11/9/2017 CHEMISTRY UNIT LESSON FOUR
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1 CHEMISTRY UNIT LESSON FOUR 1
2 Covalent Bonds When two atoms form ionic bonds, they transfer one or more electrons from a metal atom to a atom. non-metal As a result of the electron transfer, one ion has a positive charge (loses electrons) and one has a charge (gains electrons). negative An attraction exists between these ions, forming an ionic bond, holding them together as an ionic. compound Covalent Bonds A covalent bond is formed when: Two or more non-metal atoms share valence electrons Covalent bonding Non-metallic atom + Non-metallic atom = 2
3 Covalent Bonds Compounds contain at least two different types of atoms. molecule A is the smallest unit of a covalent compound. different A molecule of a compound has characteristic properties than the atoms which form it. Covalent Bonding in the Hydrogen Molecule Two hydrogen atoms form a covalent bond by electrons sharing to produce a hydrogen molecule. A hydrogen molecule still possesses the properties of hydrogen. No new substance is formed since only one type of atom, H, is present. The Bohr model for hydrogen shown below illustrates a covalent bond. 3
4 Covalent Bonding in the Hydrogen Molecule When two atoms of hydrogen come close to each other, the attract each other s. protons electrons The force is not strong enough to cause an electron transfer (ionic bond), but it is strong enough to force the electrons to travel in both of the atoms orbits, spending most of the time in the position shown in the diagram, between the two nuclei. Covalent Bonding in the Hydrogen Molecule shared As a result, the two electrons are by both atoms. The hydrogen atom at the left looks at its orbit and sees two electrons, so does the one at the right. sharing By their electrons, both atoms are satisfied they have filled outer orbits (the outer orbits are the same as for helium) and are stable. 4
5 Diatomic Elements diatomic The two hydrogen atoms form a molecule (i.e., two atoms of hydrogen share electrons to make a single of hydrogen gas). molecule A list of diatomic molecules is shown below. Many of these molecules, which you recognize as, gases are important to life. The elements forming diatomic gases are as unstable single atoms and combine almost instantaneously to form molecules. stable Name of Element Symbol for one atom of the element Formula or one molecule of the element Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine H H 2 N O F Cl Br I N 2 O 2 F 2 Cl 2 Br 2 I 2 5
6 Diatomic Elements If the diatomic elements are placed in a different order the symbols spell out a word that can help you remember these diatomic elements. Remember Count HOFBrINCl pronounced as Count Hoffbrinkle. 6
7 Why do chemicals react differently? The Octet Rule In each of the cases above, the outer energy levels of the atoms are filled with. electrons What does it mean for an energy level to be filled? Why do chemicals react differently? The Octet Rule An energy level is filled when it contains all the it can hold in that particular energy level electrons When an energy level is filled, it has the same number of electrons as an inert gas and becomes itself inert or. unreactive The fact that atoms will lose, gain, or share electrons in order to obtain a complete octet of electrons like the nearest inert gas is called the. Octet rule 7
8 Why do chemicals react differently? The Octet Rule Covalent bonds are formed when electrons are SHARED between two non-metal atoms. (Keep in mind that outer orbit electrons are called valence electrons and co means share.) Why do chemicals react differently? The Octet Rule The shared electrons are attracted at the same time to each nucleus in each atom. This is the glue that holds the atoms together. A covalent bond is: Formed when two atoms share one or pair of electrons to obtain a complete octet (eight) of electrons 8
9 Covalent Bonds in Bohr Diagrams Use the Bohr model to show how the following molecules are formed. Part of the molecule is included in each drawing. Your task is to complete the molecule. 9
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