REMOVAL OF BASIC BLUE 3 AND REACTIVE ORANGE 16 BY ADSORPTION ONTO QUARTENIZED SUGAR CANE BAGASSE

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1 Th Malaysian Journal of Analyical Scincs, Vol 13 No 2 (29): REMOVAL OF BASIC BLUE 3 AND REACTIVE ORANGE 16 BY ADSORPTION ONTO QUARTENIZED SUGAR CANE BAGASSE (Pnyingkiran Basik Biru 3 Dan Rakif Orn 16 Dngan Pnjrapan K Aas Sisa Tbu Yang Diquarrnasi) S. Y. Wong 1, Y. P. Tan 1*, A. H. Abdullah 1 and S. T. Ong 2 * 1 Dparmn of Chmisry, Faculy of Scinc, Univrsii Pura Malaysia, 434 UPM Srdang, Slangor, Malaysia 2 Dparmn of Chmical Scinc, Faculy of Scinc, Univrsii Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Univrsii, Bandar Bara, 319 Kampar, Prak, Malaysia * Corrsponding auhors: ypan@scinc.upm.du.my, ongs@uar.du.my Absrac Th ffcivnss of using sugar can bagass, an agriculural by-produc, as a sorbn o rmov basic and raciv dys from aquous soluion was sudid. Th quarnizd sugar can bagass (QSB) is capabl in rmoving boh Basic Blu 3 (BB3) and Raciv Orang 16 (RO16). Th sorpion of dy soluions was srongly affcd by ph, whr h opimum ph is 6-8. Th kinics of h dy sorpion procsss fid a psudo-scond ordr kinic modl. Rsuls indicad ha h adsorpion isohrms fid wll ino boh h Langmuir and Frundlich isohrms. Th rmoval of BB3 was favourabl a highr mpraur, indicaing ha h sorpion procss was ndohrmic. On h ohr hand, sorpion of RO16 on QSB was mor favourabl a low mpraur. Kywords: Sugar can bagass; quarnizaion; sorpion; raciv dys; basic dys Absrak Kbrksanan mnggunakan sisa bu, produk sampingan pranian, sbagai pnjrap unuk mnyingkirkan pwarna basik dan rakif daripada laruan lah dikaji. Sisa bu yang diquarrnasi (QSB) adalah brupaya unuk mnyingkirkan kduadua pwarna Basik Biru 3 (BB3) dan Rakif Orn 16 (RO16). Pnjrapan pwarna adalah dipngaruhi olh ph, di mana ph opimum ialah 6-8. Kinik pross rapan pwarna didapai mngiku modl kinik rib psudo-kdua. Kpuusan ksprimn mnunjukkan bahawa isorma pnjrapan mmauhi kdua-dua isorma Langmuir dan Frundlich. Pnyingkiran BB3 adalah lbih baik pada suhu inggi, mnunjukkan pross rapan adalah ndormik. Manakala rapan RO16 k aas QSB adalah lbih digmari pada suhu rndah. Kaa kunci: Sisa bu, quarnisasi; rapan; pwarna rakif ; pwarna basik Inroducion Dys or dysuffs ar ssnially colourd subsancs capabl of imparing hir colour o ohr subsancs. Today, h vas majoriy of dys producd synhically. Du o vr-growing dmands in xils, synhic organic dys ar widly usd for dying xil fibrs such as coon and polysr [1]. Bsids xil indusry, synhic dys hav bn incrasingly usd in h lahr, papr, rubbr, plasics, cosmics, pharmacuicals and food indusris. Th dys ar usd o colour hir producs and h rsidual ar dischargd ino h nvironmn, paricularly aquaic nvironmn. Synhic dys usually hav complx aromaic molcular srucurs which mak hm mor sabl and difficul o biodgrad [2]. Thus, h rmoval of colour from waswar bcoms a challnging problm. Rmoval of h conaminans from waswar has bn xnsivly sudid using various physicochmical and biological chniqus. Adsorpion is on of h mos ffciv mhods and his procss has arousd considrabl inrs during rcn yars. I is known o b a promising chniqu, which has gra imporanc du o h as of opraion and comparabl low cos of applicaion in h dcolouraion procss [3]. Alhough acivad carbon is h mos ffciv adsorbn for adsorpion of dy, is high opraing coss wih h nd of rgnraion afr ach sorpion cycl hampr is larg-scal applicaion [4,5]. Hnc hr is an incrasing nd for qually ffciv bu chapr marials as alrnaiv adsorbns in ordr o rmov h polluans from waswars. In his conx, agriculural by-producs hav shown is ponial as a low-cos sorbn and hy ar usually bing modifid chmically in ordr o nhanc hir sorpion capaciy owards dy [6-8]. Gnrally, hs marials possss high sorpion capaciis for ihr posiivly or ngaivly chargd dy molculs, bu 185

