Accepted 31 January, 2012

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1 Inrnaional Journal of Physical Scincs Vol. 7(9), pp , 23 Fbruary, 202 Availabl onlin a hp:// DOI: /IJPS.597 ISSN Acadmic Journals Full Lngh Rsarch Papr Kinic, uilibrium and hrmodynamic sudis of h biosorpion of, and from auous soluions using banana (Musa acuminaa) laf N. A. Adsola Babarind *, J. Oybamiji Babalola 2, John Adgok, Uchchi Maraizu, Tmiop Ogunbanwo and Fopfoluwa Ogunjinrin Dparmn of Chmical Scincs, Olabisi Onabanjo Univrsiy, Ago-Iwoy, Nigria. 2 Dparmn of Chmisry, Univrsiy of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigria. Accpd 3 January, 202 Th biosorpion of, and by banana (Musa acuminaa) laf is rpord in his work. Th ffcs of soluion ph, conac im, iniial mal ion concnraion and mpraur on h biosorpion of h mal ions wr invsigad. Opimum ph for ach mal ion was obaind bcaus h biosorpion of ach of h mal ions was found o b ph-dpndn. Kinic sudy shows ha h psudo-scond-ordr kinic modl bs rprsns h biosorpion of h mal ions. Th sorpion of ach mal ion was analysd wih Frundlich and Langmuir isohrm modls, and in ach cas, h Langmuir modl appars o hav br rgrssion cofficins han h Frundlich modl. Sudy on h ffc of dosag, shows ha h dosag of h biomass significanly affcs h upak of h mal ions from soluion. Thrmodynamically, h biosorpion of ach of h mal ions is ndohrmic and h ordr of sponaniy of h biosorpion procss bing >>. Similarly, posiiv chang in nropy was obsrvd for ach and h ordr of disordr is >>. Ky words: Biosorpion, banana,,,. INTRODUCTION Diffrn indusrial procsss lik mining opraions, sludg disposal, mal plaing and h manufacur of lcrical uipmn lad o h rlas of mal ions, such as, and ino h nvironmn. Thy invariably bcom polluans of h nvironmn. Th oxic naur of hs polluans has causd incrasd concrn for hir rmoval from indusrial ffluns. Biosorpion has bn found o b an fficin and ffciv alrnaiv chnology a lil or no cos whn compard wih h convnional mhods of rmoving hm from ffluns which ar rahr xpnsiv wih associad dmris. Diffrn agriculural wass hav bn invsigad for hir ponials o rmov *Corrsponding auhor. solababarind@yahoo.com. Tl: hs mal ions from soluion in ordr o drmin hir possibl usag in raing indusrial ffluns (Sari al., 2007; Anayur al., 2009; Babarind al., 2008a, b, Babarind, 20; Sari and Tuzn, 2008a, b, 2009; Uluozlu al., 2008; Babarind al., 2009; Babarind and Babalola, 200a; Chakravary al., 200; Liu al., 200; Uluozlu al., 200; Zhang and Wang, 200; Vijayaraghavan and Balasubramanian, 200; Fiornin al., 200; Qu al., 200; Basu al., 200). Banana (Musa acuminaa) is a plan ha is grown across h world for is frui. Howvr, h laf is unuilizd, hrby bcoming nvironmnal nuisanc. I is found o conain aboundan funcional groups, such as hydroxyl, amino and carbonyl groups which conain lon pairs of lcrons ndd for biosorpion of caionic polluans in soluion. I was on his basis ha his radily availabl agriculural was was invsigad for is ponial in raing indusrial ffluns conaining, and.

