PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF NICKEL-DOPED NATURAL CLAY CATALYST FOR ISOMERIZATION REACTION OF N-HEXANE KOLAWOLE SAMUEL SUNDAY

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1 .,': ~.~"""~ ~-... "-~.-~~--.~ PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF NICKEL-DOPED NATURAL CLAY CATALYST FOR ISOMERIZATION REACTION OF N-HEXANE BY KOLAWOLE SAMUEL SUNDAY 2003/17513EH. ~: DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER STATE... NOVEMBER, 2007

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF NICKEL-DOPED NATURAL CLAY CATALYST FOR ISOMERIZATION REACTION OF N HEXANE BY KOLA WOLE SAMUEL SUNDAY 2003/17513EH A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEM.

2 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF NICKEL-DOPED NATURAL CLAY CATALYST FOR ISOMERIZATION REACTION OF N HEXANE BY KOLA WOLE SAMUEL SUNDAY 2003/17513EH A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEM.ICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING NOyEMBER, 2007

3 DECLARATION I, Kolawole Samuel Sunday, declare that this research project is my original work and has never to knowledge been submitted elsewhere. Kolawole Samuel Sunday Date

4 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this research work which was duly supervised has been presented by Kolawole Samuel Sunday with Matriculat,ion Number: J3EH, in Partial fulfillment for the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering (B. Engr). Engr.M.A. Olutoye Date Project supervisor Dr. M.O. Edoga Date Head of Department External Examiner Date 11

5 ~.',,; DEDICATION This project work is de?icated to the loving memory of my beloved father " and sister: Late Elder 1.0. KOLA WOLE and Late MRS. B.F. AMOKO and to my inother Mrs. A.B. KOLA WOLE. " " 111

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My deep thanks go to God who alone,saw me through the entire period of my study. Depth of gratitude to my supervisor, Engr.M.A.Olutoye, for his professional assistance and support.

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My deep thanks go to God who alone,saw me through the entire period of my study. Depth of gratitude to my supervisor, Engr.M.A.Olutoye, for his professional assistance and support. I am also indebted to my dynamic head of Department Dr. (Engr.) M.O Edoga for been a father to all in the department. I also want to acknowledge with gratitude my colleague Owolabi Moses for his cooperation in the course of this project work. Kudos to my big daddy, High Chief (Engr.) J.A. Adeyemi who in all ways has never let my family feels the yacuum left by our lat~ father. Big thanks to my brothers: Mr. Richard Adeyemi, Otunba Korede Oshabgemi, Engr. Oladele Igunnu, Mr. Damilola Sunday, Mr. Idowu Samson, Mr. Jide Amoko, Mr. Toba Adebayo for brotherly support. FurthemlOre, I want to say thank you to my friends for their support: Tope, Sayo, Uthman, Ebere, Ladidi, Shyman, Odun, Jagu, Demo, Bidemi, Femi. You are all wonderf1,ll. Finally, many thanks goes to 'my dear mother Mrs. Alice Kolawole and my siblings, Femi, Toyin, Busayo, Faith and Opeyemi, God bless you all.

ABSTRACT In this research work, a nickel doped natural clay catalyst was produced and the produced catalyst was used in the Isomerization of n-hexane to yield its isomers.

7 ABSTRACT In this research work, a nickel doped natural clay catalyst was produced and the produced catalyst was used in the Isomerization of n-hexane to yield its isomers..l( Clay sample was collected pounded, dried and sieved to the required size (250~m) the dry powder was then calcined in a furnace at about 600 c for 5hours. The calcined sample was later doped with' a so~ution of nickel chloride and then acidified with ditute tetra oxosulphate(iv) acid solution. The acidified sample was dried in an oven at a mild temperature of 60 c for 24 hours. This gives the required catalyst. The obtained catalyst was later charged into a reactor and heated to a temperature of 100 c before the feed n-hexane was charged into the reactor. The product of the 'reaction was collected over petroleum ether and was taken for analysis in both gas chromatography and a refractometer which shows that the hexane Isomerized into 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane and n-hexane Id. v ". >

TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration...,... i Cer t Ilca 'f' t' Ion............ 11 t.... De d Ica Ion... 1... 111 Acknowledgement... iv Abstract... ~...;... v Table of content... ~...,t... vi CHAPTER ONE 1.