2 Wong al: REMOVAL OF BASIC BLUE 3 AND REACTIVE ORANGE 16 BY ADSORPTION ONTO QUARTENIZED SUGAR CANE BAGASSE no boh. Howvr, a mixur of diffrn yps of dys is usually found in h indusrial ffluns. Hnc hr is a nd o hav sorbns capabl of rmoving diffrn yps of dys ihr singly or simulanously [9]. Sugar can bagass appars as a biomass naural fibr. Sugar can bagass is rfrrd o fibr rmaining afr h xracion of h sugar-baring juic from sugar can and appars as h nd produc of h sugar can mill. Th naural cllulosic fibr conains approximaly 13. % of lignin conn, 3.27 % of cllulos conn, and % of hmicllulos conn [1]. Cllulos is a larg, linar-chain polymr wih a larg numbr of hydroxyl groups. Funcional groups may b aachd o hs hydroxyl groups hrough a variy of chmisris [11]. In his sudy, h fasibiliy of quarnizd sugar can bagass as an adsorbn for rmoval of a caionic dy Basic Blu 3 (BB3) and an anionic dy Raciv Orang 16 (RO16) from singl and binary dy soluions was invsigad. Exprimnal Sorbns Sugar can bagass was washd svral ims o rmov dus and dir. I was hn boild in boiling war for 1 hour o rmov h sugar rsidu in h bagass. Th bagass was washd again wih ap war and subsqunly rinsd svral ims wih disilld war. Th cland sugar can bagass was drid ovrnigh, ground, and labld as naural sugar can bagass (NSB). Quarnizaion of sugar can bagass was carrid ou according o h mhod rpord by Laszlo (1996) [12] wih minor modificaion. NSB was soakd in NaOH soluion for 3 minus a room mpraur. Th sorbn was hn mixd wih quarnary ammonium chlorid soluion (C 6 H 15 Cl 2 NO, 65 % w/w in war) which was adjusd o ph 5.3. Th mixur was subsqunly had a 6-7 C for 4 hours in ovn wih inrmin sirrings. I was hn rinsd wih disilld war and suspndd in dilu HCl wih ph 2 for 3 minus. Afr washing wih disilld war unil nural, h modifid sorbn was drid in ovn ovrnigh a 5 C and labld as quarnizd sugar can bagass (QSB). Dy soluion For h sudy of dy sorpion, synhic dy soluions of BB3 (25 % dy conn, Sigma Aldrich) and RO16 (5 % dy conn, Sigma Aldrich) wr usd. Th dy sock soluions of 2 mg/l wr prpard by dissolving accuraly wighd dys in disilld war by aking h dy conn ino considraion. Th xprimnal soluions for subsqunly sudy wr obaind by diluing h dy sock soluions whn ncssary. Bach xprimns Sorpion xprimns wr carrid ou by agiaing.1 g of sorbn in 2 ml of 1 mg/l dy soluion in cnrifug ub a 15 rpm on an orbial shakr for 8 hours a room mpraur. All h bach xprimns wr conducd in duplica and h rsuls ar h mans wih rlaiv sandard dviaion of lss han 5 %. A conrol wihou sorbn was simulanously usd o nsur ha sorpion in h duplica sampls was by h sorbn and no by h wall of h conainr. Dy concnraions afr sorpion wr analyzd using a Shimadzu UV-165 PC UV-visibl Spcrophoomr. Th absorbanc wr masurd a maximum wavlnghs of dys; for BB3, λ max = 654 nm, and for RO16, λ max = 494 nm. Th dys soluions wr dilud whn masurmns of absorbanc xcdd h linariy of h calibraion curv. Th ffcs of various paramrs affcing h sorpion wr drmind during bach xprimns. For h sudy of h ffc of ph, a sris of 1 mg/l singl and binary dy soluions of BB3 and RO16 wr prpard by adjusing hm o an iniial ph rang of 2-1 by adding dilu HCl on NaOH. Th sorpion xprimns