2 Babarind al. 377 METHODOLOGY Biomass prparaion Banana (M. acuminaa) lavs wr harvsd from a farm nar h mini campus of Olabisi Onabanjo Univrsiy, Ago-Iwoy, Ogun Sa, Nigria. Th lavs wr proprly rinsd wih war, sun drid immdialy and lar cu ino pics of approximaly 0.5 cm. Th laf sampl was kp dry ill im of usag. Prparaion of soluion All chmicals (BDH, England) usd in his sudy wr of analyical ragn grad and wr usd wihou furhr purificaion. Sandard soluions of, and usd for h sudy wr prpard from NiCl 2.6H 2O, Cr(NO 3) 3.9H 2O and CoSO 4.7H 2O, rspcivly. Th working soluions wih diffrn concnraions of h mal ions wr prpard by appropria diluions of h sock soluion immdialy prior o hir us wih disilld war. Th iniial ph of h soluion was adjusd accordingly wih a ph mr. Thrmosad war bah (Haak Wia Modl) was usd as h mdium for h procss. Th concnraion bfor and afr biosorpion of ach mal ion was drmind using a Prkin-Elmr Analys 700 flam aomic absorpion spcrophoomr wih durium background corrcor. Fourir ransform infrard (FT-IR) spcra of drid unloadd biomass and mal loadd biomass wr rcordd a 400 o 4000 cm - using a Shimadzu FT-IR modl 8400S spcrophoomr. Bach biosorpion sudy Th biosorpion sudy was carrid ou by conacing 0.5 g of h banana laf wih 25 ml of h mal ion soluion undr diffrn condiions for a priod of im in a boiling ub. Th biosorpion sudis wr conducd a 27 C using hrmosad war bah o drmin h ffc of ph, conac im and iniial mal ion concnraion on h biosorpion. Th rsidual mal ion was analyzd using aomic absorpion spcrophoomr. Th amoun of mal ion biosorbd from soluion was drmind by diffrnc and h man valu was calculad. Effc of ph on biosorpion Th ffc of ph on h biosorpion of h mal ion was carrid ou wihin h rang ha would no b influncd by h mal prcipiad. This was don by conacing 0.5 g of banana laf wih 25 ml of 00 mg/l mal ion soluion in a boiling ub wihin h ph rang of o 7. Th ph of ach soluion was adjusd o h dsird valu by drop wis addiion of 0. M HNO 3 and/or 0. M NaOH. Th boiling ubs conaining h mixur wr lf in a war bah for 6 h. Th biomass was rmovd from h soluion by dcanaion. Th rsidual mal ion concnraion in h soluion was analyzd. Th opimum ph was drmind as h ph wih h highs biosorpion of ach mal ion. Effc of conac im on biosorpion Th biosorpion of h mal ions by banana laf was sudid a various im inrvals (0 o 360 min) and a a concnraion of 00 mg/l. This was don by wighing 0.5 g of banana laf ino ach boiling ub and 25 ml of 00 mg/l of mal ion soluion a opimal ph was inroducd ino i. Th laf was lf in h soluion for varying priods of im. Th soluion in h boiling ub was dcand a diffrn im inrvals from h firs o h las ub. Th aliuo was hn akn for analysis using an aomic absorpion spcrophoomr. Th amoun of mal ions biosorbd was calculad for ach sampl. Effc of iniial concnraion on biosorpion Bach biosorpion sudy of mal ion was carrid ou using a concnraion rang of 0 o 00 mg/l. This was don by inroducing 0.5 g of h banana laf ino ach of h boiling ubs mployd and 25 ml soluion a opimal ph was addd o h ub. Two boiling ubs wr usd for ach concnraion. Th ubs wr lf in a hrmosad war bah mainaind a 27 C. Th banana laf was rmovd from h soluion and h concnraion