Index (Physical Properties)

Transcription

1 Index (Physical Properties) A Atomic weights, 70, 248, 323, 362, 395, 461, 539, 614, 653 B Boiling points, 33, 239, 318, 360, 389, 453, 532, 610, 656 C Carbon (graphene/graphite) C, 7 chemical properties, 71 binary systems, 72, 683 classification of inorganic compounds, 71 interaction with chemicals and complex gases, 188 self-diffusion characteristics, 661 surface energy, 185 ternary, quaternary and multi-component systems, 106 wettability, 185 halides (molten), 187 non-ferrous metal alloys (melts), 186 water and organic compounds, electron work function, index of absorptance, 54 index of refraction, 54 integral emittance, 54 molar magnetic susceptibility, 37, emissivity), 54, reflective index, 54 35, 36, 37, 38, 53, 55, 57, 58, 64, thermoionic emission characteristics, nuclear physical properties, 70 period, decay mode), 71 moderating ability, 660 physico-mechanical properties, 54 anisotropy, 69 compliance coefficients, 67, 69 compressibility, 57 compressive strength, 38, 53, 55, 66, 659 Coulomb s (shear) modulus, 68 creep characteristics, 66 density, 13, 38, 53, 55, 57, 58, 659 elastic constants, 66, 69 flexural (bending) strength, 38, 53, 55, 66 fracture toughness (critical stress intensity factor), 38 hardness, 53, 54, 55, 659 Poisson s ratio, 68, 69 porosity, 38, 55 recoverability, 57 stiffness coefficients, 66, 69 strain to failure (elongation), 58 stress-strain relationship, 70 tensile strength, 35, 36, 38, 53, 57, 58, 659 transversely isotropic symmetry, 66 Young s modulus, 35, 36, 38, 53, 55, 58, 659 I. L. Shabalin, Ultra-High Temperature Materials I, DOI: / , Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

2 756 Index (Physical Properties) Carbon (graphene/graphite) C (cont.) structures, 7 activated carbon, 9, 25 aerogel (cryogels, xerogels), 9, 25 aggregated diamond nanorods (hyperdiamond), 9, 28 amorphous carbon, 9, 24 astralens, 9, 19 bilayered grapheme, 9 bilayered graphyne, 9 bond length, 8 bond order, 8 bond type, 8 capped (closed) multi-walled nanotubes, 9, 20 capped (closed) single-walled nanotubes, 9, 20 carbide derived carbon, 9, 26 carbide derived diamond-structured carbon, 9, 29 carbon (amorphous) fabrics, 9, 25 carbon (amorphous) fiber, 9, 25 carbon (graphite) fabrics, 9, 16 carbon (graphite) fiber, 9, 16 carbon bead powder (mesocarbon microbeads), 9, 26 carbon black, 9, 24 carbine, 9, 13 carbyne general family, 9, 12, 13 carbyne nanobundles, 9, 13 carbyne nanorings, 9, 13 carbyte (carbolite, crystal forms of carbynes and their polytypes), 9, 13 chain armour structures, 9, 13 charcoal, 9, 25 classification, 7, 9, 12 coke, 9, 24 defected graphite, 9, 23 defective multi-walled nanotubes, 9, 20 defective single-walled nanotubes, 9, 20 densities, 13 diamond (3C-diamond), 9, 29 diamond general family, 9, 28 diamond nanocones, 9, 29 diamond nanocylinders, 9, 29 diamond nanofiber (filaments), 9, 29 diamond nanoplatelets, 9, 29 diamond nanorods, 9, 28 diamond nanotubes, 9, 28 diamond nanowhisckers, 9, 29 diamond-like carbon films, 9, 29 diamondoids, 9, 28 double-walled nanotubes, 9, 20 electron configuration, 7 electronegativity, 7 expanded (exfoliated) graphite, 9, 15 expanded nano-platelets, 9, 15 force constant, 8 fullerene intercalated graphite compounds, 9, 19 fullerene intermediate family, 9, 12, 16 fullerene nanotubes, 9, 17 fullerene nanowhiskers (fullerene nanofibers), 9, 17 fullerene polymers, 9, 17 fullerene rings, 9, 17 fullerenes (buckminsterfullerene), 9, 16 fullerites, 9, 18 7 giant nanotubes, 9, 21 glassy (vitreous) carbon, 9, 25 glassy (vitreous) carbon foam, 9, 26 glitter, 9, 24 graphdiynes, 9, 14 graphene, 9, 15 graphene general family, 9, 12, 14 graphene nanoribbons, 9, 14 graphite (H- and R-polytypes), 9, 15 graphyne intermediate family, 9, 12, 13 graphyne nanoribbons, 9 graphynes, 9, 13 graphynes-n, 9, 14 graphyte, 9, 14 ground state level, 7 haeckelites (pentaheptites, octites), 9, 22 haeckelones, 9, 22 helical nanocoils (coiled cages), 9, 22 hexagonite, 9, 26 hybridisation type, 7, 12 hyperfullerenes (multi-walled fullerenes), 9, 19 i-carbon (shock-compressed graphite phase), 9, 28 intermediate graphite-to-carbyte phases, 9, 14 intermediate graphite-to-diamond transition phases, 9, 27 kish graphite, 9, 15 lonsdaleite, 9, 29

