This book makes learning easier through the following features:

Transcription

1 PREFACE You will find this book interesting: Chemistry concepts presented in a diagrammatic form. Specially written to ease learning and to stimulate interest in Chemistry, this book will help students in acquiring and reinforcing Chemistry concepts, and especially the difficult ones, more easily and effectively. This book makes learning easier through the following features: Learning Outcomes Learning outcomes on the header point out the concepts that you should focus on in the process of learning. Important Concepts and Key Terms The important concepts and key terms are presented clearly in simple language. Further explanations linked to the diagrams help you better understand the concepts. Interesting Visuals Visual aids such as concept maps, flow charts and annotated diagrams are integrated to make the concepts easier to understand and remember. Real-life examples These examples show real-life application of concepts and explain the inquiries on the phenomena that happen in our everyday lives. Worked Examples Step-by-step worked examples help to reinforce your skills in solving problems involving calculations. Instant Facts These are extra information that can help you acquire a more in-depth understanding of the topic under discussion. This book complements the school curriculum and will certainly help in your preparation for the examinations. The Editorial Team

2 CONTENTS The Periodic Table of Elements Section 1: Experimental Chemistry 1 Introduction to Chemistry Understanding Chemistry and Its Importance Analysing Scientific Method 5 2 Experimental Chemistry Understanding Measurement Describing Methods of Purification and Analysis 8 Section 2: Atomic Structure and Stoichiometry 3 The Structure of the Atom Understanding Matter Describing the Atomic Structure Defining Isotopes Realizing the Importance of Isotopes Describing the Electronic Structure of an Atom 29 The Mole Concept, Chemical Formulae and Equations 16.1 Defining Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass 30.2 Relating the Mole and the Number of Particles 31.3 Relating the Mole and the Mass of Substances 32. Relating the Mole and the Volume of Gas 33.5 Determining Chemical Formulae 35.6 Constructing Chemical Equations 37 5 Chemical Bonds Describing Formation of Compounds Forming Ionic Bonds Forming Covalent Bonds 3 5. Comparing the Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds Forming Metallic Bonds Summarising Properties of Ionic, Covalent and Metallic Structures 55

3 Section 3: Chemistry of Reactions 6 Electrolysis Understanding Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes Understanding Electrolytic Cell Describing Electrolysis of Molten Compounds Describing Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions Applying Electrolysis in Industries Understanding Voltaic Cells Comparing Electrolytic and Voltaic Cells Constructing the Electrochemical Series 73 7 Energy From Chemicals Describing Exothermic Reactions Describing Endothermic Reactions Understanding Bond Forming and Bond Breaking Understanding Hydrogen as a Potential Fuel 80 8 Speed of Reaction Understanding Speed of Reaction Explaining Factors That Affect the Speed of Reaction Understanding Collision Theory Investigating the Effect of a Given Variable on the Speed of a Reaction 96 9 Redox Identifying Redox Reactions Comparing Redox Reactions in Electrolytic and Chemical Cells Applying Redox Reactions Acids and Bases Understanding Acids and Bases Understanding the Strength of Acids and Alkalis Determining Concentration of Acids and Alkalis Describing Neutralisation Stating the Uses of Sulphuric Acid Salts Understanding Salts Suggesting Methods of Preparing Salts Describing Qualitative Analysis of Salts Ammonia Understanding Ammonia Describing the Manufacture of Ammonia 160

4 Section : Periodicity 13 The Periodic Table Understanding the Periodic Table Describing the Periodic Patterns Understanding the Group I Elements Understanding the Group VII Elements Understanding the Group 0 Elements Metals Understanding Metals and Alloys Understanding the Reactivity Series of Metals Describing the Extraction of Iron Describing the Rusting of Iron 187 Section 5: Atmosphere 15 Air Describing the Composition of Air Discussing the Sources and Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants Understanding Acid Rain Describing Carbon Cycle Understanding Greenhouse Effect 195 Section 6: Organic Chemistry 16 Organic Compounds Understanding Organic Compounds Understanding Fuels and Crude Oil Understanding Homologous Series Understanding Alkanes Understanding Alkenes Describing Hydrogenation Comparing Alkanes and Alkenes Identifying Isomers Understanding Alcohols Understanding Carboxylic Acids Understanding Esters Describing Polymerisation 219