wr carrid ou by shaking.1 g of sorbn in 2 ml of dy soluions for 4 hours. Th sudy of h ffc of conac im was prformd by varying h dy concnraions ranging from 5 o 15 mg/l of BB3 and RO16 for boh singl and binary dy soluions. Th sampls wr wihdrawn a incrasing conac im inrvals ranging from 5 minus o 8 hours. Th kinics of adsorpion was drmind subsqunly. Sorpion isohrms wr obaind by varying h dy concnraions from 5 o 15 mg/l of singl and binary dy soluions. Th sorpion sudis wr also carrid ou wih incrasing mpraur from 26 o 8 o C. A war bah wih shaking mchanism was usd o kp h mpraur consan. Rsuls and Discussion Sorpion sudy A comparaiv sudy of sorpion of BB3 and RO16 was carrid ou by using NSB and QSB as sorbns. Th rsuls of dy rmoval wr shown in Tabl 1. Th xprimns wr prformd by agiaing.1 g of ach sorbn in 2 ml of 1 mg/l dy soluion a 15 rpm for 4 hours. Th NSB showd good adsorpion bhavior owards BB3 dy soluion, whr h % dy rmoval was and in singl and binary sysms, 186

3 Th Malaysian Journal of Analyical Scincs, Vol 13 No 2 (29): rspcivly. Th hydroxyl groups of h naural sorbn hlp in h binding of h caionic dy molculs. Howvr, rmoval of RO16 dy soluion was no favourabl by NSB whr lss han 8 % of h dy was rmovd. This was du o h coulombic rpulsion bwn h ngaivly chargd dy molculs and h ngaivly chargd surfac groups of NSB. Th bagass afr modificaion showd is sorpion capabiliy for diffrn chargd dys. Th sorpion of RO16 in boh singl and binary dy soluions wr grar han 75 % whras for BB3, h prcnag of dy rmoval was and in singl and binary sysms, rspcivly. Th hydroxyl and (Si O N + C) groups on h surfac of QSB conribu o h binding sis for h adsorpion of posiivly and ngaivly chargd dys. Tabl 1: Comparaiv sudy of dy sorpion by NSB and QSB. % Dy Rmoval Sorbn BB3 (singl) RO16 (singl) BB3 (binary) RO16 (binary) NSB QSB Effc of ph Th ph valu of dy soluion is an imporan influncing facor in h dy rmoval sudy. In ordr o find ou h opimum ph valu for h rmoval of boh BB3 and RO16, h dy soluions wr adjusd o ph 2-1. Figur 1 shows h rsuls of dy rmoval in diffrn ph valu. Soluion ph affcs boh aquous chmisry and surfac binding sis of h adsorbns. For singl BB3 dy soluion, h prcnag rmoval of dy incrasd from o wih incrasing ph from 2-1. Similar rnd was obsrvd for BB3 binary sysm, wih slighly highr rmoval of dy compard o h singl dy sysm. I was vrifid ha h sugar can bagass is mainly consising of naural cllulosic fibrs and hs fibrs ar ngaivly chargd du o h prsnc of hydroxyl groups of cllulos [1]. Dpnding on ph, hs groups may chang hir chargs. A low ph condiion, mos of h ponial binding sis on QSB ar proonad and h surfac of sorbns is surroundd by hydronium ions, hus inhibiing h binding of caionic BB3 dy molculs. Wih incrasing ph of dy soluion, h surfac groups will b dproonad, rsuling in an incras of ngaivly chargd sis which favour h sorpion of caionic dy (BB3) du o lcrosaic aracion [9]. Howvr, h acidic ph sysm showd good adsorpion bhavior for h RO16 dy soluion. Th rmoval of RO16 incrasd from o % wih h dcras of ph from 1 o 2. Raciv dys ar known o ioniz o a high dgr in aquous soluions o form colourd anions du o h sulfona groups in hir srucurs. Two sulfona ( SO 3 ) groups of RO16 dy ar asily dissociad and hav ngaiv chargs in h aquaic nvironmn. As h ph of h sysm dcrass, h proonad surfac groups (Si O N + H 2 C) facilia h sorpion of ngaivly chargd dy. Th numbr of posiivly chargd sis incrass rsuling in an incras of binding sis for anionic dy molculs (RO16) [13]. Th