of rsidual mal ion in ach soluion was drmind. Effc of mpraur on biosorpion Th bach biosorpion procss was sudid a diffrn mpraurs of 20 o 50 C in ordr o invsiga h ffc of mpraur on h biosorpion procss. This was don by conacing 0.5 g of banana laf wih 25 ml of 00 mg/l of mal ion soluion a h opimal ph. Th biosorpion of mal ion may involv chmical bond formaion and ion xchang sinc h mpraur is a main paramr affcing hm. Saisical analysis Th curv fiings of h daa obaind wr prformd using Microcal Origin 6.0 sofwar. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION FT-IR sudis of h fr and mal-bound banana laf Th FT-IR spcra of drid unloadd, Ni-loadd, Crloadd and Co-loadd banana laf wr akn o obain informaion on h naur of possibl inracions bwn h funcional groups of banana laf biomass and h mal ions as prsnd in Figur. Th IR spcra parn of h biomass showd disinc and sharp absorpions indicaiv of h xisnc of h OH, -NH, - CH, P=O, -C-O- and -C-N- groups as shown in Figur. Ths bands ar du o h funcional groups of banana laf ha paricipa in h biosorpion of, and. On comparison, hr ar clar band shifs and dcras in innsiy of bands as rpord in Tabl. Th FT-IR spcra of h banana laf biomass indicad sligh changs in h absorpion pak fruncis du o h fac ha h binding of h mal ions causs rducion in absorpion fruncis. Ths shifs in absorbanc obsrvd, implis ha hr wr mal binding procsss aking plac on h aciv sis of h biomass. Analysis of h FT-IR spcra showd h prsnc of ionizabl funcional groups (C=O, O-H and NH 2 ) which ar abl o inrac wih caions (Pradhan al., 2007; Buno al., 2008; Sun al., 2008; Erugay and Bayhan, 2008; Uluozlu al., 2008). This implis ha hs funcional groups would srv in h rmoval of

3 378 In. J. Phys. Sci. Figur. FT-IR spcra of h fr and mal-bound banana laf. posiivly chargd ions from soluion. Effc of soluion ph on mal ion biosorpion Th ph of h soluion has bn sablishd o b a vial paramr in biosorpion procss (Sun al., 2008; Babarind, 20). Th n charg of h sorba and ha of h sorbn ar dpndn on h ph of h soluion. A low ph, h mal ion upak is inhibid by n posiiv charg on h sorbn and h compiion bwn h mal ions and h hydrogn ions in soluion. As h ph incrass, h ngaiv charg dnsiy on biomass incrass as a rsul of dproonaion of h mal binding sis on h laf, consunly, h biosorpion of h mal ions incrass. Figur 2 shows h variaion of h mal ion biosorbd on banana laf a various soluion ph valus. In ach cas, h biosorpion incrasd sadily as h ph incrasd from ph o 4. Th incras obsrvd in h biosorpion wih incras in

4 Prcnag of, and biosorbd (mg/l) Babarind al. 379 Tabl. FT-IR spcra characrisics of banana (M. acuminaa) laf bfor and afr biosorpion of, and for 2 h. Mal ion Absorpion band pak (cm - ) Bfor Afr Diffrnc Funcional group N-H Srch (Amin) N-H Srch (Amin) N-H Srch (Amin) C=O, Srch (Esr) C=O, Srch (Esr) C=O, Srch (Esr) N-H Bnd (Amin) C=C Srch (Alkn) N-H Bnd (Amin) C-O Srch (Carboxylic) C-O Srch (Carboxylic) C-O Srch (Carboxylic) C-O-C Srch (Dialkyl, Esr) C-O-C Srch (Dialkyl, Esr) C-O-C Srch (Dialkyl, Esr) C-O Srch (Alcohol) C-O Srch (Alcohol) C-O Srch (Alcohol) ph Figur 2. ph-dpndn profil of h biosorpion of, and by banana (M. acuminaa) laf.

