Beta-delayed neutron emission: New experimental study of angular properties.
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1 Beta-delayed neutron emission: New experimental study of angular properties. N. J. Stone Russbach Winter School March 2014 (with acknowledgements to Robert Grzywacz and Jirina Stone)
2 Outline History First identified as early as 1939 [ Roberts, Meyer and Wang Phys Rev and 664] * Current Motivation * Outline beta-delayed neutron emission theory * Examples of beta-delayed neutron emitters Experiments: Oriented source and angular correlation Ref. Quantum Barrier Penetration Studies with Oriented Nuclei: Proton and Neutron Emission from Exotic Isotopes NJS JRS Sun Punan and A Woehr Hyperfine Interactions 136/ (2001)
3 What is beta delayed neutron emission? An alternative to beta-gamma decay in neutron rich nuclei Q β S n Going from stability, neutron binding energy S n in emitter becomes lower than decay energy Q β. Beta decay to states above S n tend to emit neutrons rather than gamma decay. Far enough from stability betadelayed neutron emission becomes the dominant decay process.
4 Motivations for more detailed understanding of the process: 1. Beta delayed neutrons are of great relevance in providing later time neutrons in r-process nucleosynthesis and in the determination of r-process lifetimes. 2. IEAE Vienna 2011 International Nuclear Data Committee Consultants Meeting INDC(NDS) Need for detailed study of the beta-delayed neutron decay mode To assist in improving reactor safety and design by enabling better estimates of fission product decay heat and to establish the time scale of reactor response to control changes. Beta-delayed neutrons are relatively few in stable reactor operation, but they persist e.g. after shut-down and limit the rate at which mechanical control changes can be made. Excessively large uncertainties in the delayed neutron data used in reactor calculations lead to costly conservatism in the design and operation of reactor control mechanisms
5 Beta-delayed neutrons and r-process Marginal experimental knowledge! All r-process nuclei are beta delayed neutron emitters Nuclear structure - what are the features of the strength distribution! Nuclear lifetimes and branching ratios. INT 2013 R. Grzywacz UTK 5
6 Elements of Theory 1. Beta Decay Assumed dominated by Gamow-Teller to S-O partner Allowed decay to J, J+/-1 No parity change (1 st forbidden) 2. Barrier penetration for neutrons centrifugal only. Optical Model gives L dependent transmission coefficients (spherical) 3. Gamma competition Assumed E1 as fastest. Hardy PL B (82) 4. Level spin density in emitter Assumed the Back-shifted Fermi Gas Model to estimated the density of states of each spin J in emitter and its energy dependence. 5. Statistical weight Each emitter J state has weight (2J + 1) normalised 6. Excited states in Daughter Separate n spectrum components to different daughter states. [n,γ Coincidence] Protons neutrons alphas Suffice to give spectrum of emitted neutrons and lifetime estimate. penetration Neutron barrier
7 Beta strength and nuclear lifetimes/branching ratios Neutron spectroscopy S n Total absorption spectroscopy High Resolution spectroscopy 18/03/14 7 INT 2013 R. Grzywacz UTK 7
8 Details of neutron and high energy region of gamma spectrum in decay of 137 Xe H.Ohm et al. Z Physik (1980) Competition between gamma and neutron emission Maximum neutron energy 1860 kev possible neutron decay to ground (max 1830 kev) and to 1313 kev 2+ state in daughter 136 Xe (max n energy 517 kev). Spins in 137 Xe 9/2,7/2,5/2 all + parity if β GT allowed 137 I ground state 7/2+, 137 Xe ground state 7/2-: E1
9 Look at an example decay in more detail General shape of neutron spectrum controlled by at low energy gamma/ cf barrier competition at high energy falling beta phase space Many partially resolved components What s known about them?