dproonaion of surfac groups in high ph rang rsuls in h lcrosaic rpulsion bwn h anionic dy and ngaivly chargd sis. This has conribud o h dcrasd upak of RO16 [14] in alkalin condiion. Th binary sysm showd h similar rnd for h dys rmoval. Thrfor, i is suggsd ha h opimum ph for h rmoval of boh BB3 and RO16 is bwn ph 6-8. Effc of iniial concnraion and conac im Th ffc of iniial dy concnraion on rmoval of BB3 and RO16 by QSB in diffrn conac im is shown in Figur 2. Th dy soluions of 5, 1 and 15 mg/l wr prpard for his sudy. From h rsuls obaind, h prcnag rmoval of boh BB3 and RO16 incrasd wih dcrasing iniial dy concnraion, whr h highs prcnag rmoval was achivd in 5 mg/l. In boh singl and binary dy sysms, h adsorpion of dys was rapid during h iniial sags of sorpion procsss, followd by a gradual procss. For BB3 dy soluion, 12 minus is rquird for h quilibrium adsorpion. Th iniial rapid phas may du o h larg numbr of vacan sis availabl a h iniial sag, consqunly xis an incras in h driving forc of h concnraion gradin bwn adsorba in soluion and adsorba in h adsorbn [15-16]. For singl RO16 187

4 Wong al: REMOVAL OF BASIC BLUE 3 AND REACTIVE ORANGE 16 BY ADSORPTION ONTO QUARTENIZED SUGAR CANE BAGASSE of 5 mg/l, h dy rmoval was up o abov 85 % afr 18 minus, whil for binary sysm, mor han 9 % of dys wr rmovd Singl - RO Binary - RO Singl - BB Binary - BB 7 6 % dy rmoval ph Figur 1: Effc of ph on dy sorpion by QSB. 1 9 Upak (%) RO - 5 mg/l RO - 1 mg/l RO - 15 mg/l BB - 5 mg/l BB - 1 mg/l BB - 15 mg/l Tim (min) Figur 2: Effc of iniial concnraion and conac im on sorpion of binary BB3 and RO16 by QSB. 188

5 Th Malaysian Journal of Analyical Scincs, Vol 13 No 2 (29): Adsorpion kinics To find ou h ponial ra-conrolling sps involvd in h adsorpion of BB3 and RO16 ono QSB, boh psudo-firs-ordr and psudo-scond-ordr kinic modls hav bn usd o fi h xprimnal daa a various dy concnraion. Th psudo-firs-ordr quaion was xprssd as blow: log( q ) log k 1 q q = (1) 2.33 whr q is h amoun of dys sorbd a quilibrium (mg/g), q is h amoun of dys sorbd a im, (mg/g), k 1 is h ra consan of psudo-firs-ordr sorpion (min -1 ). Th psudo-firs-ordr plos (log (q -q ) vs. ) of BB3 and RO16 in boh singl and binary sysms wr no fid whr hir corrlaion cofficin, R 2 << 1 (Figur is no shown). Th psudo-scond-ordr quaion was xprssd as blow: q = 1 + (2) h q whr h (k 2 q 2 ) is h iniial sorpion ra (mg/g min) and k 2 is h ra consan of psudo-scond-ordr kinics (g/mg min). Th psudo-scond-ordr modl plos (/q vs. ) of BB3 and RO16 in singl sysm ar shown in Figur 3. For all h sysms sudid, good corrlaion cofficins ar obaind (R 2 1) by fiing h xprimnal daa o psudo-scond-ordr kinics han ha for h psudo-firs-ordr kinic modl. Thrfor, h sorpion is mor favorably by psudo-scond-ordr kinic modl, which is basd on h assumpion ha h ra limiing sp may b chmical sorpion or chmisorpion involving valncy forcs hrough sharing or xchang of lcron bwn sorbn and sorba [17]. 3 BB3-5mg/L 25 BB3-1mg/L BB3-15mg/L R 2 =.998 RO16-5mg/L /q (min g/mg) RO16-1mg /L RO16-15mg /L R 2 =.9972 R 2 = R 2 =.9998 R 2 =.9998 R 2 = Tim, (min) Figur 3: Psudo-scond-ordr kinics of BB3 and RO16 in singl dy soluions. 189

