Chapter 6 Notes.notebook April 08, 2015
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1 Mar 11 11:54 AM 1
2 Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds Mar 13 8:25 AM 2
3 Mar 16 8:43 AM 3
4 Mar 18 8:34 AM 4
5 Apr 1 8:31 AM 5
6 Molecular Geometry (Shapes of Covalent Structures) Shape of a molecule in 3D space is determined by two factors: 1) The number of atoms attached to the central atom and 2) the number of lone pairs on the central atom This is due to the VSEPR theory Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory which basically states that electrons (due to their negative charges) want to push away from each other (repel) as far apart as they possibly can in the molecule, giving the molecule a certain shape. Types of Geometries or Shapes p. 190 in book Apr 1 8:20 AM 6
7 Apr 2 8:25 AM 7
8 Molecular Polarity What makes a molecule polar or nonpolar? Polar Bond uneven distribution of charge Non polar bond even distribution of charge To tell if a BOND is polar or nonpolar, we used electronegativity difference between the atoms involved in the bond. To tell if an entire MOLECULE is polar or nonpolar, we will use electronegativity difference BUT see if the DIPOLE MOMENTS cancel each other out. Dipole moments tell us about the distribution of charge in a molecule. The larger the difference in electronegativities of bonded atoms, the larger the dipole moment. This tells us if the bond is polar or nonpolar. Let's look at the following dipole moments... BUT...How To Tell if a Molecule Is Polar or Non Polar? Step 1: Draw the Lewis structure. Note the number of electron regions around the central atom, and of these which are bonding or lone pairs (non bonding pairs) Step 2: Use this info to determine the 3D geometry of the molecule. You do this by remembering "VSEPR". Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory; around the central atom all regions of electrons repel each other to get as far away from each other as possible while pivoting around the central atom. Note that double bonds and triple bonds count as a single region of electrons. Step 3: Determine if the molecular is polar or non polar a molecule is (i) nonpolar if the charge distribution is symmetric and (ii) polar if the charge distribution is asymmetric (not symmetric). The Decision Process: After you draw the molecule in 3D representation using VSEPR rules, if the molecule has symmetry around the central atom, the bond dipole moments will "cancel out" (like pulling in opposite directions) and the molecule will therefore be non polar. However, if the molecule is asymmetric, the bond dipole moments won't "cancel out" and the molecule will have a net dipole moment and the molecule is therefore polar. To really understand how to do this, the Lewis structure is only the first step. You need to consider the molecule in 3D (three dimensions). If you click on the example molecules (where it says 3D view) below you'll get a better understanding of why some molecules are polar and some not. homework.com/chemistry_help/molecular_geometry/ Polar_Or_Nonpolar.html What good is this? The polarity of a molecule will tell you a lot about its solubility, boiling point, etc. when you compare it to other similar molecules. Water, for example, is a very light molecule (lighter than oxygen gas or nitrogen gas) and you might expect it would be a gas based on its molecular weight, however the polarity of water makes the molecules "stick together" very well. And it's a good thing, because if water was not so polar, we would certainly not be here. Apr 7 7:50 AM 8
9 Apr 8 8:31 AM 9
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