5. (±±) Λ = fw j w is string of even lengthg [ 00 = f11,00g 7. (11 [ 00)± Λ = fw j w egins with either 11 or 00g 8. (0 [ ffl)1 Λ = 01 Λ [ 1 Λ 9.
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1 Regulr Expressions, Pumping Lemm, Right Liner Grmmrs Ling 106 Mrch 25, Regulr Expressions A regulr expression descries or genertes lnguge: it is kind of shorthnd for listing the memers of lnguge. We sy tht the vlue of regulr expression is lnguge. Regulr lnguges re those lnguges tht my e generted from regulr expression. 1.1 Forml Definition of Regulr Expression R is regulr expression if R is: 1. for some in the lphet ±. (This corresponds to the lnguge fg.) 2. ffl (This corresponds to the lnguge contining only the empty string ffl: i.e., ffflg.) 3. ; (This corresponds to the empty lnguge.) 4. (R1 [ R2), where R1 nd R2 re regulr expressions. 5. (R1 ffi R2), where R1 nd R2 re regulr expressions. 6. (R1 Λ ), where R1 is regulr expression. In this definition, regulr expressions re defined in terms of smller regulr expressions. A definition of this type is clled n inductive definition: It tells you how to uild up igger regulr expressions from smller ones. 1.2 Some Exmples of Regulr Expressions The vlue of regulr expression is lnguge. Given ± = f0; 1g: 1. 0 Λ 10 Λ = fw j w hs exctly single1g 2. ± Λ 1± Λ = fw j w hs t lest one 1g 3. 1± Λ = fw j w egins with 1g 4. ± Λ 001± Λ = fw j w contins the string 001 s sustringg 1
2 5. (±±) Λ = fw j w is string of even lengthg [ 00 = f11,00g 7. (11 [ 00)± Λ = fw j w egins with either 11 or 00g 8. (0 [ ffl)1 Λ = 01 Λ [ 1 Λ 9. 1 Λ ; = ; Conctenting the empty set to ny set yields the empty set. 10. ; Λ = ffflg The result of the str opertion on n empty lnguge is the empty string. 11. Question (±±±) Λ = 12. Question 0± Λ 0 [ 1± Λ 1 [ 0 [ 1= 1.3 Some Properties of Regulr Expressions Let R e ny regulr expression: 1. R [;= R Adding the empty lnguge to ny other lnguge leves tht lnguge unchnged. 2. R ffi ffl = R Conctenting the empty string to ny string will not chnge the string. 3. R [ ffl my notethe sme s R. If R =, then L(R) =fg nd L(R [ ffl) =f; fflg. 4. R ffi;my not e the sme s R. If R =, then L(R) =fg ut L(R ffi;)=;. 1.4 Equivlence with Finite Automt Regulr expressions nd finite utomt re equivlent in their descriptive power. Tht is, ny regulr expression cn e converted into finite utomton tht recognizes the lnguge it descries, nd vice vers. Theorem (Sipser's Theorem 1.28) A lnguge is regulr if nd only if some regulr expression descries it. 2
3 2 The Pumping Lemm lemm = def (theorem) n uxiliry proposition (theorem) used in the demonstrtion of nother proposition 2.1 Wht is the Pumping Lemm useful for? ffl We know tht lnguge is regulr if we cn construct finite stte utomton for it. ffl Not ll lnguges re regulr. How do we know if lnguge is not regulr? Cn we simply conclude tht the lnguge is not regulr if we cnnot construct n FSA for it? Not relly. Perhps we were unle to construct n FSA for the lnguge ecuse we hdn't tried hrd enough or ecuse we were unlucky. ffl We need some systemtic method for showing tht lnguge is not regulr nd, therefore, tht n FSA cnnot e constructed for it. ffl The Pumping Lemm sttes deep property tht ll regulr lnguges shre. By showing tht lnguge does not hve the property stted y the Pumping Lemm, we cn gurntee tht it is not regulr. 2.2 The Pigeon Hole Principle ffl If p numer of pigeons re plced into fewer thn p holes, some hole hs to hve more thn one pigeon in it. ffl Similrly, ifn FSA hs n numer of sttes, nd this mchine ccepts strings of length n or greter, it will hve to pss through t lest one stte more thn once in order to ccept such strings. Tht is, there will e loop in the mchine. q 1 ;q 2 ;q 3 ;:::;q k ; :::q k ;:::q n 1;q n ffl This mens tht there is some sustring tht is red y the sequence of sttes: q k ; :::; q k ffl Given string with length n or greter, which hs sustring red y looping through q k, we cn construct even longer strings of the lnguge y repeting (pumping) tht sustring over nd over gin. ffl See lso the discussion in Prtee pges