6 Wong al: REMOVAL OF BASIC BLUE 3 AND REACTIVE ORANGE 16 BY ADSORPTION ONTO QUARTENIZED SUGAR CANE BAGASSE Adsorpion isohrm Th quilibrium adsorpion isohrm is of imporanc in h dsign of adsorpion sysms. Two isohrm modls wr usd o drmin h suiabl on of dscribing h adsorpion procss of BB3 and RO16 ono QSB. Th applicaion of Langmuir isohrm suggss ha vry adsorpion si is quivaln, and ha h abiliy of a paricl o bind hr is indpndn of whhr or no narby sis ar occupid and ha h adsorbn is saurad afr on layr of adsorba molculs formd on h adsorbn surfac [18]. Th Langmuir quaion is xprssd as: C N 1 C = + (3) * * N b N Th Frundlich isohrm is drivd o modl h mulilayr adsorpion and for h adsorpion on hrognous surfacs, and i is rprsnd by an quaion blow: logc = log K (4) f n log N + whr C is h quilibrium concnraion of h dy (mg/l), N is h amoun of dy sorbd a quilibrium (mg/g), N * is h maximum sorpion capaciy (mg/g), b is h consan rlad o h nrgy of h sorbn (L/mg), n is h Frundlich consan for innsiy and K f is h Frundlich consan for sorpion capaciy. Th linar plos of C /N vrsus C (Figur 4) suggss h applicabiliy of Langmuir modl, showing formaion of monolayr covrag of h dy molculs a h our surfac of h adsorbn. Th high corrlaion cofficins of log N vrsus log C plos in Figur 6 indicad ha h sorpion agrd wih h Frundlich isohrm as wll, wih br fiing compard o Langmuir isohrms. This migh bcaus h biosorbn s surfac is nonhomognous and hr could b mor han on yp of sorpion sis on h surfac. Th agrmn of boh isohrms hav bn rpord prviously [7,9]. 3 BB3-Singl 25 2 BB3-binary RO16-singl RO16-binary R 2 =.9253 C/N (g/l) 15 1 R 2 = R 2 =.993 R 2 = C (mg/l) Figur 4: Langmuir isohrms for h sorpion of BB3 and RO16 from singl and binary dy soluions. 19

7 Th Malaysian Journal of Analyical Scincs, Vol 13 No 2 (29): BB3-singl BB3-binary RO16-singl RO16-binary R 2 =.9926 R 2 = R 2 =.9971 log N (mg/g).5 R 2 = log C (mg/l) Figur 5: Frundlich isohrm for h sorpion of BB3 and RO16 from singl and binary dy soluions. Effc of mpraur Figur 6 shows h ffc of mpraur on sorpion of BB3 and RO16 dys in boh singl and binary sysms. Wih mpraur incrasd from 26 o 8 o C, h prcnag rmoval of BB3 incrasd from o 22.1, and o for singl and binary sysms, rspcivly. This indicad ha h sorpion of h dy involvs an ndohrmic procss. This suggsd h adsorpion procss is conrolld by h diffusion procss (inra-paricl ranspor-por diffusion), whr h sorpion capaciy will show an incras wih an incras in mpraur. This is basically du o h fac ha h diffusion procss is an ndohrmic procss. Wih an incras in mpraur, h mobiliy of h BB3 ions incrass and h rarding forcs acing on h diffusing ions dcras, hrby incrasing h sorpiv capaciy of adsorbn [19]. Howvr, h sorpion of RO16 by QSB dcrasd wih incrasing mpraur. Th prcnag of rmoval dcrasd from o 7.48 and o 77.87, for singl and binary dys, rspcivly. This indicad ha i involvd an xohrmic procss. This may du o h nhancmn of h rlaiv scaping ndncy of RO16 molculs from h solid phas o h bulk phas as h mpraur incrasd [2]. Th lvad mpraur may also wakn h adsorpiv forcs bwn h binding sis and anions, hus lading o a dcras in h sorpion of RO

8 Wong al: REMOVAL OF BASIC BLUE 3 AND REACTIVE ORANGE 16 BY ADSORPTION ONTO QUARTENIZED SUGAR CANE BAGASSE BB3 - singl BB3 - binary RO16 - singl RO16 - binary % dy rmoval Tmpraur, T ( o C) Figur 6: Effc of mpraur on sorpion of singl and binary BB3 and RO16 dys by QSB. Conclusion This sudy shown ha quarnizd sugar can bagass has h ponial o b a sorbn o rmov boh caionic dy BB3 and anionic dy RO16 from aquous soluion. Th bach adsorpion sudy indicad ha h rmoval of boh BB3 and RO16 is ph dpndn. Th opimum ph is suggsd a 6-8. Th prcnag rmoval of dys incrasd wih dcrasing concnraion, and for BB3 dy soluion, quilibrium was rachd a 12 minus. From h sudy of adsorpion kinics, i is found