3 Index (Physical Properties) 757 carbon macrostructures, 9 megatubes, 9, 21 molecular-sieve carbon, 9, 25 multi-layered graphenes, 9, 15 multi-layered graphynes, 9, 14 multi-walled nanotubes, 9, 20 nanobarrels, 9, 21 nanobeads ( pearl necklace structures), 9, 17 nanobreadsticks, 9, 22 nanobuds, 9, 23 nanoclusters of conjugated pentagon and hexagon cycles, 9 nanocones, 9, 21 nanocrystalline aggregated diamond, 9, 28 nanocrystalline particulate diamond, 9, 28 nanodisks, 9, 21 nanofiber (nanowire, nanorods), 9, 23 nanofoams (defected graphene-like networks), 9, 23 nanographenes, 9, 14 nanographynes, 9 nanohorn particles, 9, 21 nanopeapods, 9, 23 nanoscrolls (whiskers), 9, 23 nanostructures molecular (mesostructures), 9 nanostructures submolecular, 9 nanostructures supramolecular, 9 nanotube bundles (ropes, strands), 9, 21 nanotube lattices, 9, 21 nanotubes (nanoscrolls) with polygonal cross-sections, 9, 21 nanotubular crystals (nanotube yarn), 9, 21 natural graphite, 9, 15 n-diamond (or c-carbon, shockcompressed graphite phase), 9, 28 octacarbon (supercubane, prismane, BC8), 9, 31 ortho-graphite-diamond hybrids, 9, 26 para-graphite-diamond hybrids, 9, 27 polycrystalline diamond nanopowder, 9, 29 polycumulene chains, 9 polyyne chains, 9 pyrolitic graphite, 9, 15 pyrolytic carbon, 9, 24 radii atomic, 7 covalent, 7 metallic, 7 van der Waals, 7 radii ionic, 7 schwarzites, 9, 22 schwarzones, 9, 22 single-walled nanotubes, 9, 20 soot, 9, 24 specific bond enthalpy, 8 squarographenes, 9, 22 supergraphene, 9, 14 supertubes, 9, 21 toroids (toroidal cages), 9, 22 ultra-nanocrystalline diamond, 9, 28 ultra-nanocrystalline diamond films, 9, 29 thermal properties, 32 anisotropy, 34 boiling point, 33, 656 expansion, 35, 36, 38, 53, 55, 57, 58, 64, 656 critical density, 34 critical point, 33 linear vaporization rate, 34, 657 mass vaporization rate, 34, 657 melting point, 33, , , 655 molar enthalpy difference, 33, 655 molar heat capacity, 33, 34, 654 phase diagram, 32 relative thermal expansion, , , 655 specific enthalpy difference, 33, 655 specific heat capacity, 33, 654 standard molar entropy, 33, 654 sublimation point, 33 thermal conductivity, 35, 36, 37, 38, 53, 55, 57, 58, 656 triple points, 33 diamond-octacarbon (BC8)- liquid, 33 graphite-diamond-liquid, 33 graphite-liquid-vapour, 33 vapour pressure, 34, 657

