Foundations of Chemistry 1 FC1

Transcription

1 Foundations of Chemistry 1 FC1 is based on two principles: 1. The name must be as as possible. 2. The name must be to the compound. Element made up of. most are (Ag, K, Fe) 8 are (H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, At2 ) 2 are (S8, P4 ) the name is what appears on the Periodic Table.!!! Inorganic Nomenclature Divides into 2 broad groups: To tell the difference you have distinguish between and :

2 Compounds Three types of substances, with three distinct naming systems: Compounds bound together with bonds are compounds composed of elements. their elements come from the non-metal section of the. Compounds are compounds composed of ions. the first element is a and the second substance is always a. the compounds we will deal with in these two groups are. Compounds are ; they are made up primarily of. These are different from inorganic compounds because organics are, by and large, the. Binary Ionic Compounds are a combination of two or more elements. are attracted to each other and thus come together to form a compound. Compounds must be so that the balance the. Compounds must also be written in. NAMING the always goes first, followed by the. use the element name for the. use the ion name for the.

3 1. a) Li + P 3- b) Mg 2+ F - c) Ca 2+ N 3- d) Cu 2+ O 2- e) Cr 3+ S 2-2. Write the chemical formula for each of the following compounds. a) Potassium chloride b) Calcium nitride c) Copper (II) oxide d) Iron (III) bromide e) Magnesium phosphide 3. Name each of the following compounds. a) Li2O b) Ag3N c) SnO2 d) CrCl3 e) BaS f) Fe2O3 g) Cu3P h) V2O5

4 Polyatomic Ions Are groups of atoms that behave as a unit and. Use the ate ending in most situations. Ex. Chlorate ClO3 - Sulfate SO4 2- Ammonium - NH4 + Use the ite ending when there is one less oxygen Ex. Chlorite ClO2 - Sulfite SO3 2- Ternary Ionic Compounds Contain at least one. Brackets must be used more often to show that there is more of the entire. Example: Ca 2+ NO3 - Examples: Write and name the following. 1) Al 3+ PO4 3-2) NH4 + S 2-3) Fe +++ ClO3-4) Sn 4+ H2PO4-5) Co 2+ SCN -

5 2. Write the chemical formula for each of the following compounds. a) Iron (III) oxalate b) Magnesium phosphate c) Ammonium carbonate d) Tin (IV) dichromate e) Aluminum sulfite 3. Name each of the following compounds. a) Ca(ClO)2 b) Al(OH)3 c) (NH4)2C2O4 d) CuSO4 e) Mn(COO)2 Molecular Compounds are composed of molecules (substances joined by a ) atoms that a pair of electrons. These generally become paired in single, double, or triple covalent bonds. Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Identify if the compound is. To see if it is molecular, look at your periodic table (all atoms need to be ). Use a to tell the number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule. is NOT used on the 1st element named

6 Prefix Number Organic Chemistry Importance of Organic Chemistry All living things contain carbon ( ). All foods are organic which become parts of our body because of. All living things eventually die and eventually these organic compounds can be (ie. Fossil fuels). Carbon atoms can be in and out of the (ie. The Carbon Cycle). Hydrocarbons Are simple compounds that only consist of H and C.

7 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons Number of Stem Name Carbon Atoms Alkyl Group There are three forms of formulas that we will use in describing organic compounds. a) Molecular Formula indicate the number of each type of. C6H14 b) Structural Formula indicate how elements are bonded. Use a (-) to show a bond. c) Condensed molecular formulas show the number of H bonded to each C in the molecule. Important to remember: makes 4 bonds make 1 bond makes 3 bonds makes 2 bonds makes 2 bonds

8 Alkanes is CnH2n+2 Are said to be. As the number of carbon atoms increase, so also does the number of. Formula # of isomers Isomers of C4H10 Isomers of C5H12 Naming Alkanes The following rules are used by IUPAC to name alkanes. 1) For straight chains, name the longest continuous chain of C in the molecule using the appropriate prefix and ane. 2) For, number the carbon atoms starting at the closest to the branching. 3) Locate the branch by the number to which it is located on the. 4) Name the branch. The branch should use the and yl. These come at the beginning of the overall name. 5) If more than one alkyl group is present, use the prefix multipliers di, tri, tetra, penta, etc. To show the location, use the. 6) If several alkyl groups are present, assign the. Keep in mind that the alkyl groups need to be in.

9 PROBLEMS 1) Name the following compounds. a. b. c. d. 2) Write condensed structural formulas for the following. a. 3,3,4-triethyloctane b. 6-ethyl-4,4,5-tripropylnonane Alkenes General is CnH2n. These contain at least one. Are said to be. Naming Alkenes Indicate the double bond with the C number that. - the double bond takes precedence over the of branches. CH2 = CH CH2 CH = CH

10 CH = C CH2 CH = CH C - CH2 CH2 It is possible to have more than. To name these, we add a multiplier to the suffix. CH2 = CH CH2 CH = CH CH2 Alkynes General is CnH2n-2. These contain at least one. Are said to be. Rules for these are similar to that of the. Examples C C CH CH2 C C CH CH2 CH CH2 -

11 Chemical Reactions For every chemical reaction, we can describe it with a. Law of Conservation of Mass the total mass of before a reaction must be equal to the total mass of the after the reaction. To balance the equation, you must follow the law of. Place in front of the chemical formulas to the equation. Examples: a) Sodium reacts with chlorine to produce sodium chloride. b) Ammonia and oxygen react to produce nitrogen dioxide and water. c) Aluminum sulfate reacts with calcium chloride to make aluminum chloride and calcium sulfate. c) 3-methyl-2-pentene burns with oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide. d) Carbon reacts with hydrogen nitrate to produce nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, and water. e) Hydrogen sulphate reacts with manganese (IV) oxide and potassium iodide to produce potassium sulphate, manganese (II) sulphate, dihydrogen monosulfide, water, and iodine.

12 Types of Chemical Reactions a) Synthesis Reaction The combination of to form a new compound. b) Decomposition Reaction One substance into 2 or more simpler ones. c) Combustion Reaction It involves the burning of a with oxygen. The products are always. d) Single Replacement Reaction A free element another that is found in a compound. e) Double Replacement Reactions Elements from different compounds places with one another. Predicting Reactions Write, Identify and balance the following equations. a) b) c) d) e) f)