4 2.3 Wht does the Pumping Lemm sy? Sipser's Theorem 1.37: Pumping Lemm If A is regulr lnguge, then there is numer p (the pumping length) where, if s is ny string in A of length t lest p, then s my edivided into three pieces, s = xyz, stisfying the following conditions: 1. for ech i 0;xy i z 2 A, 2. jyj > 0, nd 3. jxyj»p Trnsltion ffl The Pumping Lemm sys tht if lnguge A is regulr, then ny string in the lnguge will hve certin property, provided tht it is `long enough' (tht is, longer thn some length p, which is the pumping length). Inside ny string in A tht's longer thn p, we will e le to find piece tht cn e repeted (pumped) s mny times s we wnt, nd the result will lwys e string in A. Moreover, this piece cn e found within the first p letters of our string. ffl So, given ny string s in A longer thn p, we cn find sustring in s tht cn e pumped. We'll cll this sustring y. Then nything efore y we'll cll x, nd nything fter y we'll cll z. The whole string cn thus e rewritten s x y z. (Rememer tht x; y; nd z correspond to strings nd not symols of the lphet.) By repeting y zero or more times, we get: xz; xyz; xyyz; xyyyz; :::; xyyyyyyyyyyyyyyz; ::: Wht the Pumping Lemm sys is tht ech of these strings must e in A. ffl Condition 1: for ech i 0;xy i z 2 A" xy 2 z is the sme s xyyz, etc. So this sys tht putting in multiple copies of y (i.e., pumping y) will give you strings tht re still in the lnguge. For i =0,you get no copies of y, i.e., the string xz. ffl Condition 2: jyj > 0" While x or z my hve length zero, the length of y cnnot e zero. Tht is, y is not the empty string. If you llowed y to e the empty string, the theorem would e trivilly true. This is ecuse if y ws the empty string, you would end up with xz, which is just s, the originl string you strted with, no mtter how mny times you pump y. ffl Condition 3: jxyj»p" Since x is the piece efore y, this sys tht ll of y must come from the first p letters of our string s, so tht the comined length of x nd y is t most p. 4
5 2.4 Exmple ffl Let's pply the Pumping Lemm to the following lnguge B. B = fw j w egins with 1 nd ends with 0, with nything in etweeng. Let's ssume tht the pumping length p is 3. Let's tke some string longer thn 3, sy, We cn rek this string down s follows: x =1,y = 01, z = By pumping y, we get: xy 0 z = , xy 1 z = , xy 2 z = , xy 3 z = , xy 4 z = , etc. All of these strings egin with 1 nd end with 0. So, the pumping lemm works for this lnguge nd this string. ffl Question: Wht hppens if we pply the Pumping Lemm to the following lnguge C, ssuming tht the pumping length p is 4? C = f01g 2.5 How to use the Pumping Lemm to prove tht lnguge is not regulr The pumping lemm is most useful when we wnt to prove tht lnguge is not regulr. We do this y using proof y contrdiction. To prove tht lnguge B is not regulr: 1. Assume tht B is regulr. 2. Use the pumping lemm to gurntee the existence of pumping length p such tht ll strings of length p or greter in B cn e pumped. 3. Find string s in B tht hs length p or greter ut tht cnnot e pumped. 4. Demonstrte tht s cnnot e pumped y considering ll wys of dividing s into x, y, nd z, nd for ech division, finding vlue i where xy i z 62 B. ) The existence of s contrdicts the pumping lemm if B were regulr. Hence B cnnot e regulr. 5