4 758 Index (Physical Properties) Coefficients of linear thermal expansion, 35, 36, 38, 53, 55, 57, 58, 64, 240, 319, 360, 388, 390, 452, 454, 534, 535, 611, 656 Crystal systems, 13, 237, 317, 359, 387, 451, 531, 609, 653 Crystal types, 13, 237, 317, 359, 387, 451, 531, 609, 653 D Densities, 13, 38, 53, 55, 57, 58, 237, 317, 359, 387, 451, 531, 609, 653 calculated (XRD), 13, 237, 317, 359, 387, 451, 531, 609, 653 experimental (pycnometric), 13, 237, 317, 359, 387, 451, 531, 609, 653 Diffusion rate in species pairs (diffusivity), 661 E Electron work function, 243, 320, 361, 391, 455, 537, 611, Enthalpies (heat) of melting, 33, 239, 318, 360, 389, 453, 532, 610, 655 Enthalpies (heat) of vaporization, 33, 239, 318, 360, 389, 453, 532, 610, 655 H Hardness, 53, 54, 55, 243, 320, 361, 391, 456, 537, 612, 659 I Integral emittances, 54, 242, 320, 391, 455, 537, 611, Iridium Ir, 609 chemical properties, 616 binary systems, 616, 734 complex gases, 639 self-diffusion characteristics, 666 ternary, quaternary and multicomponent systems, electron work function, 611, Hall coefficient, 611 integral emittance, 611, molar magnetic susceptibility, 611, emissivity), 611, reflective index, 611 Seebeck coefficient (absolute thermoelectric power), , 611, thermoionic emission characteristics, 611, nuclear physical properties, 614 period, decay mode), 614 physico-mechanical properties, 612 Coulomb s (shear) modulus, 612, 614 creep characteristics, 612, 613 elastic compliance coefficients, 612 elastic stiffness coefficients, 612 hardness, 612, 659 longitudinal velocity of sound, 612 Poisson s ratio, 612 tensile elongation, 612, 613 tensile strength, 612, 613, 659 transversal velocity of sound, 612 volume compressibility, 612 yield strength, 612, 613 Young s modulus, 612, 614, 659 structures, 609 bulk density, 609, 653 crystal structure, 609, 653 crystal type, 609, 653 lattice parameter, 609, 653 minimum interatomic distance, 609 space group, 609, 653 electron configuration, 609 electronegativity, ground state level, 609 radii atomic, 609 covalent, 609 metallic, 609 radii ionic, 609 slip direction, 609 slip plane, 609 XRD density, 609, 653 thermal properties, 609

5 Index (Physical Properties) 759 boiling point, 610, 656 expansion, 611, 656 melting point, 610, , , 655 molar enthalpy difference, 610, 655 molar heat capacity, 609, 610, 654 relative thermal expansion, 611, , , 655 specific enthalpy difference, 610, 655 specific heat capacity, 610, 654 standard molar entropy, 610, 654 surface tension, 611 thermal conductivity, 611, 656 vapour pressure, 610, 657 Isotopic mass ranges, 660 L Lattice parameters, 13, 237, 317, 359, 387, 451, 531, 609, 653 M Macroscopic thermal neutron cross sections, 660 capture (absorption), 660 scattering, 660 Melting points, 33, 239, 318, 360, 389, 453, 532, 610, 656 Microscopic thermal neutron cross sections, 660 capture (absorption), 660 scattering, 660 Molar enthalpy differences, 33, 239, 318, 360, 389, 453, 532, 610, 655 Molar heat capacities, 33, 34, 35, 239, 318, 360, 389, 453, 532, 610, 654 Molar magnetic susceptibilities, 37, 242, 319, 361, 391, 455, 536, 611, Molybdenum Mo, 451 chemical properties, 463 binary systems, 463, 717 complex gases, 512 self-diffusion characteristics, 667 ternary, quaternary and multi-component systems, electron work function, 455, Hall coefficient, 455 index of absorptance, 455 index of refraction, 455 integral emittance, 455, molar magnetic susceptibility, 455, emissivity), 455, pressure coefficient of resistivity, 455 reflective index, 455 Richardson constant, 456, Seebeck coefficient (absolute thermoelectric power), , 455, nuclear physical properties, 461 period, decay mode), 462 physico-mechanical properties, 456 bulk (compression) modulus, 459 Coulomb s (shear) modulus, 458, 459 creep characteristics, 459, 460, 461 ductile-to-brittle transition temperature, 459 elastic compliance coefficients, 459 elastic stiffness coefficients, 459 fatigue characteristics, 457 fracture elongation, 457, 458 fracture toughness, 457 hardness, 456, 659 longitudinal velocity of sound, 459 Poisson s ratio, 459 reduction in area, 457, 458 tensile strength, 457, 458, 659 transversal velocity of sound, 459 volume compressibility, 459 Young s modulus, 458, 459, 659 structures, 451 bulk density, 451, 653 crystal structure, 451, 653

