Chemical Nomenclature
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1 Chemical Nomenclature IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. This is a group of chemists that determines, among other things, how chemicals will be named. IONIC COMPOUNDS 1. Binary Ionic these are compounds that contain only 2 elements (binary). One is a metal and the other is a nonmetal. Naming: metal name followed by non-metal name with ending changed to -ide e.g. CaCl 2 is calcium chloride Determine the chemical formulas and names for the following combinations of elements. Magnesium chlorine nitrogen Oxygen Potassium Aluminum Extra Practice KCl beryllium bromide Al 2 S 3 sodium phosphide CaF 2 lithium sulfide Li 3 N calcium oxide Na 2 O aluminum oxide
2 2. Binary Ionic with Polyvalent Metals some metals may have more than one possible valence (charge). We need to indicate which charge we mean. This is done using Roman numerals. copper (I) copper (II) Cu +1 Cu +2 cobalt (II) cobalt (III) Co +2 Co +3 mercury (I) mercury (II) Hg +1 Hg +2 lead (II) lead (IV) Pb +2 Pb +4 iron (II) iron (III) Fe +2 Fe +3 tin (II) tin (IV) Sn +2 Sn +4 iron (II) The elements in the above chart need to be memorized! Determine the chemical formulas and names for the following combinations of elements. sulfur fluorine phosphorous lead (IV) copper (I) Extra Practice CuCl 2 lead (IV) sulfide HgF iron (II) chloride SnBr 4 tin (II) oxide CoO mercury (I) nitride Fe 3 N 2 cobalt (III) oxide
3 3. Ionic Compounds with Radicals (Polyatomic Ions) a radical is a group of atoms that are covalently bonded and behave as a group the group as a whole has a net charge the following table is a list of some of the more common radicals OH FO 3 ClO 3 BrO 3 IO 3 MnO 4 CNO CNS NO 3 C 2 H 3 O hydroxide fluorate chlorate bromate iodate permanganate cyanate thiocyanate nitrate acetate CO 3 SO 4 CrO 4 Cr 2 O 7 S 2 O 3 C 2 O 4 carbonate sulfate chromate dichromate thiosulfate oxalate PO phosphate NH 4 ammonium The radicals: fluorate, chlorate, bromate, iodate, nitrate, sulfate and phosphate have related radicals that differ by the number of oxygens they contain. The related radicals have the same charge as the normal radical in the chart above. The names of the related radicals can be determined use the following scheme: +1 oxygen per ate normal radical ate -1 oxygen ite -2 oxygen hypo ite MgSO 4 calcium nitrate Li 2 Cr 2 O 7 sodium phosphate Al(CNS) 3 aluminum oxalate Sn(FO 3 ) 4 lead (II) acetate (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 3 sodium perchlorate Mg(BrO) 2 iron (III) hydroxide KMnO 4 tin (IV) cyanate
4 4. Binary Acids binary compounds, where the cation is always hydrogen, that dissolve in water to form acidic solutions Naming: hydro ic acid the formula of the acid can be determined using the cross-over method just like binary ionic compounds (H has a charge of +1) there are only 6 binary acids HCl Hydrofluoric acid H 2 S Hydroselenic acid HBr Hydroiodic acid 5. Acids with Radicals (oxyacids) acids which contain hydrogen and a radical the name of these acids is determined by looking at the ending of the radical name if the radical name ends in -ate, then the acid name ends in -ic acid if the radical name ends in -ite, then the acid name ends in -ous acid Note: there is no hydro in front of the radical in the acid name e.g. H 2 SO 4 is sulfuric acid (radical sulfate changed to sulfuric acid) e.g. HClO is hypochlorous acid (radical hypochlorite changed to hypochlorous acid) H 2 SO 4 nitric acid H 2 CO 3 phosphoric acid HClO 2 perbromic acid HNO 2 oxalic acid HFO hypoiodous acid
5 6. Binary Covalent Compouds compounds with two different non-metals bonded Use the Greek prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa e.g. P 2 O 3 has 2 phosphorous atoms and 3 oxygen atoms diphosphorous trioxide exception to the rule we never put mono on the first element when there is only one of them NO sulfur dioxide SCl 2 arsenic pentachloride CF 4 antimony trifluoride P 2 S 5 hydrogen iodide All Compound Types Together CaBr 2 potassium oxide Al(NO 3 ) 3 magnesium hydroxide K 2 Cr cobalt (II) nitride HCl calcium cyanate Li 2 S 2 O 3 silicon tetrafluoride Pb(KMnO 4 ) 2 hypochlorous acid (NH 4 ) 3 PO 3 aluminum oxalate P 2 Cl 5 permanganic acid CS 2 hydrosulfuric acid NaClO 4 sulfuric acid
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