Cryogenics for bolometric interferometry: The BRAIN experiment
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1 Cryogenics for bolometric interferometry: The BRAIN experiment, P. de Bernardis, C. Giordano, S. Masi, S. Peterzen, A. Schillaci Università di Roma, La Sapienza Bolometric Interferometry for the B-mode search APC - Paris, June 2008
2 The Need for Cryogenics Detector noise: - Johnson: NEP ~ TB1/2 - Phonons: NEP ~ TB - Photons: NEP ~ TS5/2 For BOOMERanG B03 145GHz detectors: - Johnson: NEP = 1.3x10-17 W/sqrt(Hz) - Phonons: NEP = 1.0x10-17 W/sqrt(Hz) (Masi et al, A&A, 458, (2006)) 2
3 The Need for Cryogenics Detector noise: - Johnson: NEP ~ TB1/2 - Phonons: NEP ~ TB - Photons: NEP ~ TS5/2 For BOOMERanG B03 145GHz detectors: - Johnson: NEP = 1.3x10-17 W/sqrt(Hz) - Phonons: NEP = 1.0x10-17 W/sqrt(Hz) (Masi et al, A&A, 458, (2006)) By using the BRAIN pathfinder data we estimated the brightness temperature of the atmosphere in DomeC at 150GHz: T ~ 20K W~2-5pW (BRAIN bandwidth) Photons: NEP ~ 2.0x10-17 W/sqrt(Hz) 3
4 The Need for Cryogenics Detector noise: - Johnson: NEP ~ TB1/2 - Phonons: NEP ~ TB - Photons: NEP ~ TS5/2 For BOOMERanG B03 145GHz detectors: - Johnson: NEP = 1.3x10-17 W/sqrt(Hz) - Phonons: NEP = 1.0x10-17 W/sqrt(Hz) (Masi et al, A&A, 458, (2006)) By using the BRAIN pathfinder data we estimated the brightness temperature of the atmosphere in DomeC at 150GHz: T ~ 20K W~2-5pW (BRAIN bandwidth) Photons: NEP ~ 2.0x10-17 W/sqrt(Hz) 4
5 The Need for Cryogenics Detector noise: - Johnson: NEP ~ TB1/2 - Phonons: NEP ~ TB - Photons: NEP ~ TS5/2 T ~ 350mK For BOOMERanG B03 145GHz detectors: - Johnson: NEP = 1.3x10-17 W/sqrt(Hz) - Phonons: NEP = 1.0x10-17 W/sqrt(Hz) (Masi et al, A&A, 458, (2006)) By using the BRAIN pathfinder data we estimated the brightness temperature of the atmosphere in DomeC at 150GHz: T ~ 20K W~2-5pW (BRAIN bandwidth) Photons: NEP ~ 2.0x10-17 W/sqrt(Hz) 5
6 How to achieve 300mK Standard wet cryostat: (BOOMERanG, Masi et Cryogenics, 39, ) al 1999, - vacuum chamber - LiN2 stage - V4He shield - L4He stage This system is able to reach ~4.2K. By pumping on the L4He stage we can reduce the temperature according to the ClausiusClapeyron law: P e L/ RT 6
7 How to achieve 300mK Standard wet cryostat: (BOOMERanG, Masi et Cryogenics, 39, ) al 1999, - vacuum chamber - LiN2 stage - V4He shield - L4He stage This system is able to reach ~4.2K. By pumping on the L4He stage we can reduce the temperature according to the ClausiusClapeyron law: P e L/ RT Limits: - exponential dependence Q =n H V HL - cooling power decrement TLIM ~ 1K 7
8 How to achieve 300mK 3 He fridge: (BOOMERanG, Masi et al 1998, Cryogenics, 38, ) 1) cryopump warm ~ 20K, 3He is desorbed, condensates on the Heat Exchanger and goes inside the evaporator 2) cryopump cold ~5K, 3He vapour are absorbed and the temperature of the L3He decreases as P e L/ RT until TLIM is reached 3) thermal equilibrium, L3He evaporates according to Q =n H V HL and is absorbed by the charcoal 8
9 How to achieve 300mK in DomeC - To bring there huge quantity of cryogens is expensive and inefficient - Low pressure ~600mbar, to liquify on-site Nitrogen and Helium is not trivial, the cost of the installation and maintenance is huge - Refilling the cryostat during the winter is a challenge 9
10 How to achieve 300mK in DomeC - To bring there huge quantity of cryogens is expensive and inefficent - Low pressure ~600mbar, to liquify on-site Nitrogen and Helium is not trivial, the cost of the installation and manteinance is huge - Refilling the cryostat during the winter is a challenge Wet cryostats are not suitable for winter observations in DomeC 10
11 How to achieve 300mK in DomeC - To bring there huge quantity of cryogens is expensive and inefficent - Low pressure ~600mbar, to liquify on-site Nitrogen and Helium is not trivial, the cost of the installation and manteinance is huge - Refilling the cryostat during the winter is a challenge Wet cryostats are not suitable for winter observations in DomeC What about mechanical coolers? 11
12 The BRAIN pathfinder We built a pathfinder experiment to answer this question 12
13 The BRAIN pathfinder 13
14 The BRAIN pathfinder 14
15 The BRAIN pathfinder 15
16 The BRAIN pathfinder This is the standard cryocooler configuration... 16
17 The BRAIN pathfinder...and this is the BRAIN cryocooler configuration Indoor (container) Outdoor 17
18 The BRAIN pathfinder The SRP052A external parts are thermally insulated and heated to >4oC by means of IR lamp. Cold temperature of the He flow would stop the operation of the cryocooler. Also, the rubber OR seals are rated down to 30oC only. 18
19 The BRAIN pathfinder Back-to-back horns and detector supports Horns and detectors are mounted on the window to reduce vibrations induced by the mechanical cooler Thermal link are made by flexable copper braids 19
20 The BRAIN pathfinder The 4He/3He fridge The baseline temperature of the 2nd stage of the PT is ~3K, and 3He condensation is not efficient We use a 2 stage 4He/3He fridge 4He stage reaches ~1K 3He stage is designed for 335mk 20
21 The BRAIN pathfinder Heat load analysis: PT 1st stage: Radiation ~1.4W (using superinsulation) Conduction (mechanical + wiring) ~0.8W 21
22 The BRAIN pathfinder Heat load analysis: PT 1st stage: Radiation ~1.4W (using superinsulation) Conduction (mechanical + wiring) ~0.8W PT 2st stage: Radiation ~0.1W (mainly from the window) Conduction (mechanical + wiring) ~1mW 22
23 The BRAIN pathfinder Heat load analysis: PT 1st stage: Radiation ~1.4W (using superinsulation) Conduction (mechanical + wiring) ~0.8W PT 2st stage: Radiation ~0.1W (mainly from the window) Conduction (mechanical + wiring) ~1mW Fridge: Radiation: negligible (dark test) Conduction (mechanical + wiring) ~15 W 23
24 The BRAIN pathfinder Heat load analysis: PT 1st stage: Radiation ~1.4W (using superinsulation) Conduction (mechanical + wiring) ~0.8W PT 2st stage: Radiation ~0.1W (mainly from the window) Conduction (mechanical + wiring) ~1mW Fridge: Radiation: negligible (dark test) Conduction (mechanical + wiring) ~15 W Expected temperatures: PT 1st stage: ~40K PT 2nd stage: ~3K Fridge: ~345mK 24
25 The BRAIN pathfinder in DomeC Lat: 75 06' S Lon: ' E Altitude 3230m osl Main air temperature C Typical monthly average air temperature in summer -30 C Typical monthly average air temperature in winter -60 C Mean wind speed 2.8 m/s 5.4 knots Mean air pressure 645 hpa Yearly precipitation range (snow) 2-10 cm BRAIN site 25
26 Results from 2006/2007 summer campaign We had a 40 days long campaign: 4 people involved: 2 for 2 weeks 2 for 40 days We spent 35 days in DomeC, including arrival of the material, packing, etc, etc. Results: 25 days of continuous operations, no failure 1st stage of the 29K 2nd stage of the 2.1K front 350mK, duty cycle ~ 90% Remote control from the main station available 26
27 Results from 2006/2007 summer campaign Test of readout system 27
28 Results from 2006/2007 summer campaign Qualification of the site through continuous sky-dip to measure the optical depth of the atmosphere: < 0.05, 95% C.L. 28
29 Towards a B-mode interferometer Schematic concept of the cryostat: 29
30 Towards a B-mode interferometer Schematic concept of the cryostat: - interferometer room ~ 20x20x20cm3 - the goal is 300mK, 11 He fridge - shields installed directly on the cryostat - the head of the PT is kept warm inside a box - 4 small windows on each side 30
31 Conclusions Cryogenics is a key part of all the bolometric experiments Wet cryostats are not suitable for operation in DomeC Mechanical coolers are preferable, but need some modifications We demonstrated the reliability of such a cryostat with the BRAIN pathfinder Remote operation is a huge advantage in a harsh environment 31
32 Conclusions Cryogenics is a key part of all the bolometric experiments Wet cryostats are not suitable for operation in DomeC Mechanical coolers are preferable, but need some modifications We demonstrated the reliability of such a cryostat with the BRAIN pathfinder Remote operation is a huge advantage in a harsh environment Thanks for your attention 32
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