Balances 9, , 623, 643, , , 679 (also see Electroneutrality. Material balances)

Transcription

1 Handbook of Aqueous Electrolyte Thermodynamics: Theory & Application by Joseph F. Zemaitis, Jr., Diane M. Clark, Marshall Rafal and Noel C. Scrivner Copyright 1986 American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Inc. Index

2 INDEX Acetic acid 482, 487 Activity 18, Activity coefficient 6-8, 17-22, , 426, calculating (also see Bromley, Chen, Davies, Debye-Huckel, Guggenheim, Guntelberg. Meissner, Pitzer. Setsch6now) mean mold 20, 53-55, 403 definition of reduced scale molal 18, 20, 83 molar 21 mole fraction 21, 96-97, 83 converting from one scale to another 21, 83, Alkali salts 69 Ammonia 3, 27, 486, 492, , , 537, 585 worked example: H2 O-NH3-CO Arrhenius 48 Balances 9, , 623, 643, , , 679 (also see Electroneutrality. Material balances) Beryllium sulfate (BeSO,) 69 Boltzmann 49, 72, 497, 509, 644 Brelvi (L O'Connell , Bromley 68, , 571 activity coefficient equation binary (single) solution 47, 64-66, 91-92, 127, 571 multicomponent solution , 234, , , osmotic coefficient equation 238, 600 parameters estimation of 65, , tabulated temperature effects on 84, 91-92, water activity equation , 602 CaC1, see Calcium chloride Cadmium salts 65, 69 Calcium chloride , , phase diagrams; H20-CaC12 and CaS KC NaCl Calcium sulfate 3. 4, , , , 706 phase diagrams; H20-CaSOk and CaC HC MgSO NaCl Na2S01,

3 1846 i Carbon dioxide 3, , 492, , worked example: H20-NH3-C Cat304 see Calcium sulfate CaS04.2H20 see Calcium sulfate Caustic see Sodium hydroxide Chen activity coefficient equation binary solution , 131 multicomponen t soh tion parameters, tabulated Chlorine 3. 5, 6-9, Chrome hydroxide 4, 406, C12 see Chlorine CO, see Carbon dioxide Cobalt chloride Cobalt perchlorate 443, 446 CoC12 see Cobalt chloride Co(CIO4)2 see Cobalt perchlorate Complex formation , 481, , 664, Concentration 71 molality 7, 8, 14-15, 18, , 53, 83, 556 molarity 15, 21, 53 mole fraction 21, 78-79, 83 Correspondence principle 33-36, 39-40, , Coulomb's law 50 Criss b Cobble 33-36, 39-40, Cr(OH13 see Chrome hydroxide CuCl see Cuprous chloride CuC12 see Cupric chloride Cu(C101,) 2 see Cupric perchlorate Cupric chloride 428, Cupric perchlorate 449, 451 Cuprous chloride 402, Uavies equation Debye-Huckel 48, constant , , 94-95, 97, 643 temperature effect on , 131, 571 equation limitations of extended limiting law 55-58, 387 Density charge 49, 72 predicting multicomponent solution solution 15, 21, 53 binary multicomponent 554, 558 solvent 21, 53, 95, 509, 555, 633, 644 Dibasic acids 69 Dielectric constant 49, 56, 71, , temperature effect on 87-88, Dissociation constant 29-30, 69, , 416,