5 Prcnag of, and biosorbd (mg/l) 380 In. J. Phys. Sci Tim (min) Figur 3. Tim cours of h biosorpion of, and by banana (M. acuminaa) laf. ph, implis ha ion-xchang procss is involvd. Th racion involvd h biosorpion of mal ion (rprsnd as M x+ for a mal ion) from h liuid phas o h solid phas, h biosorbn wih lon pair of lcrons (rprsnd as Ä), and can b considrd as a rvrsibl racion wih an uilibrium bing mad bwn h wo phass as schmaically shown in Euaion for a divaln mal ion in h soluion: Ä + M 2+ A-M () Th rvrsibiliy of h biosorpion procss is obsrvd whn h mal-bound biomass is rad wih dilu HNO 3 which is a dsorpion procss. Biosorpion kinics Figur 3 illusras h dynamic biosorpion procss of h hr mal ions on banana laf. I is obsrvd ha h biosorpiv uaniis of h hr mal ions on banana laf incras wih incrasing conac im. In ach cas, bipahsic kinics is obsrvd: an iniial rapid sag (fas phas) whr biosorpion is fas and conribus o uilibrium upak and a scond sag (slow phas) whos conribuion o h mal ion biosorpion is rlaivly smallr. Th fas phas is h insananous biosorpion sag, i is assumd o b causd by xrnal biosorpion of mal ion o h laf surfac. Th scond phas is a gradual biosorpion sag, which is diffusion ra conrolld. Finally, h biosorpion sis ar usd up, h upak of h mal ion rachd uilibrium. This phas mchanism has bn suggsd o involv wo diffusion procsss, xrnal and inrnal, rspcivly (Wu al., 200). Th biosorpion of ach of h hr mal ions achivs uilibrium wihin 3 h, alhough, hir ras of upak ar diffrn. This migh b du o h diffrncs in hydrad ionic sizs of h mal ions (Killand, 937). Svral kinic modls ar ndd o sablish h mchanism of a biosorpion procss. In ordr o invsiga h kinics of h biosorpion of hs mal ions on banana laf, hr kinic modls wr mployd. Ths ar h psudo-firs-ordr, h psudo-scondordr and h Elovich uaions. On of such modls is h Lagrgrn psudo-firs-ordr modl which considrs ha h ra of occupaion of h biosorpion sis is proporional o h numbr of h unoccupid sis (Erugay and Bayhan, 2008): ra d[a] d This can also b wrin as: d d k [A] n (2) k (3) Ingraing bwn h limis = 0 a = 0 and = a =, w obain: log k This can b rarrangd o obain a linar form: log k log (4) (5) whr k is h Lagrgrn ra consan of h biosorpion (min - ); and ar h amouns of mal ions sorbd (mg/g) a uilibrium and a im, rspcivly. Th plo log vrsus for h biosorpion of mal ions of on h biomass a iniial concnraion of 00 mg /L should giv a sraigh lin for a procss ha follows firsordr kinic modl. Th daa was ually subjcd o h psudo-scond-ordr kinic modl. Th psudoscond-ordr kinic modl is rprsnd as: d d k 2 2 On ingraing bwn boundary condiions, w hav: (6)

6 Babarind al / Tim (min) Figur 4. Th psudo-scond-ordr kinic plo for h biosorpion of, and by banana (M. acuminaa) laf a 27 C. Tabl 2. Paramrs of h psudo-scond-ordr kinic modl for h biosorpion of, and by banana (M. acuminaa) laf. Mal ion k 2 (g/mg/min) (mg/g) R 2 SD k On rarrangmn, w hav: k whr k 2 is h uilibrium ra consan of psudoscond-ordr biosorpion procss (g/mg/min). In h hr mal ions undr sudy, h sraigh lin plos of vrsus / showd good finss of xprimnal daa wih h (7) (8) scond-ordr kinic modl for diffrn iniial concnraion of h hr mal ions is as shown in Figur 4. Th daa wr ually subjcd o h Elovish kinic modl givn by: A Bln (9) Th corrlaion cofficins wr found o b highs for h psudo-scond-ordr kinic uaion and also ach is in xcss of 0.99 as prsnd in Tabl 2. On comparison of h valus of R 2 for h xprimnal poins, h psudo-scond-ordr kinic modl is h bs kinic modl o prdic h dynamic biosorpion of, and on banana laf. Th rsul shows