6 760 Index (Physical Properties) crystal type, 541, 653 lattice parameter, 451, 653 minimum interatomic distances, 451 space group, 451, 653 electron configuration, 451 electronegativity, ground state level, 451 radii atomic, 451 covalent, 451 metallic, 451 radii ionic, 451 slip planes, 451 XRD density, 451, 653 thermal properties, 452 boiling point, 453, 656 expansion, 452, 454, 656 critical density, 453 critical temperature / pressure, 453 linear vaporization rate, 452, 657 mass vaporization rate, 657 melting point, 453, , , 655 molar enthalpy difference, 453, 655 molar heat capacity, 452, 453, 654 relative thermal expansion, , , 655 specific enthalpy difference, 655 specific heat capacity, 453, 654 standard molar entropy, 453, 654 surface tension, 455 tension, 455 vapour pressure, 452, 657 Monochromatic emittances, 54, 242, 319, 361, 391, 455, 536, 611, N Neutron moderating abilities (macroscopic slowing down power), 660 Niobium Nb, 531 chemical properties, 541 binary systems, 542, 725 complex gases, 588 self-diffusion characteristics, 671 ternary, quaternary and multicomponent systems, electron work function, 537, Hall coefficient, 536 index of absorptance, 536 index of refraction, 536 integral emittance, 536, 537, molar magnetic susceptibility, 536, emissivity), 536, pressure coefficient of resistivity, 535 reflective index, 536 Richardson constant, 537, 535, 535, nuclear physical properties, 539 period, decay mode), 540 physico-mechanical properties, 537 bulk (compression) modulus, 539 Coulomb s (shear) modulus, 539 creep characteristics, 538, 539 ductile-to-brittle transition temperature, 538 elastic compliance coefficients, 539 elastic stiffness coefficients, 539 fracture elongation, 537, 538 fracture toughness, 538 hardness, 537, 659 longitudinal velocity of sound, 539 Poisson s ratio, 539 proportional limit, 538 tensile strength, 537, 538, 659 transversal velocity of sound, 539 volume compressibility, 539 work of fracture (impact testing), 538 Young s modulus, 539, 659 structures, 531 bulk density, 531, 653 crystal structure, 531, 653

7 Index (Physical Properties) 761 crystal type, 531, 653 lattice parameter, 531, 653 minimun interatomic distance, 531 space group, 531, 653 electron configuration, 531 electronegativity, ground state level, 531 radii atomic, 531 covalent, 531 metallic, 531 radii ionic, 531 slip direction, 531 slip plane, 531 XRD density, 531, 653 thermal properties, 532 boiling point, 532, 656 expansion, 534, 535, 656 linear vaporization rate, 657 mass vaporization rate, 533, 657 melting point, 532, , , 655 molar enthalpy difference, 532, 655 molar heat capacity, 532, 654 relative thermal expansion, 534, , , 655 specific enthalpy difference, 655 specific heat capacity, 532, 654 standard molar entropy, 532, 654 surface tension, 534 tension, 534 thermal conductivity, 534, 656 vapour pressure, 533, 657 O Osmium Os, 359 chemical properties, 364 binary systems, 364, 703 complex gases, 381 ternary, quaternary and multi-component systems, electron work function, 361, Hall coefficient, 361 molar magnetic susceptibility, 361, emissivity), 361, 361, 361, nuclear physical properties, 362 period, decay mode), 362 physico-mechanical properties, 361 compressive strength, 659 Coulomb s (shear) modulus, 362 hardness, 361, 659 longitudinal velocity of sound, 362 Poisson s ratio, 362 tensile strength, 659 transversal velocity of sound, 362 volume compressibility, 362 Young s modulus, 362, 659 structures, 359 bulk density, 359, 653 crystal structure, 359, 653 crystal type, 359, 653 lattice parameter, 359, 653 minimun interatomic distance, 359 space group, 359, 653 electron configuration, 359 electronegativity, ground state level, 359 radii atomic, 359 covalent, 359 metallic, 359 radii ionic, 359 slip directions, 359 slip planes, 359 XRD density, 359, 653 thermal properties, 359 boiling point, 360, 656 coefficients of linear thermal expansion, 360, 656 linear vaporization rate, 657 mass vaporization rate, 657