10 What are the elements of the outline theory which give rise to uncertainties in estimated half-lives of beta delayed n emission? Barrier penetration estimates are for spherical nuclei. Deformed barrier penetration is quantitatively more complex. These questions can be approached by experiments on angular properties of decay Beta decay For the heavier nuclei above 78Ni protons and neutrons are filling different major shells. GT allowed beta decay to spin-orbit partners is not readily available as they are at high excitation in daughter nuclei. The possible influence of first forbidden (FF) beta decay has to be considered. GT decay: takes away one unit of angular momentum, no parity change FF decay: takes away one unit of angular momentum (*), parity changes Parity change means different neutron partial waves in e.g. decay to 0+ g.s. Neutron emission
11 Experimental Potential : Detector innovation Versatile, modular, excellent resolution, efficiency and angular range
12 Angular properties of beta delayed neutron emission and neutron-gamma, beta-neutron angular correlations Formalism close to that for gamma-gamma, modified by the use of the R λ channel spin coefficients of Satchler [Direct Nuclear Reactions OUP 1993 p375] which depend upon the spins of the states, the angular momentum of the emission and the spin of the emitted particle Channel spin is the vector sum of the particle spin (1/2) and final state spin Neutrons to different daughter levels are not separated, each has it s own term in the anisotropy and they are summed when at the same energy unless there is a coincidence condition. Question of phase/interference?
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17 137 I Calculated angular distributions for several emitter spins and neutron partial waves
18 Phase and Interference in Unresolved Spectra In the study of RESOLVED transitions (alpha, gamma decay) interference of competing partial wave amplitudes is central to the description of the process. - and is one of the advantages/complications in experimental analysis! E.g the M1/E2 mixing ratio. When many UNRESOLVED transitions are summed sensitivity to phase and amplitude mixing ratio is completely lost - that is we assume both phases and all 'mixing ratios' equally represented. In consequence the familiar gamma transition mixing ratio F coefficients reduce to sums with all possible mixing terms equally represented - the result is the same as an INCOHERENT sum of equal intensities of the competing partial waves. This is the assumed situation with beta-delayed neutron emission from high density excited states in the emitter. E.G. level spacing < kev, resolution 10 s kev, continuum spectra [Ray Satchler: Physics Letters 7 (63) 55] (N.B. Presence or absence of interference effects do
19 Generally gamma well known so measurement gives direct evidence for neutron L values and possible interference. Neutrons complex line spectra, gammas line spectra What coincidence and correlation measurements are possible? Beta gamma [gamma in emitter] If assumed GT beta and E1 gamma these give spins of emitter states in best cases Beta spectrum is continuous, gammas line spectra Beta-gamma [gamma in daughter neutron unobserved] May give emitter state spin but complex possibilities. CANNOT reveal interference effects in neutron emission Beta spectrum continuous, gammas line spectra Beta neutron Can give spin of emitter state and reveal interference effects in neutron emission Beta spectrum continuous, neutrons complex line spectra Neutron-gamma [exist only if excited states in the daughter are fed]
20 Simulations of Vandle spectra At Nicole (based on 75 cm path) Above Warm spectrum Components (blue) and total (red) with scattered background Below At ~ 15 mk On axis (zero deg) blue Normal to axis (90 deg) red Both with scattered (isotropic) Background (yellow)
21 BGT Ibeta Qbeta Extended shell model [new Oxbash] calculation by Robert Grzywacz of GT transitions from 137I compared to observed n spectrum.
22 Prospective Isotopes for Beta-Delayed Neutron Emission OLNO Precursor T 1/2 % Bhf I p Mom Relax Emitter Emittter Z s neutrons T nm time (s) deformation I /2+ (2.8) < Xe Cs x /2 + (2.8) < Ba Br /2- (2.0) < 5 87 Kr Pr (2) (2) (+300) (3/2-) (1.0) < Nd 0
23 Objectives in the study of beta - delayed neutron emission angular properties Basic Questions 1. Are the average sign and magnitude of the spatial anisotropy in agreement with theory? Correlation: multipole content, phase effects, spin assignment Orientation: greater sensitivity to the same: also L dependent transmission 2. Does the anisotropy of the distribution vary as predicted with emitted particle energy? Tests: Density of emitter spin states as function of energy (spin dependence) Partial wave make-up of emission (barrier penetration) Fluctuations may show presence of interference terms, i.e. nonstatistical averaging 3. Does anisotropy show additional variation dependent upon emitter deformation?
24 Sources LTNO Iodine implants very well and makes excellent samples for 137 I 137 Xe Bromine implantation is more problematic (there are other examples - lanthanides and lighter fission fragments) Correlation Easier to set up experiments effects usually weaker and harder to measure Conclusion: Several avenues of investigation are open with regard to this increasingly important decay mode The new initiatives and instrumentation make such investigations timely Thank you for your attention
25 Proposal accepted by the ISOLDE and Neutron Time-of-Flight Committee September 2013 Beta-delayed neutrons from oriented 137,139 I and 87,89 Br nuclei. R.Grzywacz 1,9, J.R.Stone 1,2,3, N.J.Stone 1,2, U. Köster 4, B. Singh 5, C.R.Bingham 1, S. Gaulard 6, K. Kolos 1, M. Madurga 1, J.Nikolov 7, T. Otsubo 8, S. Roccia 6, M. Veskovic 7, P. M. Walker 10, W. B. Walters 3 1 University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, 2 University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 3 University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA 4 ILL Grenoble, France, 5 McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, 6 CSNSM IN2P3 Orsay, France, 7 University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia, 8 Niigata University, Japan 9 OaK Ridge National Laboratory
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27 Example of oriented source experiments: 137 I 137 I
28 Compare predicted neutron spectrum (upper panel) with experiment. 137 I L A T E R
29 Warm and Cold 137I neutron model spectra Note vertical scale change s
30 Check symmetry and detector response, explore degree of orientation and quality of implantation An On-Line Nuclear Orientation Experiment. Implant parent activity Suitable implantation energy and beam strength. Good lattice sites and tolerable radioactive heating. Orient parent activity Adequate hyperfine interaction, long enough life-time to cool. Observe emissions Primary implant, accumulated daughter activities, all emissions potentially useful. Simultaneous observation of e.g particles, gammas and (beta's). Vary sample temperature and change axis of polarisation
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32 Particle energies and excitation energy ranges Beta-delayed neutrons Precursor Emitter E* range Particle E range % n emission MeV MeV 87 Br 87 Kr % 137 I 137 Xe % 138 I 138 Xe % 139 I 139 Xe % 141 Cs 141 Ba %
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35 Further ideas: For the present experiments: Coincidence with Daughter Gammas The b-delayed measurements would clearly benefit from adding a coincidence condition with the gamma from excited states in the daughter. Especially for b-delayed proton study it should be possible to add this condition without too drastic loss of count rate, given the high efficiency of proton detection. For the broader future Give serious consideration to the introduction of a millikelvin cryogenic target in an array set up. Whilst this is clearly an engineering project of some magnitude, the potential for study of processes with samples having strong and calculable polarisation adds serious opportunities to the physics we can attempt.
36 Conclusions These ideas constitute a new range of experiments Angular Distribution studies from oriented samples of 1. beta-delayed p- and n-emission open a new window on 3 Dimensional Quantum Tunnelling and its dependence upon angular momentum and nuclear deformation.
37 Density of states as a function of energy, spin and deformation. Angular distribution experiment sensitive to differential population of the possible spin states fed by beta decay. What determines this? A. Beta strength function - GT allowed J = J +/- 1,J B. Density of states ρ(e,j) in emitter Fermi back-shifted model: break pairs of nucleons treat these as an unpaired fermion gas spin of excitation subject to gaussian distribution. Parameters: δ, pairing strength parameter and a, a parameter of the gaussian width subject to shell corrections. Spin of level: model gives projection J z = M J, ρ(e,m) ρ(e,j) = ρ(e,m = J) - ρ(e,m = J-1)
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39 Example of oriented source experiments: 87 Br
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