Morphology/Syntax Trees, and Rules

Transcription

1 Morphology/yntx Trees, nd Rules hrses & Ctegories Constituents re more commonly referred to s phrses. Constituents/hrses hve ctegories just like words do. oun hrses (s), Verb hrses (s), djective/dverb hrses (s), repositionl hrses (s), Complementizer hrses (Cs), etc. The criteri for determining wht ctegory phrse hs re exctly the sme s determining wht ctegory word hs: syntctic nd (less commonly) morphologicl distribution. If string of words behves like nd, it s n! If it behve like, it s! Etc. ote tht phrses cn consist of multiple words or just one! E.g., John is n, but it s lso n! (Becuse it does ll the things tht s cn do!) Likewise, smiles cn be, red cn be n, etc. Constituents re hierrchiclly orgnized The mn ets t fncy resturnts. V the mn ets t resturnts fncy Genertive Grmmr nd hrse tructure Rules The gol of genertive grmmr is to identify the set of rules tht will generte ll the grmmticl constructions of lnguge, nd not generte ny ungrmmticl ones. To generte construction like the one bove, we cn use hrse tructure rules (-rules). [ [ [ the] [ mn]] [ [ V ets] [ [ t] [ [ dj fncy] [ resturnts]]]]] hrse tructure Rules + mens you cn hve s mny s you need hrse tructure Rules X (Y) X (Z+) () (+) (+) the nme of the constituent elements without prentheses re obligtory elements in prentheses re optionl consists of n optionl determiner (brckets men optionl) followed by noun followed by ny number of optionl repositionl phrses eg.: John vs the mn consists of elements inside of constituent I ORER from Left to Right X,Y,Z re vribles representing ny ctegory (eg, V,, etc) followed by ny number of optionl djective hrses (+= ny number of) 1

2 oun hrses () noun phrse cn be just bre noun: [ John] left (cf. [ the mn] left) o ll other mteril other thn the oun itself will be optionl. oun hrses () s cn hve n optionl determiners nd djective (phrses). You re llowed one determiner nd s mny s s you like: [slippers] [the slippers] [pink slippers] [the pink slippers] [pink fluffy slippers] [the pink fluffy slippers] *the slippers oun hrses () () (+) the slippers pink fluffy oun hrses () s lso llow s mny optionl s following the s you like: glss of wter glss of wter on the tble glss of wter on the tble for the thirsty girl () (+) (+) Is this rule the finl one? ot even close! (For exmple, it doesn t hve mens of incorporting reltive cluses). However, we ll strt with this s working hypothesis. djective/dverb hrses (s) djectives & dverbs cn stnd on their own s phrses: John left [quickly] the [red] lipstick But they cn lso be modified by other s: John left [very quickly] the [udciously, disgustingly red] lipstick (+) djective/dverb hrses (s) sitution esily confused: The big yellow blloon The very yellow blloon Wht does big modify? Wht does very modify? big blloon yellow blloon yellow very 2

3 The rinciple of Modifiction The Golden Rule If constituent modifies constituent, then is the first X dominting. glss refreshing of wter cold X domintes Y when pth cn be trced from X to Y in tree without going down. W Y X repositionl hrses (s) These generlly consist of reposition nd n : in Tipei up the rod on the video screen in under the tree Is the in optionl? Tipei I threw the grbge out. This is controversil. I hven t seen him before. ot everyone would gree tht re you coming with? ll of these re prepositions. He tried to scle the fence, but he couldn t get over. () tll hrse tructure Rules () (+) (+) glss of refreshing (+) () very cold wter on the tble Verb hrses () Verbs cn pper by themselves: Mrko [rrived] usn [sng] Verbs cn lso be modified by dverbs: Mrko [often sng] usn [sng beutifully] Luis [often sng beutifully] (+) V (+) Verb hrses () Verbs cn lso be modified by s: Mrko [sng though microphone] usn [sng to her prents] Verbs cn pper with n object: Mrko [sng song] Verbs cn pper with entence Object: Fred sid [Mrko sng song] (+) V ({/})(+) (+) Verb hrses () (+) V ({/})(+) (+) often V sng reluctntly song for her friends 3

4 Cluses (entences) entences consist of subject () nd predicte (). In English, neither is optionl. entences my hve n optionl uxiliry or modl verb (of the Ctegory T) (T) John T might leve Embedded Cluses ometimes cluses cn function s the subject or object of other cluses. I sked [if Mri would et the spghetti] I think [tht Mri decked the Jnitor] [Tht Mri decked the Jnitor] is obvious Words like tht nd if re clled complementizers. C (C) Embedded Cluses T will (+) V ({/C})(+) (+) {/C} (T) V C the syntcticin think C tht V the phonologist te the cookies Recursion Recursion: nother exmple Lnguge is infinite: There is no longest possible sentence. Reson for this is tht -rules cn crete inputs for other -rules (or even for themselves). This property is clled recursion. () (+) (+) () ote tht recursion does OT llow us to crete infinitely long sentences or phrses. It OE llow us to crete n infinite number of sentences nd phrses. The fct tht every lnguge hs finite number of words does not stop recursion! Cf. tudents of students of students of students t school in Tichung 4

5 ummry Constituency & hierrchicl structure is cptured by phrse structure rules (Rs) These rules lso cpture the recursive (infinite) property of lnguge. Our R s for English C (C) {/C} (T) (+) V ({/C}) (+) (+) () (+) (+) () () To be revised!! ee you next time, 5