6 2.5.2 Exmple 1 (Sipser's Exmple 1.38) (See lso Prtee pges for discussion of this exmple.) Let B e the lnguge f0 n 1 n j n 0g. Show tht B is not regulr, using the pumping lemm. We will do this y ssuming tht B is regulr nd showing tht contrdiction follows. (Therefore, the ssumption we strted out with must hve een wrong, nd thus B is not regulr.) ffl Let p e the pumping length given y the pumping lemm. Choose s to e the string 0 p 1 1 p 1. ffl Becuse s 2 B, nd s hs length greter thn p, the pumping lemm gurntees tht we cn split s into three pieces, s = xyz in such wy thtforny i 0, the string xy i z is in B. We consider three cses to show tht this result is impossile. 1. The string y contins only 0s. In this cse, the string xyyz hs more 0s thn 1s nd so is not memer of B, violting condition 1 of the pumping lemm. This is contrdiction. 2. The string y contins only 1s. In this cse, the string xyyz hs more 1s thn 0s nd so is not memer of B. This is nother contrdiction. 3. The string y contins oth 0s nd 1s. In this cse, the string xyyz my hve the sme numer of 0s nd 1s, ut they will e out of order with some 1s efore 0s. But in our lnguge B, ll the 0s must precede the 1s. Thus, xyyz is not in our lnguge. This is nother contrdiction. ffl There is no other wy to split up the string s, so contrdiction is unvoidle if we mke the ssumption tht B is regulr, nd so B is not regulr. 3 Right Liner Grmmrs Right liner grmmrs re lso clled Type 3 grmmrs. 3.1 Forml Definition of Right Liner Grmmrs ffl A right liner grmmr is 4-tuple < T;N;S;R > where: 1. T is finite set of terminls, including the empty string. 2. N is finite set of non-terminls. 3. S is the strt symol. 4. R is finite set of rewrite rules of the form A! xb or A! x, where A nd B stnd for non-terminls nd x stnds for terminl. 6
7 ffl Exmple G1 =< T;N;S;R >, where T = f,g; N = fs,a,bg; nd R = 8 >< >: S! A A! A A! B B! B B! 9 >= >; S A A B B 3.2 Finite Stte Automt nd Right Liner Grmmrs Every FSA hs corresponding right liner grmmr nd vice vers. Tht is, for every FSA, there is n equivlent right liner grmmr tht ccepts the sme lnguge, nd vice vers Converting right liner grmmr to n equivlent FSA 1. S is the strt stte. 2. Associte with ech rule of the form A! xb trnsition in FSA from stte A to stte B reding x. 3. Associte ech rule of the form A! x with trnsition from stte A reding x to finl stte, F. ffl Exmple: Representing G1 ove s FSA: S A B F 7
8 3.2.2 Converting FSA to right liner grmmr 1. The sttes of the FSA ecome the non-terminls of the grmmr, nd the symols of the lphet of the FSA ecome the terminls of the grmmr. 2. q0 ecomes the strt symol S. 3. For ech trnsition ffi(q i ;x) = q j, we put in the grmmr rule q i! xq j. (E.g., the trnsition ffi(a; 0) = B ecomes A! 0B.) 4. For ech trnsition ffi(q i ;x)=q j, Where q j is finl stte, we dd to the grmmr the rule q i! x. (E.g., the trnsition ffi(d; 1) =E where E 2 F, ecomes D! 1.) ffl Exmple: q0 q1 G2 =< T;N;q0;R > where T = f,g; N = fq0,q1g; nd R = 8 >< >: q0! q0 q0! q1 q1! q1 q1! q0 q0! q1! 3.3 English is not regulr lnguge. ffl Exmple 1 Let L = fthe ct died, The ct the dog chsed died, The ct the dog the rt it chsed died, The ct the dog the rt the elephnt dmired it chsed died...g The lnguge L cn siclly e descried s: (noun) n (ver) n. This is nested dependency structure, nd it corresponds to f0 n 1 n j n 0g. We hve lredy shown ove tht this lnguge is not regulr using the pumping lemm. ffl Exmple 2 Let L2 = fjohn nd Mry like to et nd sleep, respectively; John, Mry, nd Sue like to et, sleep, nd dnce, respectively; John, Mry, Sue, nd Bo like to et, sleep, dnce, nd cook, respectively...g 8 9 >= >;
9 This is cross-seril dependency structure, lso descried y (noun) n (ver) n, which gin corresponds to f0 n 1 n j n 0g. Of course, we hve lredy seen tht this lnguge is not regulr using the pumping lemm. ffl Other exmples: suject-ver greement either...or if...then See the discussion in Prtee pges nd of course Pinker pges
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