Sodium isotopes in biology
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![the human body [102-104]. Sodium isotopes in geochronology 22 Na is a cosmogenic isotope with a half-life of 2.](/docs-images/80/81843497/images/1-1.jpg "6 years that has been used to study the residence time of water in freshwater basins.")
1 Stable Relative Mole isotope atomic mass fraction 23 Na Sodium isotopes in biology Both 22 Na and 24 Na can be used as radioactive tracers to study electrolytes in the human body [ ]. Sodium isotopes in geochronology 22 Na is a cosmogenic isotope with a half-life of 2.6 years that has been used to study the residence time of water in freshwater basins. It can be used for dating of young (up to a few decades old) surface water and groundwater (Fig. 1) [ ].
2 Fig. 1: Variations of 22 Na in the atmospheric rate at St. Petersburg, Russia, shown above (modified from [105]), make this isotope useful for determining residence time of lakes and other surface water bodies. Sodium isotopes in medicine 22 Na is used as a source to calibrate positron emission tomography (PET) imaging scanners to check that the instruments are functioning properly [106].
3 Glossary alpha particle a positively charged nuclear particle identical with the nucleus of a helium atom consisting of two protons and two neutrons. atomic number (Z) The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. cosmogenic produced by the interaction of Earth materials (soil, rock, and atmosphere) and meteorites with high-energy cosmic rays, resulting in protons and neutrons being expelled from an atom (termed cosmic ray spallation).[return] cosmic rays extremely high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System, consisting of one or more charged particles, such as protons, alpha particles, and larger atomic nuclei. CT scan (X-ray computed tomography or X-ray CT, computerized axial tomography scan or CAT scan) a computerized tomography (CT) scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images, or slices, of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body [702]. electron elementary particle of matter with a negative electric charge and a rest mass of about kg. element (chemical element) a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus. A pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus [703]. gamma rays (gamma radiation) a stream of high-energy electromagnetic radiation given off by an atomic nucleus undergoing radioactive decay. The energies of gamma rays are higher than those of X-rays; thus, gamma rays have greater penetrating power. half-life (radioactive) the time interval that it takes for the total number of atoms of any radioactive isotope to decay and leave only one-half of the original number of atoms. [return] isotope one of two or more species of atoms of a given element (having the same number of protons in the nucleus) with different atomic masses (different number of neutrons in the nucleus). The atom can either be a stable isotope or a radioactive isotope. [return] neutron an elementary particle with no net charge and a rest mass of about kg, slightly more than that of the proton. All atoms contain neutrons in their nucleus except for protium ( 1 H). positron the antimatter counterpart of the electron, with a mass identical to that of the electron and an equal but opposite (positive) charge.
4 positron emission tomography (PET) scan an imaging technique that is used to observe metabolic activity within the body. The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a radioactive isotope used as a tracer, which emits positrons and which is introduced into the body on a biologically-active molecule. Three-dimensional images of the concentration of the radioactive isotope within the body are then constructed by computer analysis. The imaging often is performed with an X-ray CT scan in the same instrument. [return] proton an elementary particle having a rest mass of about kg, slightly less than that of a neutron, and a positive electric charge equal and opposite to that of the electron. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is the atomic number. radioactive decay the process by which unstable (or radioactive) isotopes lose energy by emitting alpha particles (helium nuclei), beta particles (positive or negative electrons), gamma radiation, neutrons or protons to reach a final stable energy state. radioactive isotope (radioisotope) an atom for which radioactive decay has been experimentally measured (also see half-life). residence time the average amount of time that a particle spends in a specified system. [return] spallation a process in which fragments of a solid (spall) are ejected from the solid due to impact or stress. In nuclear physics, spallation is the process in which a nucleus of a heavy element emits a large number of nucleons (isotopes) as a result of being hit by a high-energy particle (e.g., a cosmic ray), resulting is a substantial loss of its atomic weight. stable isotope an atom for which no radioactive decay has ever been experimentally measured. tracer - substance used for tracking purposes. [return] X-rays electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. References 102. W. N. Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes. World Nuclear Association Feb A. N. S. a. T. O. A. Australian Government. [Radioisotopes]:/ their role in society today/. Australian Government, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (Ansto) Feb data/assets/pdf_file/0018/3564/radioisotopes.pdf 104. A.-e.-T. f. A. S. Students. Chemistry Tutorial: Summary of Radioactive Particles, Isotopes, Properties and Uses. AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students Feb D. G. Fleishman. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 99 (8), 1203 (2008).
5 106. T. Hasegawa, Oda, K., Wada, Y., Sato, Y., Yamada, T., Matsumoto, M., Murayama, H., Takeda, T., Sasaki, T., Kikuchi, K., Abe, Y., Miyatake, H., Miwa, K., Akimoto, K., and Wagatsuma, K. In Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC), 2012 IEEE, pp Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC), 2012 IEEE, Anaheim, CA (2012) M. Clinic. Test and Procedures: CT scan June I. U. o. P. a. A. Chemistry. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997).
69 Ga Ga
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