everything that s left: the cations
31 Metallic Bonding The delocalized electrons in the electron sea are what give metals their unique properties! malleability conductivity lustre yay!!!
32 Chemical Bonding Why would any of this affect melting point? Remember: in order to melt a solid, you have to allow the particles to move around. This means breaking down the structure that is holding the particles together
33 Chemical Bonding Lower boiling point = easier to break down structure = less energy required Higher boiling point = harder to break down structure = more energy required
34 Chemical Bonding Ionic Crystal lattice held together by ionic bonds (strong) Covalent Molecular compounds held together by IMFs (weak) Metallic Cations held together by electron sea (medium) high melting point low melting point medium melting point
35 Relative Bond Strength strongest NP Covalent = equal sharing of electrons Polar Covalent = unequal sharing of electrons Ionic = transfer of electrons Metallic = pooled, delocalized electrons weakest
36 Ionic Covalent Metallic Malleability/Ductility Lustre Melting Point Solid Conductivity Aqueous Solubility Aqueous Conductivity Electrons are: Smallest particle is called: Compounds are called: Formula is called: No. No. Yes! No. No. Yes! High Low Medium No. No. Yes! Yes (usually). If polar. No. Yes! No. No. Transferred Shared Delocalized in an electron sea Formula unit Molecule Formula unit Ionic compound Molecular compound Metallic compound Empirical formula Molecular formula Empirical formula
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