4 Electrolytes 3-6, 13, 455 definition of complexing , 481 strong 481 weak 481 Electroneutrality 8, 247, 577, 581, 597, 623, 643, 655, 665, 679 Electrostatic force 48, 76, E.m.f. measurements , 416, 419 Energy 13, 50 Enthalpy 13, 32-33, 416, , 436, estimating temperature effects on partial molar 16 sources of 29, Entropy , estimating temperature effects on 33-36, 39, 40, 566 partial molal 34 sources of 29, 42-43, Equilibria chemical 16-17, equations , 606, , 641, , , 679 ionic 16-17, 27-30, , 412 phase 3-4, 6, 16-17, 577 reaction 27-30, 577 solid-liquid (SLE) , , 483, 579 vapor-liquid (VLE) 3-5, 16, , , , 623, Equilibrium constants 7-9, 27-38, , , 407, , , 641, , , calculated from tabulated data thermodynamic 36, , 642, data 28-33, , for: calcium sulfate complexes chrome hydroxide complexes cobalt chloride complexes cupric chloride complexes 449, 452 cuprous chloride complexes 428, ferric chloride complexes manganous chloride complexes 440, 443 nickel chloride complexes 447, 449 phosphoric acid complexes sodium sulfate complexes sulfuric acid complexes pressure effects on temperature effects on , Extensive properties Ferric chloride (FeC13) Ferrous chloride (FeC12) 89, 428 Free energy see Gibbs free energy Freezing point 3, Fugacity coefficient 8, 32, 483, , 607, , 642, (also see Nakamura) Fumaric acid 69

5 Gibbs-Duhem 16, 20, 68 Gibbs free energy 14, 16, 28-34, , 386, 404, , 416, 427, , , 440, , 449, 452, 505, , , , partial molal , 563 sources of 29, 42-43, Gibbs-Helmholtz 14, 563 Guggenheim equation binary solutions , 59-63, 64 multicomponent solutions , , 453 parameters calculating estimation of 64 tabulated Guntelberg equation 56, Gypsum see Calcium sulfate H, see Hydrogen HC1 see Hydrochloric acid Heat capacity 14, 416, , estimation of temperature effects on 33-36, 40, partial molal sources of 29, 42-43, Heat of formation , , , , 652 sources of 29, 42-43, (also see Enthalpy) Henry's law constants , 607, 624, , 690, 691, 698 H,P04 see Phosphoric acid H2S0, see Sulfuric acid Huckel equation Hydrochloric acid , , 248, , , phase diagrams; H2 0-HC1 and CaS KC NaCl Hydrogen 486, 492 Hydrolysis , 581, 595, 603, 650 Intensive properties Interactions ion-ion , , 585, , 644, ion-molecule 76, 492, , 510, 572, 585, , , , 693 molecule-molecule , 514, , , 692 Invarient point , Ionic charge 35, 49, 59, 64, 67, 71, , 94, 401, Ionic radius (radii) 50, 56, Ionic strength 64, 401, , 559, 643 calculating 54, 82, 91, , Isopiestic measurements 169 KBr KC1 see Potassium bromide see Potassium chloride

6 *. a49 I Kobe equation 564 KOH see Potassium hydroxide K2S04 see Potassium Sulfate K value see Equilibrium constants, Solubility product, Dissociation constant Lanthanum nitrate (La(N03 13) Lennard-Jones , 540 Lewis 17 Lewis h Randall 54 Lithium chloride (LiCl) 69 Lithium nitrate (LiN03) 69 Long h McDevit salting out parameters , Magnesium chloride phase diagram; H20-MgCk and NaCl Magnesium iodide 69 Magnesium nitrate Magnesium sulfate , phase diagram; H20-MgS04 and CaSOb Maleic acid 69 Malonic acid 69 Manganous chloride Manganous perchlorate 440, 442 Material balances 9, 577, , , 607, 623, Meissner activity coefficient equation binary (single) solution 47, 67-69, 93, multicomponent solution , parameters tabulated temperature effects on 84-86, 93, 131, plot curves 67, , , , , 448, , 594 water activity equation 218, 240 MgC12 see Magnesium chloride MgI2 see Magnesium iodide Mg(N03)2 see Magnesium nitrate MgSO I, see Magnesium sulfate MnCl2 see Manganous chloride Mn(C104)2 see Manganous perchlorate Molecules. aqueous , , 415, , 427, 428, 434, 440, , , 653, 655, 663, , N2 see Nitrogen NaCl see Sodium chloride Nakamura 607, , NaOH see Sodium hydroxide Na2SO3 see Sodium Sulfite NazS04 see Sodium sulfate NH3 see Ammonia Nickel chloride Nickel hydroxide 401 Nickel perchlorate 447 NiC12 see Nickel chloride Ni( C see Nickel perchlorate