8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration...,... i Cer t Ilca 'f' t' Ion t.... De d Ica Ion Acknowledgement... iv Abstract... ~...;... v Table of content... ~...,t... vi CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION...,i '",:; 1.1 Objective... ' Project motivation and justification Scope...,'... 2 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature review Catalyst..., Mechanism of catalysis Types and importance of catalyst Enzymes Laboratory and industrial catalysts Catalysis..., History of catalysis Definitions Catalysts and reaction energetic ~.4 Types of catalysts... ;,....\ ~... 8.:, ' vi

2.4.4.1 Heterogeneous catalysts... 8 2.4.4.2 Homogeneous Catalysts...... 9 2.4.3 Biocatalysts... 9 '.K' 2.5 Clay...... 10 2.5.2, Grouping of clay... :... 11 2.5.2 Some Varietie4s of Clay... 12 2.

9 Heterogeneous catalysts Homogeneous Catalysts Biocatalysts... 9 '.K' 2.5 Clay , Grouping of clay... : Some Varietie4s of Clay Clay Structure Effects of Heat on Clay Groups of Clays Kaolinite Properties of Kaolinite..,... ;~ Kaolin Application of Kaolin.... ' Bauxite Bauxite History...,..... ; Bauxite Processing... '... ; Aluminum oxide/ Aluminum (H203)...;... 2> Isomerization CHAPTER THREE 2.0 METHODOLOGy List of Materials and Equipments Preparation of Materials Nickel Solution \.' vii

$.. 26 3.3.1 Chemical Composition... :... 26 3.3.2 Physical Properties... 26 3.4 Identification of product t:0nstituents... 28 3.4.2 Refractive Index....28 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESULTS......... 29 rj.~" 4.$

10 3.2.2 Acid Preparation... : Calcining Impregnation '< 3.2.5Acid Activation Isomerization Reaction Characterization of Prepared Catalyst Chemical Composition... : Physical Properties Identification of product t:0nstituents Refractive Index CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESULTS rj.~" 4.1 Chemical Cornposition of Impregnated Clay Catalyst... :: Physical properties 'i:";" 4.3 Analysis of product... :... :; Refractive Index of Product... ~ Discussion of Results CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion Recommendations References Appendices... '.' C', viii

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Some reactions take place naturally without being influenced but. some require the introduction of another substance other than the reactants.

11 CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Some reactions take place naturally without being influenced but. some require the introduction of another substance other than the reactants. The former if not influenced will either be too slow or too fast. Catalyst is the name given to this substance that influence reactions when introduced. A catalyst is any substance v,.rhich alters the rate of a given reaction. A catalyst could spread up (positive catalyst), it could also retard (negative catalyst) reaction rate. A catalyst is \ always specific in action and it is recovered at end of the reaction i.e. it is not always consumed in the reaction. (Williain L. Jolly, 1985) This research work is focused on the development ~f nickel doped natural clay catalyst for the isomerization of n-hexane. Clay is a term used to describe a group of hydrous aluminum phyllosilicate (phyllosilicates being a sub group of silicate minerals) that 'are less than 2 /lm(micrometers) in diameter. Clay consist of of a variety of phyllosilicate minerals rich in silicon and aluminum oxides and hydroxides which include variable amounts of structural. Water clays are generally formed by the. chemical weathering of silicate-bearing focus by carbonic acid but some are formed by hydrothermal activity. Clays are distinguished frol11 other small particles pi'esent in soils such as shape, affinity for water and tendency toward high plasticity. Depending upon academic source, there are three of four main groups of clay: kaolinite, I-, montmorillonite-smectite, illite and chloride (the later group is not always considered a part of the clays and is sometimes.classified as a separate group within the phylbsilicates). There are about thirty different types of "pure" clays in these categories but most "natural" clays are mixtures of these different types along with other weathered minerals. (Wikipedia encyclopedia)

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