69 Ga Ga

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$Stable isotope Relative atomic mass Mole fraction 69 Ga 68.925 574 0.601 08 71 Ga 70.924 703 0.$ Unlike 18 F, which is most commonly used, 68 Ga is more easily produced using a cost-effective generator with the parent radionuclide 68 Ge (Figure 1).

Unlike 18 F, which is most commonly used, 68 Ga is more easily produced using a cost-effective generator with the parent radionuclide 68 Ge (Figure 1).

1 Stable isotope Relative atomic mass Mole fraction 69 Ga Ga Gallium isotopes in medicine 68 Ga is a radioactive isotope that emits positrons, which are used to produce high-resolution imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). Unlike 18 F, which is most commonly used, 68 Ga is more easily produced using a cost-effective generator with the parent radionuclide 68 Ge (Figure 1). Once produced, 68 Ga easily couples to biomolecules (most commonly peptides) that target G-protein coupled receptors, which are over-expressed on human tumor cells. The labeled protein acts as a radiotracer for cancer diagnostics. PET images are often coupled with CT images to get a more complete picture of the body [ ]. Radiopharmaceutical 67 Ga is a gamma-emitting isotope used in scintigraphy for medical imaging [ ].

2 Fig. 1: Gallium-68 generator used to provide those in engaged in medical therapy with the positron-emitting radionuclide 68 Ga. The parent isotope, 68 Ge, has a half-life of 271 days and can be used as the source of 68 Ga, which has a half-life of only 68 minutes. Image kindly provided by Dr. Anatolii Razbash, Cyclotron Co. Ltd., Obninsk, Russia.

3 Glossary atomic number (Z) The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. CT scan (X-ray computed tomography or X-ray CT, computerized axial tomography scan or CAT scan) a computerized tomography (CT) scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images, or slices, of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body [702]. electron elementary particle of matter with a negative electric charge and a rest mass of about kg. element (chemical element) a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus. A pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus [703]. G-protein coupled receptors the largest and most diverse group of membrane receptors in eukaryotes (living organisms other than bacteria and archaeabacteria). These cell surface receptors act like an inbox for messages in the form of light energy, peptides, lipids, sugars, and proteins [704]. [return] gamma camera (scintillation camera or Anger camera) instrument used to track the distribution in body tissue of radioactive isotopes (tracers) that emit gamma radiation (high energy photons), a technique known as scintigraphy. gamma rays (gamma radiation) a stream of high-energy electromagnetic radiation given off by an atomic nucleus undergoing radioactive decay. The energies of gamma rays are higher than those of X-rays; thus, gamma rays have greater penetrating power. half-life (radioactive) the time interval that it takes for the total number of atoms of any radioactive isotope to decay and leave only one-half of the original number of atoms. [return] isotope one of two or more species of atoms of a given element (having the same number of protons in the nucleus) with different atomic masses (different number of neutrons in the nucleus). The atom can either be a stable isotope or a radioactive isotope. neutron an elementary particle with no net charge and a rest mass of about kg, slightly more than that of the proton. All atoms contain neutrons in their nucleus except for protium ( 1 H). over-expressed to make too many copies of a protein or other substance, which may play a role in cancer development. [return] parent radionuclide a radioactive isotope, commonly in a radionuclide generator, that decays to produce a radioactive daughter. For example, the parent radionuclide 99 Mo decays to 99m Tc, which is used in radionuclide angiography. [return]

4 peptides a molecule consisting of 2 or more organic compounds containing a carboxyl (- COOH) and an amino (-NH 2 ) group [703].[return] positron the antimatter counterpart of the electron, with a mass identical to that of the electron and an equal but opposite (positive) charge. [return] positron emission tomography (PET) scan an imaging technique that is used to observe metabolic activity within the body. The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a radioactive isotope used as a tracer, which emits positrons and which is introduced into the body on a biologically-active molecule. Three-dimensional images of the concentration of the radioactive isotope within the body are then constructed by computer analysis. The imaging often is performed with an X-ray CT scan in the same instrument. [return] proton an elementary particle having a rest mass of about kg, slightly less than that of a neutron, and a positive electric charge equal and opposite to that of the electron. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is the atomic number. radioactive decay the process by which unstable (or radioactive) isotopes lose energy by emitting alpha particles (helium nuclei), beta particles (positive or negative electrons), gamma radiation, neutrons or protons to reach a final stable energy state. radioactive isotope (radioisotope) an atom for which radioactive decay has been experimentally measured (also see half-life). [return] radiolabeled a mixture of an isotopically unmodified compound with one or more analogous radioactive isotopically substituted compound(s). radionuclide a nuclide that is radioactive [703]. [return] radionuclide angiography (also called gated equilibrium blood pool imaging) a test using the radioactive isotope 99m Tc to evaluate the function of the right and left ventricles of the heart by measuring radioactivity over the anterior chest as the radioactive blood flows through the large vessels and the heart chambers. radiopharmaceutical radiolabeled compound used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. [return] scintigraphy see gamma camera. [return] stable isotope an atom for which no radioactive decay has ever been experimentally measured. tracer - substance used for tracking purposes. X-rays electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays.

5 References 252. I. Kayani, Conry, B.G., Groves, A.M., Win, T., Dickson, J., Caplin, M., and Bomanji, J.B. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 50 (12), 1927 (2009) /jnumed M. Fani, André, J. P., and Maecke, H. R. Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging. 3, 53 (2008) /cmmi G. J. Ehrhardt, and Welch, M.J. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 19, 925 (1978) G. Ehrhardt, Wagner, S., and Welch, M.J. Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals. 16, 111 (1979) M. V. Cantorias, Figueroa, S.D., Quinn, T.P., Lever, J.R., Hoffman, T.J., Watkinson, L.D., Carmack, T.L., and Cutler, C.S. Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 36, 505 (2009) J. C. Rold, Sieckman, T.L., Figueroa, G.L., Sublett, S.D., Engelbrecht, S.V., Cutler, H., Jurisson, C.S., Hoffman, S.S., Bottenus, T.J., and Garrison, B.N. Transactions of the American Nuclear Society. 98, 802 (2008) J. Fitzsimmons, and Atcher, R. A method for the chemical separation of Ge-68 from its daughter Ga-68 to produce Ga-68 in a suitable form for nuclear medicine S. M. Larson, and Hoffer, P.B. In Gallium-67 Imaging (P. B. Hoffer, Bekerman, C., and Henkin, R.E., ed.), pp. 23. John Wiley, New York (1978) A. Wirth, Seymour, J.F., Hicks, R.J., et al. The American Journal of Medicine. 112 (4), 262 (2002) A. Vijayananthan, Arumugam, A.V., Kumar, G., and Harichandra, D. Biomedical Imaging and Interventional Journal. 4 (2) (2008) /biij.4.2.e M. Clinic. Test and Procedures: CT scan June I. U. o. P. a. A. Chemistry. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997) S. b. N. Education. GPCR. Nature Education June 22.

Sodium isotopes in biology

Stable Relative Mole isotope atomic mass fraction 23 Na 22.989 769 28 1 Sodium isotopes in biology Both 22 Na and 24 Na can be used as radioactive tracers to study electrolytes in the human body [102-104].