What are Naphthenic Acids: Source or Extraction Dependent?
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1 What are Naphthenic Acids: Source or Extraction Dependent? N.S. Toor 1,2, C.H. Ryan 1, H.M. Gillis 1, B. Fahlman 3, K. Peru 3, J.V. Headley 3 1 Level Science Inc., 901, th Ave South, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7K 5X2 2 Summit Environmental Consultants Inc., Northridge Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7L 6X6 3 Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 3H5 Presented by: Navdeep Toor, Ph.D. Water Technologies Symposium 2013 (WaterTech 2013) Fairmont Banff Springs, Alberta April 10 12, 2013
2 Acknowledgements Christopher Ryan Navdeep Toor H. Martin Gillis John Jeffrey Brian Fahlman Kerry Peru John V. Headley Yongfeng Hu
3 Outline Naphthenic Acids (NAs) Synchrotron What is XANES and where does it come from? Experiments X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) Data analysis (fingerprinting) Results and Summary Conclusions
4 Naphthenic Acids Complex mixture Saturated alkyl substituted acyclic and cyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids General formula of C n H 2n+Z O 2, where n indicates the number of carbon atoms, and Z specifies the number of rings in the molecule
5 Naphthenic Acids Oil Sands NAs Numerous congeners 140 to 450 amu >700 amu
6 Naphthenic Acids Oil Sands NAs Even more complex than originally thought: Oxy-NAs Heteroatoms (e.g., nitrogen and sulfur) O n S, O n S 2, NO n, and N 2 O n Heterocyclic aromatics < 50% are classical and oxy-nas Analytical challenge Numerous mass spectrometry techniques High and low resolution NAs for simplicity
7 Naphthenic Acids Oil Sands NAs Natural components of bitumen Oil sands process-affected waters (OSPWs)
8 Naphthenic Acids OSPWs stored on-site >2 billion m 3 Reclamation options Standards? Criteria? Understanding?
9 Synchrotron Synchrotron? Engineering physics? Canadian Light Source (CLS)?
10 Synchrotron pac&feature=player_detailpage to-the-heart-of-the-soleil-accelerators_tech
11 Synchrotron ESRF Grenoble, France Spring 8 Saitama, Japan SSRL Stanford, California APS Argonne National Lab, Illinois
12 Synchrotron Canadian Light Source (CLS)
13 Synchrotron Canadian Light Source Courtesy of CLSI
14 Canadian Light Source Synchrotron
15 Canadian Light Source Synchrotron
16 Beamlines & Endstations
17 Physics of X-Ray Absorption Electromagnetic radiation interacts with electrons Radiation is absorbed Adsorption edge Corresponds to binding energies of the electron shells of elements
18 Physics of X-Ray Absorption X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) Spectra 3 Sections
19 XANES Structural information/local geometries Elemental identification/speciation
20 The Experiment Naphthenic Acids Synchrotron Radiation
21 The Experiment Dry method 0.4 cm
22 The Experiment Liquid cell method 0.3 cm 0.3 cm 0.4 cm
23 The Experiment VLS-PGM beamline SXRMB beamline
24 The Experiment
25 Data Analysis Third Derivative Linear Combination Fitting Principle Component Analysis Google equation
26 Results New analytical techniques applied to characterizing NAs 1) Identification of elements within isolated NAs fractions (XRF) 2) Characterization of a specific element using XANES L-edge and K-edge data 3) Establish detection limits 4) Field samples 5) Isolation and extraction dependence
27 Results New analytical techniques applied to characterizing NAs 1) Identification X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Detecting the presence of previously unidentified components of NAs S OSPW-2 NAs extract 6,453 mg/l Arbitrary Units Cl Ca Sc Fe Ni Energy (ev)
28 OSPW NAs Extract SXRMB Sulfur K - Edge
29 OSPW NAs Extract SXRMB Sulfur K - Edge
30 OSPW NAs Extract SXRMB Sulfur K - Edge
31 OSPW NAs Extract SXRMB Sulfur K - Edge
32 OSPW NAs Extract SXRMB Sulfur K - Edge
33 OSPW NAs Extract SXRMB Sulfur K - Edge
34 OSPW NAs Extract VLS-PGM L -edge
35 Detection Limits SXRMB K Edge NAs concentrations (Sulfur): A - 11,700 mg/l B mg/l (91 mg/l) C mg/l (44 mg/l) D mg/l (21 mg/l) E mg/l (11 mg/l) F - 65 mg/l (5 mg/l)
36 Detection Limits
37 Field Samples NAs Athabasca River Upstream Midstream Downstream Upstream Midstream Downstream Energy (ev)
38 Field Samples NA AGED Pond FRESH Pond Energy (ev)
39 Extraction and Isolation
40 Extraction and Isolation
41 Extraction and Isolation
42 Extraction and Isolation
43 Extraction and Isolation
44 Extraction and Isolation
45 Extraction and Isolation
46 Extraction and Isolation
47 Summary Identified previously unidentified elements in OSPW NAs extracts Characterized and speciated sulfur within OSPW NAs mixtures Source dependence Other elements and techniques still remain Identified detection limits for our study Extraction dependence
48 Conclusion What are Naphthenic Acids: Source or Extraction Dependent? BOTH
49 Thank You Navdeep Toor, Ph.D. Level Science Inc. 901, th Ave S Saskatoon, SK S7K 5X2 nav.toor@levelscience.com Christopher Ryan Level Science Inc. 901, th Ave S Saskatoon, SK S7K 5X2 chris.ryan@levelscience.com Navdeep Toor, Ph.D. Regional Manager Northridge Drive Saskatoon, SK S7L 6X6 nst@summit-environmental.com
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