Electrochemistry in Transition

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1 Electrochemistry in Transition From the 20th to the 2 Ist Century Edited by Oliver J. Murphy Supramaniam Srinivasan Texas A&M University College Station, Texas and Brian E Conway University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario Canada Plenum Press New York and London

Contents Part I: Double Layer 1. The Concept of Electrochemical Double Layer in the Case of Weakly Adsorbed Anions 3 Henri D. Hurwitz, Andre Jenard, and Bede Bicamumpaka 2.

2 Contents Part I: Double Layer 1. The Concept of Electrochemical Double Layer in the Case of Weakly Adsorbed Anions 3 Henri D. Hurwitz, Andre Jenard, and Bede Bicamumpaka 2. Electroflotation: From the Double Layer to Troubled Waters 21 Klaus Müller 3. Importance of Electrical Double Layer in Technological Applications 39 Zlata Kovac and Carlos J. Sambucetti 4. Electrochromism 51 M. Ahsan Habib Part II: Spectroscopic Studies 5. Ellipsometry at Metal-Electrolyte Interfaces 65 W. Visscher 6. Combined Ellipsometric and Reflectance Measurements for Characterization of Films Formed on Electrodes 73 Woon-kie Paik and Duckhwan Lee 7. In Situ SNIFTIRS and Radiotracer Study of Adsorption on Platinum: CF3SO3H and H 3 P Piotr Zelenay xi

Part III: Electrode Kinetics and Electrocatalysis 8. Transition-Metal Oxide Electrocatalysts for 0 2 Electrodes: The Pyrochlores 93 Jai Prakash, Donald Tryk, Wesley Aldred, and Ernest Yeager 9.

3 Part III: Electrode Kinetics and Electrocatalysis 8. Transition-Metal Oxide Electrocatalysts for 0 2 Electrodes: The Pyrochlores 93 Jai Prakash, Donald Tryk, Wesley Aldred, and Ernest Yeager 9. Progress in the Studies of Oxygen Reduction during the Last Thirty Years 107 A. Damjanovic 10. Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction on Iron in Neutral Aqueous Solutions: Oxygen Chemisorption Model 127 Vladimir Jovancicevic 11. Rechargeable Manganese Oxide Electrodes and Cells 147 Haiina S. Wroblowa 12. A Direction of Study of Electrocatalysis in Anodic 0 2 Evolution through Characterization of Chemisorption Behavior of Intermediates 161 B. E. Conway 13. Quantum-Mechanical Formalisms of Electron Transfer Reactions at Electrode Electrolyte Interfaces 179 Shahed U. M. Khan Part IV: Photoelectrochemistry 14. Novel Approaches for the Study of Surface Structure and Reactivity of Semiconductor Electrodes 193 Kohei Uosaki, Per Carlsson, Hideaki Kita, and Bertil Holmström 15. Photoelectrocatalysis 205 Marek Szklarczyk 16. An Application of Optical Waveguides to Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Processes 219 Kiminori Itoh and Akira Fujishima

CONTENTS XIII 17. Electrons, Interfaces, and Societies in the 21st Century 227 /. O'M. Bockris Part V: Hydrogen Technologies, Organic Electrochemistry 18.

4 CONTENTS XIII 17. Electrons, Interfaces, and Societies in the 21st Century 227 /. O'M. Bockris Part V: Hydrogen Technologies, Organic Electrochemistry 18. Comparison of Hydrogen with Coal and Synthetic Fossil Fuels 325 T. N. Veziroglu, H. J. Plass, Jr., and F. Barbir 19. Adsorption and Absorption of Hydrogen in Metals. FTIR and RT Approach 339 Jose L. Carbajal and Ralph E. White 20. Investigations on the Fabrication of Active Electrocatalysts for Methanol Electrooxidation 359 Michio Enyo, Ken-ichi Machida, Atsushi Fukuoka, and Masaru Ichikawa 21. Some Perspectives on Electroorganic Chemistry 371 B. J. Piersma 22. Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide 381 Benedict Aurian-Blajeni 23. Electrochemical Treatments of Wastes 397 Lamine Kaba and G. Duncan Hitchens Part VI: Bioelectrochemistry 24. Coherent Dynamics and Solitary Waves in Ordered Monolayers 411 G. C. Huth, F. Gutmann, and G. Vitiello 25. Electrochemical Aspects of Bone Remodeling 419 Nejat Guzelsu and Alvin J. Salkind 26. Electrochemistry Applied to Medical Diagnostics 427 Marvin A. Genshaw

5 x/v CONTENTS 27. Utilization of Dissolved Oxygen in Water to Prevent Microbial Fouling on Metals 437 Hari P. Dhar Part VII: Electrodeposition and Electrodissolution, High-Temperature Electrochemistry 28. Identification of Phase Structure of Alloys by Anodic Linear Sweep Voltammetry 453 Aleksandar R. Despic 29. The Effects of the Slow Adsorption of Anions and Some Organics on Iron Dissolution Kinetics 469 D. M. Drazic, V. J. Drazic, and V. Jevtic 30. Electroless Deposition of Metals and Alloys 479 Milan Paunovic 31. Electrochemical Nucleation on Active Sites 499 Benjamin R. Scharifker 32. Cathodic Reduction of Oxygen on a Partially Immersed Electrode in Chloride and Carbonate Melts 509 Hiroo Numata, Haruyuki Takagi, and Shiro Haruyama Part VIII: Passivity, Corrosion, Steels, and Minerals 33. Spectroscopic Characterization of the Passive Film on Iron before and after Exposure to Chloride Ion 521 Oliver J. Murphy 34. Corrosion of Thin Film Storage Media: A Review 547 Vlasta Brusic, Jean Horkans, and Donald J. Barclay 35. Characterization of Sulfide Mineral Surfaces 561 R. Woods

CONTENTS xv Part IX: Electrochemical Energy Conversion 36. Electrode Kinetic and Eiectrocatalytic Aspects of Electrochemical Energy Conversion 577 Supramaniam Srinivasan 37.

6 CONTENTS xv Part IX: Electrochemical Energy Conversion 36. Electrode Kinetic and Eiectrocatalytic Aspects of Electrochemical Energy Conversion 577 Supramaniam Srinivasan 37. XAS Techniques for Investigation of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage 603 James McBreen 38. Electrocatalysis on SPE Membrane Electrodes 619 Hideaki Kita, Hiroshi Nakajima, and Katsuaki Shimazu 39. Advances in Aluminum-Air Salt Water Batteries 629 B. M. L. Rao, W. Kobasz, W. H. Hoge, R. P. Hamlen, W. Halliop, and N. P. Fitzpatrick 40. Organic Electrolytes of Rechargeable Lithium Batteries 641 Yoshiharu Matsuda 41. Mechanism of the Cathodic Discharge of MnO a in Alkaline Electrolyte 655 Terrell N. Andersen and Joseph M. Derby Index 679

Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry

Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry Volume 1: The Double Layer Edited by J. O'M. Bockris Texas A&M University College Station, Texas Brian E. Conway University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario, Canada