A. MOLECULE: B. CHEMICAL BOND:

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1 What is a molecule? A. MOLECULE: a group of atoms bonded together 1. Molecules can be made of one kind of atom or many different kinds of atoms. Oxygen we breathe is an example of one kind of atom in a molecule Water is an example of more than one kind of atom in a molecule 2. Molecules are held together by chemical bonds B. CHEMICAL BOND: a force of attraction that holds atoms together 1. Bonds that hold atoms together involve the electrons, not the nucleus

2 Why do atoms bond to form molecules? A. Atoms want to be stable. This is achieved by completing the number of valence electrons that can fit on the outermost energy level. 1. Atoms will gain, lose, or share valence electrons to achieve stability:

3 How do atoms bond to form molecules? A. All bonding occurs with the valence electrons in the outer most energy level. 1. Atoms bond with other atoms that complete their outer energy level. 2. No bonds involve the nucleus. Hydrogen needs one more electron to complete its level Carbon needs four more electrons to complete its level Oxygen needs two more electrons to complete its level H C O

4 How do atoms bond to form molecules? B. There are two major ways atoms bond to form molecules: 1. COVALENT BOND: a bond formed between atoms when they share valence electrons. a. Atoms share electrons with each other to complete their outermost energy level A water molecule is an example of a covalent compound where two hydrogen and one oxygen share electrons to complete each other s outer energy level

5 How do atoms bond to form molecules? 2. IONIC BOND: a bond formed between atoms that have lost or gained electrons. A table salt molecule is an example of an ionic compound where one sodium and one chlorine swap electrons, making them charged and attracted like magnets.

6 How do atoms bond to form molecules? 2. IONIC BOND: a bond formed between atoms that have lost or gained electrons a. ION: an electrically charged atom, either positive or negative b. Ions are formed when they gain or lose an electron c. Bonding between oppositely charged atoms occur because opposites attract

7 What is a chemical formula? A. CHEMICAL FORMULA: way of writing the name of a molecule using chemical symbols 1. Chemical symbols are the letters used on the periodic table for the elements: Carbon: C Helium: He Hydrogen: H Gold: Au Oxygen: O Iron: Fe Nitrogen: N Sodium: Na 2. Chemical formulas are a combination of symbols and numbers to indicate elements used and how many: Water: 2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen: H 2 O Carbon Dioxide: 1 Carbon, 2 Oxygen: CO 2 Ethane: 2 Carbon, 6 Hydrogen: C 2 H 6 Glucose: 6 Carbon,12 Hydrogen, 6 Oxygen: C 6 H 12 O 6

8 How can molecules be represented? A. Molecules can be represented in a number of different ways using 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional models. 1. 2D models can be illustrated in two major ways : a. Bondline Formula: b. Dash & Wedge: 2. 3D models are often plastic, wood or foam and give a sense of geometry:

9 What are the 3 types of molecular matter? A. Molecular matter can be grouped into three main types: 1. ELEMENT: molecules made of one kind of atom Oxygen is an example of an element 2. COMPOUND: molecules made up of two or more types of atoms that are joined together Water is an example of compound 3. MIXTURE: a substance made up of two or more kinds of molecules that are mixed together Soil, air and pancake batter are examples of mixtures

10 How are molecules classified? A. Molecular compounds are classified in a number of different ways: 1. Compounds made with or without carbon: a. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS: molecules that do not contain the element carbon b. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: molecules that contain the element carbon; 95% of all substances are organic 2. Compounds that are large or small: a. MONOMERS: smaller molecules b. POLYMERS: large molecules that are formed from joining together many monomers 3. Compounds joined by different bonds: a. IONIC COMPOUNDS: molecules formed from ionic bonding between metal and nonmetal elements b. COVALENT COMPOUNDS: molecules formed from the covalent bonding between nonmetal elements

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