8 762 Index (Physical Properties) melting point, 360, , , 655 molar enthalpy differences, 655 molar heat capacity, 359, 360, 654 relative thermal expansion, , , 655 specific enthalpy differences, 655 specific heat capacity, 360, 654 standard molar entropy, 360, 654 surface tension, 361 tension, 361 thermal conductivity, 360, 656 vapour pressure, 360, 657 R Relative thermal expansion, 241, 534, 611, 656 Resonance integral for neutron capture, 660 Rhenium Re, 317 chemical properties, 325 binary systems, 325, 697 complex gases, 348 self-diffusion characteristics, 676 ternary, quaternary and multicomponent systems, electron work function, 320, Hall coefficient, 319 index of absorptance, 319 index of refraction, 319 integral emittance, 320, molar magnetic susceptibility, 319 emissivity), 319, reflective index, 319 Richardson constant, 320, 319, 319, nuclear physical properties, 323 period, decay mode), 323 physico-mechanical properties, 320 compressive strength, 322 Coulomb s (shear) modulus, 322 creep characteristics, 321 ductile-to-brittle transition temperature, 322 elastic compliance coefficients, 322 elastic stiffness coefficients, 322 fracture elongation, 321, 322 hardness, 320, 321, 659 longitudinal velocity of sound, 322 Poisson s ratio, 322 tensile strength, 321, 659 transversal velocity of sound, 322 volume compressibility, 322 Young s modulus, 322, 323, 659 structures, 317 bulk density, 317, 653 crystal structure, 317, 653 crystal type, 317, 653 lattice parameters, 317, 653 minimum interatomic distance, 317 space group, 317, 653 electron configuration, 317 electronegativity, ground state level, 317 radii atomic, 317 covalent, 317 metallic, 317 radii ionic, 317 slip directions, 317 slip planes, 317 XRD density, 317, 653 thermal properties, 317 boiling point, 318, 656 coefficients of linear thermal expansion, 319, 656 linear vaporization rate, 319, 657 mass vaporization rate, 657 melting point, 318, , , 655 molar enthalpy difference, 318, 655 molar heat capacity, 317, 318, 654 relative thermal expansion, , 655

9 Index (Physical Properties) , 655 specific enthalpy difference, 655 specific heat capacity, 318, 654 standard molar entropy, 318, 654 surface tension, 319 tension, 319 thermal conductivity, 319, 656 vapour pressure, 318, 657 Richardson constants, 243, 320, 391, 456, 537, S Space groups, 13, 237, 317, 359, 387, 451, 531, 609, 653 Specific electrical resistances, 35, 36, 37, 38, 53, 55, 57, 58, 64, 241, 319, 361, 390, 455, 535, 611, Specific enthalpy differences, 655 Specific heat capacities, 33, 34, 35, 239, 318, 360, 389, 453, 532, 610, 654 Standard molar entropies, 33, 239, 318, 360, 389, 453, 532, 610, 654 T Tantalum Ta, 387 chemical properties, 397 binary systems, 398, 709 complex gases, 437 self-diffusion characteristics, 677 ternary, quaternary and multi-component systems, electron work function, 391, Hall coefficient, 390 index of absorptance, 391 index of refraction, 391 integral emittance, 391, molar magnetic susceptibility, 391, emissivity), 391, pressure coefficient of resistivity, 390 reflective index, 391 Richardson constant, 391 Seebeck coefficient (absolute thermoelectric power), 391 specific electrical resistance (resistivity), 390, 390, nuclear physical properties, 395 period, decay mode), 395 physico-mechanical properties, 391 bulk (compression) modulus, 393 Coulomb s (shear) modulus, 393 creep characteristics, 393, 394 elastic compliance coefficients, 393 elastic stiffness coefficients, 393 fatigue strength, 393 fracture elongation, 392, 393 fracture reduction in area, 392 hardness, 391, 659 impact strength, 393 longitudinal velocity of sound, 393 Poisson s ratio, 393 tensile strength, 392, 659 transversal velocity of sound, 393 volume compressibility, 393 yield strength, 393 Young s modulus, 393, 659 structures, 387 beta tantalum phase, 387 bulk density, 387, 653 crystal structure, 387, 653 crystal type, 387, 653 lattice parameter, 387, 653 minimum interatomic distance, 387 space group, 387, 653 electron configuration, 387 electronegativity, ground state level, 387 radii atomic, 387 covalent, 387 metallic, 387 radii ionic, 387 slip direction, 387 slip plane, 387 XRD density, 387, 653 thermal properties, 388 boiling point, 389, 656 expansion, 388, 390, 656