7 382 In. J. Phys. Sci. 0.2 / /C Figur 5. Langmuir isohrm for biosorpion of, and by banana (M. acuminaa) laf. Tabl 3. Langmuir isohrmal paramrs for h biosorpion of, and Co(III) by banana laf. Mal ion Langmuir paramr Γ m b m R 2 SD ha h ra of biosorpion of h mal ions is of h ordr >> which may b du o h diffrncs in hydrad ionic sizs of h ions in h soluion (Killand, 937). Th rivalncy of is dfinily rsponsibl for i having h fass ra of biosorpion o h banana laf. Th biosorpion capaciy is in h ordr >=. This implis ha h amoun of ach mal biosorbd dpnds on is valncy. Th biosorpion capaciy for h hr mal ions is a las hr ims h valu rpord for h biosorpion of cadmium ions by banana pl (Kawsam al., 2008). Biosorpion isohrm Figur 5 illusras h biosorpion isohrm of, and on banana laf. Th uilibrium biosorpion incrass wih incras in mal ion concnraion. Th Frundlich and Langmuir isohrms wr mployd o calcula h biosorpion capaciy. Th Frundlich isohrm is an mpirical uaion dscribing adsorpion ono a hrognous surfac. Th Frundlich isohrm is xprssd as: log log C log K f (0) n whr K f and ar h Frundlich consans rlad o n h biosorpion capaciy and biosorpion innsiy of h biosorbn, rspcivly. Th linar form of h Langmuir uaion is xprssd as: b C m m () whr Γ, Γ m and b m ar h Langmuir paramrs. Th paramrs of h Langmuir isohrms show ha h Langmuir isohrm is a br isohrm han h Frundlich isohrm and ar prsnd in Tabl 3. Th Γ m valus show ha h upak of h mal ions is of h ordr >>.This implis ha h valncy as wll as h hydrad ionic sizs of h mal ions affc hir biosorpion. Biosorpion fficincy Th rsul of h sudy on h ffc of iniial mal ion concnraion on biosorpion fficincy is as shown in Figur 6. Th plos show ha h biosorpion fficincy of h biomass incrass wih incras in h iniial

8 Prcnag of, and biosorbd (mg/l) Prcnag of, and biosorbd (mg/l) Babarind al Ci C E 00 (2) Ci whr C i and C ar h iniial and h uilibrium mal ion concnraions (mg/l), rspcivly. Th prcnag mal ions biosorbd compars favorably wll wih h valus rpord for h biosorpion of Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and by banana pl (Ashra al., 20). Effc of biomass dosag on biosorpion Iniial concnraion (mg/l) Figur 6. Effc of iniial mal ion concnraion on h biosorpion of, and using banana (M. acuminaa) laf. Th ffc of biomass dosag on biosorpion fficincy is as shown in Figur 7. Th gnral rnd of incras in mal ion biosorbd wih incras in biomass dosag indicas an incras in upak du o mor binding sis on h biomass availabl for biosorpion. Such rnd has bn rpord for ohr biosorbns (Babalola al., 2009) Biosorpion hrmodynamics Th variaion of mpraur affcs h biosorpion of mal ions ono solid surfacs of biomass sinc h biosorpion procss is a rvrsibl on. Th naur of ach sid of h uilibrium drmins h ffc ha mpraur has on h posiion of uilibrium. Th sid ha is ndohrmic is favourd by incras in mpraur, whil h conrary holds for h xohrmic sid. Th corrsponding fr nrgy chang was calculad from h rlaion (d la Rosa al., 2008; Sun al., 2008): G RT ln K c (3) Biomass dosag (g) Figur 7. Effc of biosorbn dosag on h biosorpion of, and by banana (M. acuminaa) laf a 00 mg/l iniial mal ion concnraion. mal