ha h sorpion of boh BB3 and RO16 in singl and binary soluion fid psudo-scond-ordr kinic modl, suggsing h involvmn of chmisorpion procss. Boh h Langmuir and Frundlich isohrms wr fid wll, wih a br agrmn in h lar. Th sorpion of BB3 is an ndohrmic procss; whras h sorpion of RO16 is an xohrmic procss. Acknowldgmns W acknowldg financial suppors from h Dparmn of Chmisry, Faculy of Scinc, Univrsii Pura Malaysia, and Inrnaional Foundaion for Scinc, Sockholm, Swdn and h Organisaion for h Prohibiion of Chmical Wapons, Th Hagu, Th Nhrlands, hrough a gran o S. T. Ong. Rfrncs 1. V.S. Man, I.D. Mall and V.C. Srivasava (27). Us of bagass fly ash as an adsorbn for h rmoval of brillian grn dy from aquous soluion. Dys Pigmns. 73: R. Gong, Y. Sun, J. Chn, H. Liu and C. Yang (25). Effc of chmical modificaion on dy adsorpion capaciy of panu hull. Dys Pigmns. 67: M. Zhao and P. Liu (28). Adsorpion bhavior of mhyln blu on halloysi nanoubs. Micropor Msopor Ma. 112: S.A. Figuirdo, J.M. Louriro and R.A. Boavnura (25). Naural was marials conaining chiin as adsorbns for xil dysuffs: Bach and coninuous sudis. War Rs. 39: T. Robinson,, B. Chandran and P. Nigam (22). Effc of prramns of hr was rsidus, wha sraw, corncobs and barly husks on dy adsorpion. Biorsourc Tchnol. 85: R. Gong, S. Zhu, D. Zhang, J. Chn, S. Ni, R. Guan (28). Adsorpion bhavior of caionic dys on ciric acid srifying wha sraw: kinic and hrmodynamic profil. Dsalinaion. 23: H. Laa, V.K. Garg and R.K. Gupa (27). Rmoval of a basic dy from aquous soluion by adsorpion using Parhnium hysrophorus : An agriculural was. Dys Pigmns. 74:

9 Th Malaysian Journal of Analyical Scincs, Vol 13 No 2 (29): K.S. Thangamani, M. Sahishkumar, Y. Samna, N. Vnnilamani, K. Kadirvlu, S. Paabhi, S.E. Yun (27). Uilizaion of modifid silk coon hull was as an adsorbn for h rmoval of xil dy (raciv blu MR) from aquous soluion. Biorsourc Tchnol. 98: S.T. Ong, C.K. L and Z. Zainal (27). Rmoval of basic and raciv dys using hylndiamin modifid ric hull. Biorsourc Tchnol. 98: N.G. Júsiz-Smih, G.J. Virgo and V.E. Buchanan (28). Ponial of Jamaican banana, coconu coir and bagass fibrs as composi marials. Mar Charac. 59: D.W. O Connll, C. Birkinshaw and T.F. O Dwyr (28). Havy mal adsorbns prpard from h modificaion of cllulos: A rviw. Biorsourc Tchnol. 99: J.A. Laszlo (1996). Prparing an ion xchang rsin from sugarcan bagass o rmov raciv dy from waswar. Tx Chm Color. 28: M.S. Chiou and H.Y. Li (23). Adsorpion bhavior of raciv dy in aquous soluion on chmical cross-linkd chiosan bads. Chmosphr. 5: A. Tor and Y. Cngloglu (26). Rmoval of congo rd from aquous soluion by adsorpion ono acid acivad rd mud. J. Hazardous Mar. B138: D. Kaviha and C. Namasivayam (27). Rcycling coir pih, an agriculural solid was for h rmoval of procion orang from waswar. Dys Pigmns. 74: D.J. Ju, I.G. Byun, J.J. Park, C.H. L, G.H. Ahn and T.J. Park (28). Biosorpion of a raciv dy (Rhodamin-B) from an aquous soluion using drid biomass of acivad sludg. Biorsourc Tchnol. 99: Y.S. Ho and G. McKay (1999). Psudo-scond ordr modl for sorpion procsss. Procss Biochm. 34: A. Özcan and A.S. Özcan (25). Adsorpion of Acid Rd 57 from aquous soluions ono surfacan-modifid spioli. J. Hazardous Mar. B125 (25) V.S. Man, I.D. Mall, V.C. Srivasava (27). Kinic and quilibrium isohrm sudis for h adsorpiv rmoval of Brillian Grn dy from aquous soluion by ric husk ash. J. Environ Manag. 84: Y.S. Ho and G. McKay (23). Sorpion of dys and coppr ions ono biosorbns. Procss Biochm. 38: