Why are electrons important?

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2 Why are electrons important? Chemical bonding involves electrons in the outermost energy level (valence electrons). When chemical bonds are formed, atoms gain, lose or share electrons to have 8 electrons in their valence level. Exception: He (duet rule)

3 C would like to N would like to O would like to Gain 4 electrons Gain 3 electrons Gain 2 electrons

4 Chemical bonds Atoms attempt to fill electron shells. When electrons are gained, lost or shared, an attractive force is formed called a BOND, which holds elements together. -Ionic bonds (metal & non metal) -Covalent bonds (2 non metals) -Metallic bonds (2 metals)

5 Ionic Bonding Occurs between a metal and a non-metal. Electrons are moved from one atom to another. The charged particle that results is called an ION.

6 IONS When an atom loses (or gives away) its electrons, it becomes a positively charged. This is known as a CATION. Metals commonly form positive ions.

7 IONS Continued.. When an atom gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged. This is known as an ANION. Non metals commonly form negative ions.

8 Formation of Ions from Metals Positive ions form when the number of electrons are less than the number of protons Group 1 metals ion 1+ Group 2 metals ion 2+ Group 13 metals ion 3+

9 Formation of Sodium Ion Sodium atom Sodium ion Na e Na ( = Ne) 11 p + 11 p + 11 e - 10 e

10 Formation of Magnesium Ion Magnesium atom Magnesium ion Mg 2e Mg (=Ne) 12 p + 12 p + 12 e- 10 e

11 Typical Ions with Positive Charges (Cations) Group 1 Group 2 Group 13 H + Mg 2+ Al 3+ Li + Ca 2+ Na + Sr 2+ K + Ba 2+

12 Learning Check A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum 1) 1 e - 2) 2 e - 3) 3 e - B. Change in electrons for octet 1) lose 3e - 2) gain 3 e - 3) gain 5 e - C. Ionic charge of aluminum 1) 3-2) 5-3) 3 +

13 Solution A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum 3) 3 e - B. Change in electrons for octet 1) lose 3e - C. Ionic charge of aluminum 3) 3 +

14 Formation of Ions from Nonmetals In ionic compounds, nonmetals in 15, 16, and 17 gain electrons from metals Nonmetals gain electrons to achieve a stable octet Nonmetal ionic charge: -3, -2, or -1

15 Fluoride Ion unpaired electron octet 1 - : F + e : F : (= Ne) 9 p+ 9 p + 9 e- 10 e- 0-1 ionic charge

16 Ionic Bond Properties Crystal lattice: repeating 3D pattern

17 Ionic Bond Properties Strong attraction between ions result in brittleness.

18 Ionic Bond Properties High melting points & usually solid at room temperature.

19 Ionic Bond Properties Soluble Good Conductors

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21 Ionic Bonds: One Big Greedy Thief Dog!

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23 1). Ionic bond electron from Na is transferred to Cl, this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged particles or ions.

24 Oxidation Numbers The number of electrons that an element can lose, gain or share is called the OXIDATION NUMBER. Some elements have more than one oxidation number, example Fe +2 or Fe +3

25 Formula Weights Or Molecular mass Formula weight is the sum of the atomic masses. Example- CO 2 Mass, C + O + O

26 Covalent Bond Between 2 or more nonmetal elements. Formed by sharing electron pairs. Smallest unit of a covalently bonded compound is called: molecule Examples; O 2, CO 2, C 2 H 6, SiC

27 Covalent Bond Properties Low melting point & boiling point They are not conductors at any state..

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29 POLAR COVALENT BONDS Electrons are shared but shared unequally H 2 O

30 Polar Covalent Bonds Unevenly matched, but willing to share

31 polyatomic ions A covalently bonded group of atoms acting as one that have a positive or negative charge.

32 Diatomic Molecules Some elements exist in nature as covalent bonds. Composed of only 2 elements

33 Diatomic Molecules Nonmetals called the Heavenly 7

34 Heavenly 7 Mnemonic HONClBrIF The Chemistry Goose Pronounced Honk-Cool-Brief

35 Metallic Bond Formed between atoms of metallic elements Metal atoms become cations surrounded by a pool of electrons Good conductors at all states, lustrous, very high melting points Examples; Na, Fe, Al, Au, Co

36 Metallic Bonds: Mellow dogs with plenty of bones to go around.

37 Metallic Bond Attraction between a metal cation and shared electrons.

38 Metals Form Alloys Metals do not combine with metals. They form alloys which is a solution of a metal in a metal. Examples are steel, brass, bronze and pewter.

39 Practice Compute the mass of the following compounds round to nearest tenth & state type of bond: NaCl; = 58; Ionic Bond C 2 H 6 ; = 30; Covalent Bond Na(CO 3 ) 2 ; (12 + 3x16) = 123; Ionic & Covalent

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41 The End