ion concnraion for all h mal ions which migh b du o incras in ffciv collision bwn h mal ions and h aciv sis. Similar rnd has bn obsrvd for h biosorpion of Pb(II) by Calymprs rosum (Babarind al., 200b). Th biosorpion fficincy (E) for ach mal ion was calculad as: whr T (K) is h absolu mpraur. Th uilibrium consan (K c ) was calculad from h following rlaionship. C ad K c (4) C whr C and C ad ar h uilibrium concnraions of mal ions (mg/l) in soluion and on biosorbn, rspcivly. Consunly, h hrmodynamic bhaviour of h biosorpion of, and ono banana laf was valuad hrough h chang in fr nrgy ( G ), nhalpy ( H ) and nropy ( S ). Th hrmodynamic paramrs lik nhalpy and nropy ar obaind using van Hoff uaion (Qu al., 200; Uluozlu al., 200) (Tabl 4). Th chang in fr nrgy is rlad o ohr hrmodynamic propris

9 Gibbs' Fr Enrgy (J/mol) 384 In. J. Phys. Sci. Tabl 4. Thrmodynamic paramrs for h biosorpion of, and banana laf. by Mal ion H ( kj/mol) S ( J/mol/K) R 2 SD Tmpraur (K) Figur 8. Thrmodynamic plos for h biosorpion of, and by banana (M. acuminaa) laf. as: G H TS (5) ln K c S R RT (6) whr T is h absolu mpraur (K); R is h gas consan (8.34 J/mol/K). H (J/mol) and S (J/mol/K) wr calculad from h slop and inrcp of h linar plo of lnk c vrsus /T. Th hrmodynamic paramrs obaind for his sudy ar as shown in Tabl 4. Th plos shown in Figur 8 ar linar ovr h nir rang of mpraur invsigad. Th ngaiv valus of G indica sponaniy of ach biosorpion procss, wih h ordr of sponaniy bing >>. Th posiiv valus of H for h biosorpion of h hr mal ions suggs ndohrmic naur of h biosorpion procsss. This is also suppord by h incras in h valu of biosorpion capaciy of h biosorbn wih ris in mpraur. Th posiiv valu of H indicas h prsnc of an nrgy barrir in h biosorpion procss. Similarly, h S valus ar posiiv indicaing incras in randomnss during h biosorpion procss for hs hr mal ions. Ths posiiv valus of S obsrvd for h biosorpion of hs mal ions indicas an incras in randomnss a h solid/soluion inrfac during hir biosorpion. Th ordr of incrasing disordr bing < <. Conclusions In his work w sudid h biosorpion of, and by banana laf undr various condiions. Th ph has much ffc on h biosorpion of hs mal ions from auous soluions. Th ra of h biosorpion of

10 Babarind al. 385 hs mal ions followd psudo-scond-ordr kinics. Th sorpion isohrms of hs mal ions ono h biosorbn ar wll dscribd by h Langmuir isohrm modl. Th hrmodynamic sudy shows ha h biosorpion of ach of, and was sponanous, ndohrmic and chaoic in h ordr < <. REFERENCES Anayur RA, Sarı A, Tuzn M (2009). Euilibrium, hrmodynamic and kinic sudis on biosorpion of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from auous soluion by macrofungus (Lacarius scrobiculaus) biomass. Chm. Eng. J., 5(-3): Ashra MA, Wajid A, Mahmood K, Maah MJ, Yusoff I (20). Low cos biosorbn banana pl (Musa sapinum) for h rmoval of havy mals. Sci. Rs. Essays, 6(9): Babalola JO, Babarind NAA, Popoola OA, Oninla VO (2009). Kinic, isohrmal and hrmodynamic sudis of h biosorpion of and Cr(II) from auous soluions by Talinum riangular (War laf). Pac. J. Sci. Tchnol., 0(): Babarind NAA, Babalola JO (200a). Kinic, Euilibrium and Thrmodynamic sudis of h biosorpion of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from soluions using Siam laf (Chromolana odoraa). In. Rv. Chm. 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