10 764 Index (Physical Properties) linear vaporization rate, 388, 657 mass vaporization rate, 657 melting point, 389, , , 655 molar enthalpy difference, 389, 655 molar heat capacity, 389, 654 relative thermal expansion, , , 655 specific enthalpy difference, 655 specific heat capacity, 389, 654 standard molar entropy, 389, 654 surface tension, 388 tension, 388 thermal conductivity, 388, 390, 656 vapour pressure, 388, 657 Thermal coefficients of electroresistance, 64, 242, 319, 361, 390, 455, 535, 611, Thermal conductivity, 35, 36, 37, 38, 53, 55, 57, 58, 240, 319, 360, 388, 390, 454, 534, 611, 656 Total numbers of isotopes, 660 Tungsten W, 237 chemical properties, 250 binary systems, 250, 690 complex gases, 294 self-diffusion characteristics, 678 ternary, quaternary and multicomponent systems, 269 wettability by non-ferrous metal alloys (melts), electron work function, 243, Hall coefficient, 242 index of absorptance, 242 index of refraction, 242 integral emittance, 242, molar magnetic susceptibility, 242, emissivity), 242, pressure coefficient of resistivity, 242 reflective index, 242 Richardson constant, 243, Seebeck coefficient (absolute thermoelectric power), , superconductivity, 242 critical magnetic field strength, 242 transition temperature, , variation of resistivity at the melting point, 241 nuclear physical properties, 248 period, decay mode), 248 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characteristics, 250 physico-mechanical properties, 243 bulk (compression) modulus, 247 Coulomb s (shear) modulus, 247 creep characteristics, 245, 246, 247 creep rate equation, 245 ductile-to-brittle transition temperature, 245 elastic compliance coefficients, 247 elastic stiffness coefficients, 247 fatigue characteristics, 245 fracture elongation, 244 fracture toughness, 245 Hall - Petch relationship, 243 hardness, 243, 659 longitudinal velocity of sound, 247 Poisson s ratio, 247 tensile strength, 244, 659 transversal velocity of sound, 247 volume compressibility, 247 work of fracture (impact testing), 245 Young s modulus, 247, 659 structures, 237 beta tungsten phase, 237 bulk density, 238, 653 crystal structure, 237, 653 crystal type, 237 lattice parameter, 237, 653 minimum interatomic distance, 237 space group, 237, 653 electron configuration, 237 electronegativity, 237 gamma tungsten phase, 237

11 Index (Physical Properties) ground state level, 237 radii atomic, 237 covalent, 237 metallic, 237 radii ionic, 237 slip direction, 237 slip planes, 237 XRD density, 238, 653 thermal properties, 238 boiling point, 239, 656 expansion, 240, 656 critical density, 239 critical point, 239 linear vaporization rate, 240, 657 mass vaporization rate, 657 melting point, 239, , , 655 molar enthalpy difference, 239, 655 molar heat capacity, 238, 239, 654 relative thermal expansion, 241, , , 655 specific enthalpy difference, 655 specific heat capacity, 238, 239, 654 standard molar entropy, 239, 654 surface tension, 241 tension, 241 thermal conductivity, 240, 656 vapour pressure, 238, 240, 657 U Ultimate compressive strength, 38, 53, 55, 66, 322, 659 Ultimate tensile strength, 35, 36, 38, 53, 57, 58, 244, 321, 392, 457, 458, 537, 538, 612, 613, 659 V Vaporization rates, 34, 240, 319, 388, 452, 533, 657 Vapour pressures, 34, 238, 240, 318, 360, 388, 452, 533, 610, 657 Y Young s moduli, 35, 36, 38, 53, 55, 58, 247, 322, 323, 362, 393, 458, 459, 539, 612, 614, 659