7 Ni(OH12 see Nickel hydroxide Nitrogen 486, Nitrous oxide (NO) Nonelectrolyte 13, , (oxygen) 486, 492, , , 524, Onsager 508 Osmotic coefficient 20, 68, 72, 167, 238, 241, , , , Osmotic pressure 71 Ostwald coefficient , 667, 66Y. 676, ph , , 680 Phase diagram H2 0-NaC1-K C H20-NaCl-HCl H20-NaC1-NaOH H20-KCl-HCl H20-NaCl-CaC H2 0-NaC1-Mg C H20-NaCl-Na2S01, H20-KCl-CaC H 20 -NaOH -NazS H20-NaCl-CaS H2O-HCl-CaS H20-CaC12 -CaSOh H20-Na2S04-CaSO~ H20-MgS04-CaS Phenol , Phosphoric acid , predominance plot 414, Pitzer activity coefficient equation 456, 483, binary (single) solution 47, 71-75, multicomponent solution , , , , Beutier and Renon application of , , , , Chen's extension Edwards' et al. application of , 517, , , Fritz's application of , osmotic coefficient equation 241, 667, 667, 676 parameters 418 higher-order electrostatic terms , , 663, tabulated , temperature derivatives of temperature effect on water activity equation 241 Poisson Polybasic acids 69 Pdtassium bromide

8 Potassium chloride 89, , , 248, 481 phase diagrams; H,O-KC1 and CaC HC NaCl Potassium hydroxide 69, , Potassium sulfate 60, 63 Potential chemical , , 51, 485 energy , 71 intermolecular 71 Pottel 508 Predominance plot 414, , Pressure 7, 9, 13, 596 effects 15, 27, 32, 36-38, 88, 437 partial vapor , 495, 517, 579, vapor 68, 69, , , 579, Orogram SOUR Randall b Failey salting out parameters Renon b Prausnitz NKTL model 76 Salting out , Setsch6now , 493, , 504, 517, SO2 see Sulfur dioxide Scliurn chloride 18, , 86, 88, 89, 95, , , , , , , hase diagrams; H20-NaC1 and CaC CaS , HC KC MgC NaOH Na2Sq Sodium hydroxide 69, , , phase diagrams; H,O-NaOH and NaCl Na2S Sodium sulfate , , , , 670 phase diagrams; H20-Na 2 SO4 and CaS NaCl NaOH Sodium sulfite Solid-liquid equilibria (SLE) see Equilibria Solubility 4. 27, , , , Solubility product 4, , calculation of 30-31, 242, , Stoichiometric coefficient 8, 17, , 75, 144, Stokes 407, 419 Succinic acid 69 Sulfates 85 bivalent metal 65, 66 Sulfur dioxide 3, ,

9 Sulfuric acid , Temperature 7, 13 effects 14-15, , 502, on activity coefficients Bromley 84, 91-92, Chen 89, 97, 131 comparison of methods Debye-Hiickel 86-89, 131, 571 dielectric constant 87-88, 95, 131, 508 Meissner 84-86, 93, Pitzer 86-88, 95, 131 on density calculations 560 on enthalpy on entropy 33-36, 39, 40 on equilibrium constants 14, 32-33, 36 on heat capacity 33-36, 40 Thorium nitrate (Th(N03)(0 69 Trace components , 215, 482 Undissociated see Molecules Uranyl fluoride 69 Vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) see Equilibria Vapor pressure see Pressure Volume apparent molal ionic cavity 510, 644 partial molal , , , 642, 645, solution , , 644 Water activity 19-20, 68, 218, , , , 514, 596, 602, 618, 642, 646, , 679 Zinc bromide Zinc chloride , 440 Zinc iodide Zinc nitrate Zinc perchlorate , 422 Zinc salts 3, 65, 69 ZnBr2 see Zinc bromide ZnC12 see Zinc chloride Zn(C10& see Zinc perchlorate Zn12 see Zinc iodide Zn(NO312 see Zinc nitrate