EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TANNINS FROM BITTER LEAF AND APPLICATION OF FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN AND MODEL

Transcription

1 EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TANNINS FROM BITTER LEAF AND APPLICATION OF FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN AND MODEL BY ABUR TERZUNGWE JUSTIN 991S020EH DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECIINOLOGY. FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECIINOLOGY MINNA, NIGER STATE. A PROJECT REPORT SIJBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AS A PARTIAL FULFILMENT TO TIlE REQURIEMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A DEGREE IN ENGINEERING (B. ENG.) NOVEMBER, 2005

2 DECLARATION I, Abur Terzungwe Justin hereby declare that this research project, "extraction and characterization of active components from vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) and the application of full factorial design and mathematical modeling for the extraction processes involved.", carried out under the supervision of Engineer Olutoye and presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng.) Degree in Chemical Engineering has not been presented for any degree elsewhere, to the best of my knowledge. /./ Abur Terzungwe Justin Date

3 CERTIFICATION I hereby certify that I have supervised, read and approved this project work which is adequate in quality for the partial fulfillment of the award of bachelor degree in chemical engineering. J;&~0{~_ -!~-. ProjecrStlpervisor fnr' M A OUI'!O'tE. e:a... t ';1 ~- {}--ip:5 date Head of department date External examiner date i'~lt AlbJlL 'r, 1 O~- Il. - A<:l'b5 date 11

4 DEDICATION This project is dedicated to God almighty, the alpha and omega, the one and only tme God that knows the beginning and the end, and has spared my life to this moment of great academic achievement. may his name be praised for this is a sign of great things to come amen. And this project is dedicated also to my four late cousins, which 1 lost this year. Anthony Abu.ul. Joy Abuul. ia Abuul and Mbanan Akumba. May their souls rest in peace. Amen. iii

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost I want to appreciate the effort of my supervisor, Engr. Olutoye for his immerse and enourmous support assistance throughout the duration of this project. Word will not be enough to appreciate the assistance of my beloved parents Mr. and Mrs. Abur Kwamka for being my source of inspiration, support and provision towards the achievement of my academic pursuit. May their effort never be in vain and may god bless them for always being thier forme amen I am equally acknowledging my uncles ACP rtd. Austin A Abuul and Mr. Atume Kwamka Nor and the entire Abuul and Kwamka families for always being their for me morally At this point I deem it not only necessary but essentially expedient to appreciate the likes of Agebe Samuel, Terzungwe Ade,Blessing Oj~ and Mica for the role they played throughout the course of this projectj really appreciate your effort thank you. This project will be incomplete without mentioning certain people God has elevated to be good to me as friends,who in one way or the other we have affected one another's lives. Victor Abuul, Abraham and terver,segas~ suse,papi wang, Alfred and Albert,Malanga, Akaaga terver and Texo,Musy,Innocent Ameh,Benjo,Ann and Terdoo kwamky. Finally, my appreciation goes to my youger ones iii bro Abu, and IiI sis sewuese for being there to assist me in one way or the othr as family and not forgetting my wifey blesto I love you. May the lord bless you all, rise and shine in Gods name. IV

6 TABLE OF CONTENT 'AGE Title Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Chapter One 1. 0 Introduction 1 ii 111 IV V 1 Chapter Two 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Name of Plants 2.2 Botany 2.3 Ecology 2. Uses 2.5 Food 2.6 Feeding Value 2.7 Industrial Importance 2.8 Medicinal Value I 2.9 Components of~[i~.m9-,,1l~ Aws-ggahna 2.10 Alkaloids 2.11 Monocyclic Alkaloids Bicyclic Alkaloids 2.13 Alkaloid Analysis in Food Materials 2.1 Extraction and Isolation of Alkaloids

7 2.15 Qualitative Analysis Saponins Chemical arid Physical properties of Saponins Extraction and Isolation of Saponins Analysis of Saponins Tanins Hydrolysable Tannins Condensed Tanins Extraction and Isolation oftanins Analysis Gycoside Sesquiterpene and Steroid Glucosides Isolates from Vernonia Leaching 2.28 Factors affecting Rate of Leaching 2.29 Extraction Principles 2.30 Contacting 2.31 Solvents Selectivity 2.32 Physical Properties of Solvents used 2.33 Modelling 2.3 The Linear Regression Model 2.35 Factorial Experiments and Designs Application of2 K F~orial Design to Experimental Analysis 26 Chapter Three 3.0 Experimental methodology 3.1 Extraction Process and the Technology Involved 27 27

8 3.2 Work Plan and Process VariableIParameters Instruments and Equipment Used 3. Experimental Work Experimental Procedure for Organic Solvent(methanol) Extraction ofvemoni Amygdalina Procedure for Analysis Experimental Procedure for Leaching of Fresh Bitter Leaf Leaves Methodology Employed for the Full Factorial Design. 31 Chapter Four.0 Results 36 Chapter Five 5.0 Discussion of Results 1 Chapter Six 6.0 Conclusion References Nomenclature Appendix

9 ABSTRACT This project work presents the extraction and characterization of active components present in Vernonia Amygdalina (bitter leaf). using two simple extraction methods, and subsequently modeling the extraction processes using the multivariable full factorial design method. The extraction of chemical components of Vernonia amygdalina was carried out by heating the crushed leaves in water, and the result obtained was of qualitative importance. The model obtained from the 2 3 full factorial design shows the effect of time, solvent volume and weight of sample as obtained from the model equation, Y = Xl-69.16Xz X3+.67X X X X 123 Where the variable parameters are given as Xl=time, X2=volume of solvent (water), and X3= weight of sample used. The extraction performed on the dried leaves of the plant using methanol yielded tannins and it was observed from the result obtained that yield increased with increase in extraction time and a model equation was developed to aid the comprehension of the entire extraction process. The model equation developed which is of the general form Y = X 1 - O.0625X2 + O.0125X12 gives the effect of time and weight of sample that were taken into consideration, on the entire process. where Xl =weight of sample and X2=time. The result of the regression analysis shows an increase in yield with increased leaching time, as an intercept of 2.25 on the yield axis was obtained for 2 hours while 2.3 was obtained for 3 hours. Also, a slight response was detected from r = 0.10 to r = 0.15 moving from 2 to 3 hours of extraction time. v