5 H 1 1 Hydrogen Li 3 7 Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Caesium He 2 Helium Ne Neon Ar 18 0 Argon Kr 36 8 Krypton Xe Xenon Rn Radon Fr Francium 1 I 0 2 II III IV V VI VII Transition elements Be 9 Beryllium Mg 12 2 Magnesium Ca 20 0 Calcium Sr Strontium Ba Barium B 5 11 Boron Al Aluminium Ga Gallium In Indium Tl Thallium C 6 12 Carbon Si 1 28 Silicon Ge Germanium Sn Tin Pb Lead N 7 1 Nitrogen P Phosphorus As Arsenic Sb Antimony Bi Bismuth O 8 16 Oxygen S Sulphur Se 3 79 Selenium Te Tellurium Po Polonium F 9 19 Fluorine Cl Chlorine Br Bromine I Iodine At Astatine Ra Radium Cr 2 52 Chromium Mo 2 96 Molybdenum W 7 18 Tungsten Sg Seaborgium Mn Manganese Tc 3 98 Technetium Re Rhenium Bh Bohrium Fe Iron Ru 101 Ruthenium Os Osmium Hs Hassium Co Cobalt Rh Rhodium Ir Iridium Mt Meitnerium Ni Nickel Pd Palladium Pt Platinum Ds Darmstadtium Cu 29 6 Copper Ag Silver Au Gold Uuu Zn Zinc Cd Cadmium Hg Mercury Uub V Vanadium Nb 1 93 Niobium Ta Tantalum Db Dubnium Ti 22 8 Titanium Zr 0 91 Zirconium Hf Hafnium Rf Rutherfordium Sc 21 5 Scandium Y Yttrium La Lanthanum Ac Actinium Ce Cerium Pr Praeseodymiun Yb Ytterbium Lu Lutetium Eu Europium Gd Gadolinium Tb Terbium Dy Dysprosium Ho Holmium Er Erbium Tm Thulium Sm Samarium Pm Promethium Nd 60 1 Neodymium Th Thorium Lanthanides Actinides Metal Key: Semi-metal Non-metal Pa Protactinium No Nobelium Lr Lawrencium Am Americium Cm Curium Bk Berkelium Cf Californium Es Einsteinium Fm Fermium Md Mendelevium Pu 9 22 Plutonium Np Neptunium U Uranium He 2 Helium Proton number Name of the element Symbol of the element Relative atomic mass The Periodic Table of Elements The Periodic Table of Elements

6 1.1 Understanding Chemistry and Its Importance What is Chemistry? Laboratories Chemicals The study of the composition, structure, properties and interactions of matter Chemistry Paper Food Common chemicals around us Medicines Stones 2

7 1.1 Understanding Chemistry and Its Importance Chemistry Related Careers Biochemist Aqua culturist Bacteriologist Pharmacists Engineer Pathologist Chemistry Related Careers Nutritionist Horticulturist Scientist Geologist Food technologist Doctor INSTANT FACTS The chemistry related career that involves the study of growing flowers, fruit or vegetables is horticulturist. The chemistry related career that involves the study of the origin, history and structure of Earth is geologist. 3

8 1.1 Understanding Chemistry and Its Importance The Contributions of Chemistry-based Industries Improve health and standard of living Contribute to economy of the country The Contributions of Chemistry-based Industries Provide jobs to people Support other industries INSTANT FACTS Chemical industries play an important role in the development of our country. These industries include steel industries, food industries, water treatment industries and polymer industries. The contributions of chemistry-based industries in our country include creating job opportunities, increasing export earning, improving health and standard of living and support other industries.

9 1.2 Analysing Scientific Method 1 Making observation Gather information about a phenomenon by using the five senses 2 Making inference Make a smart guess or a tentative explanation about a phenomenon based on the observation 3 Identifying problem Ask questions based on the inference made Making hypothesis Make a general statement about the relationship between a manipulated variable and responding variable 5 Identifying variables Identify the manipulated variable, responding variable and fixed variable of an experiment to test the hypothesis made 6 Controlling variables Decide how to manipulate the chosen variable, what to measure and how to keep the fixed variable constant 7 Planning an experiment Determine the materials and apparatus to be used, the procedure of the experiment, the method of collecting data and the methods to analyse and interpret the collected data 8 Collecting data Make observations or measurement and record the data systematically 9 Interpreting data Organise and analyse data. Do calculations and draw graphs or charts to find any relationship between the variables 10 Making conclusion Make a statement about the outcome of the experiment and whether the hypothesis is accepted or rejected 11 Writing report Communicate the details of the experiment to spread and find a benefit to the findings 6